Mitundu yambiri ya kaloti imagonjetsedwa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Koma panthawi yovuta kulima mavuto angayambe omwe amachititsa kuchepa kwa zokolola.
Kutenga kumatha kufalikira ku zikhalidwe zina komanso kuchoka matendawa m'nthaka kwa nthawi yaitali. Choncho, m'pofunikira kuzindikira karoti matenda panthawi yopereka chithandizo.
Ndi chithandizo cha nkhani yathu mungathe kuphunzira za mitundu yonse ya matenda a muzu ndi njira zothetsera iwo, komanso kudziwana ndi zithunzi za masamba okhudzidwa.
Kodi mungamvetse bwanji kuti mizu ya masamba imadwala?
Nthendayi ndiyo njira yowononga masamba ndi odwala opatsirana monga mabakiteriya, bowa, kapena kachilombo, zomwe zimawoneka ngati mawanga, nkhungu ndi zowola, ponse pa masamba ndi pazu.
Poyamba, zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa zomwe zimayambitsa chikhalidwe, kaya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mtundu wina wa matenda.
Pamene zizindikiro zoyamba zowonongeka, muyenera kudziwa chifukwa chake zimachitika.
Ngati mbeu idawononge tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, muyenera kuyang'ana masamba ndi nsonga kuti mupeze tizilombo towononga zomwe zimayambitsa masamba. Ngati muli ndi matenda a mizu, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungachitire masamba.
Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda
Zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa karoti ndizo:
- Kulephera kwa kayendedwe ka mbewu. Zomwe zimabzala bwino ndi nandolo ndi letesi.
- Kuyeretsa namsongole mosayembekezereka komanso kosatheka.
- Zokola kwambiri.
- Obwerezabwereza ndi wothirira madzi okwanira.
- Mankhwala amawonongeka kaloti (kuwomba kapena kusokoneza).
- Kututa kochedwa.
- Kusagwirizana ndi zosungirako.
Kufotokozera, chithunzi ndi chithandizo cha mitundu yonse ya zilonda
Nthawi yosungirako
Kulephera kutsatira zochitika zosungirako kungayambitse matenda otsatirawa.
Vuto loyera kapena sclerotinia
Ichi ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amabwera ndi bowa tizilombo. Pamwamba pa muzuwo umakhala wofewa, kenaka kupukutira koyera kumapangika pa ziwembu. Poyamba, mtundu wa karoti sukusintha, koma pamene pachimake chimakwirira masamba onse, zidzasanduka zakuda.
Pofuna kuthana ndi zovunda zoyera muyenera kudula malo omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIVkenaka ndikupanga mapangidwe, okonzedwa kuchokera ku nthaka ya choko ndi potassium permanganate. Koma ngati mizu yambiri ili ndi kachilombo, ndi bwino kungochotsa masamba. Pofuna kupewa matenda a mbewu, amafunika kutsukidwa ndi fungicide Thiramu yosungirako, yomwe makilogalamu asanu ndi limodzi (6-8 kg) a mankhwalawa ayenera kusakanizidwa mu 10 malita a madzi (1 ton).
Zimakhala zovuta kuona kuoneka kwa matenda pamene chikhalidwe chimasungidwa, kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe palibe zizindikiro zoonekeratu.
Mabakiteriya Otentha Kwambiri
Ndi matenda omwe amabwera ndi bowa nthawi yosungirako. Pamwamba pa karoti muli mtundu wa mtundu wofiirira, kenako amadzaza ndi ntchentche, imakhala yofewa ndikugwera mkati. Zotsatira zake, muzu wa masamba ndi fungo losasangalatsa umatha.
Pofuna kulimbana ndi matendawa, muyenera kuyamba ndi kusungirako sitolo ya masamba, yomwe muyenera kuyendetsa makoma ndi pansi ndi njira yapadera ya 400 g ya bleach yomwe imadzipangidwira mu malita 10 a madzi. Zosungirako ndizofunikira kusankha mzere wokhazikika komanso wathanzi..
Alternaria
Matenda opatsirana, chifukwa chake ndi bowa Alternaria. Pamalo kaloti amaoneka ngati ofunda kwambiri, omwe nthawi zina amawoneka ofiira, kenako wakuda patina. Malo owonongeka ali mkati.
Matendawa akhoza kufalikira kudothi kapena mbeu.
Fomoz
Zimatanthauzanso matenda opatsirana opatsirana omwe amatha kuyamba panthawi iliyonse ya kukula kapena kusunga masamba. Pa nsonga ya karoti imaoneka pang'ono imakhala yofiira mawanga kapena mikwingwirima, yomwe pamapeto pake imakhala yofewa. Pamapeto pake, muzuwo umakhala wopanda pake.
Sungani masamba ku matendawa sangagwire ntchito, koma n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza phosphorous kwa prophylaxis pamene mukukula. Mitengo yachitsulo yokhudzidwa imayenera kuwotchedwa.
Mudzaphunzira zambiri zokhudza karoti fomoz ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nayo, kuchokera pulogalamu yothandiza iyi:
Botridiosis kapena imvi zowola
Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha bowa. Pazitsamba zokhudzana ndi kachilomboka, mawanga a bulauni amawonekera, omwe amatha kukhala amvula, otayirira ndi ofewa. Pakapita nthawi, masamba onsewa amakhala ndi maonekedwe oviira.
Polimbana ndi matendawa m'chaka, muyenera kupopera chikhalidwe ndi 1% yothetsera Bordeaux osakaniza kapena mkuwa sulphate. Mu malo omwe mukuyenera kuti muzipaka mankhwala chaka chilichonse., kuti awononge makomawo, musanayambe kubzala mbewu ndikofunikira kuyesa kutentha mu chipinda musakhale oposa madigiri 5.
M'munda
Brown malo
Matenda a fungal omwe amapezeka chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi luso la kubzala chikhalidwe. Poyamba, matendawa amakhudza nsonga za mbeu, masamba amasanduka bulauni ndi owuma. Pambuyo pa matendawa amapita kuzu, amawonetseredwa ngati maonekedwe a bulauni omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe.
Pambuyo poyang'ana zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda, zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ziyenera kutenthedwa, ndipo mabedi amachiritsidwa ndi 3% ya vitriol.
Bacteriosis
Matenda a bakiteriya, omwe amachititsa kuti mabakiteriya akhale mabakiteriya. Dziwani kuti chiyambi cha matendawa ndi maonekedwe a chikasu pamphepete mwa masamba a m'munsi. Pakapita nthawi, mawanga kapena mabala amawoneka ofiira, ndipo mabala a bulauni amawoneka osadzika mizu. Fungo losasangalatsa limachokera ku chomera..
N'zosatheka kuchiza masamba, kotero ndikofunikira kuchotsa chikhalidwe choterocho.
Rhizoctoniosis
Matenda opatsirana opatsirana, omwe amadziwika ngati mawonekedwe a imvi ndi mtundu wofiirira. Zimayambitsa kupukuta, kudumpha ndi kuvunda kwazu.
Polimbana ndi matendawa muyenera kuchepetsa dothi, pa izi, musanafese, m'pofunika kuwonjezera pafupifupi 400 g ya miyala ya limestone, calcium kapena dolomite.
Mame a Mealy
Matendawa amayambitsidwa ndi matenda ndi nkhungu ziwiri kamodzi. Mawanga a mdima amawoneka pa masamba, omwe amafalikira m'masamba ndikuwapangitsa kufa. Mzu wokolola kuchokera ku matenda suli kufooka, koma umakula moipa mu mawonekedwe.
Chikhalidwe chomwe chili ndi kachilombo kaye kakuyenera kupatsidwa mungu ndi phulusa, ndipo zomera zosadwala ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi fungicide.
Zowola zofiira
Matenda a fungasi. Pazuwo amawoneka opsinjika ndi mawanga owoneka wofiira. Pakapita nthawi, pamwamba pake padzakhala pachifiira chofiira, ndipo masamba amakhala achikasu ndi owuma.
Kaloti zowonongeka zimachotsedwa m'nthaka, zikhoza kuphikidwa ndi kudyetsedwa kwa nyama, masamba amafunika kuikidwa m'manda pansi.
Pofuna kupeĊµa kuoneka kwa matendawa, nkofunikira kusinthanitsa mbewu, komanso kuchepetsa dothi lokhazikika.
Kusintha kwa mizu
Zimayamba chifukwa cha chisamaliro chosayenera panthawi ya kukula kapena pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga nematode imakhudzidwa. Mphukira imakula yokhoma, yokhotakhota, yovuta komanso yoipa.
Pofuna kuteteza kusintha, mungathe, ngati mukuchita zosavuta, koma mowa wothirira, nthawi yodyetsa komanso kumenyana ndi nematode.
Bakiteriya Wofewa Kapena Khansa ya Bakiteriya
Matenda a bakiteriya, omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa mizu ikadali pansi. Pamaloti kaloti amaoneka ngati akuyenda bwino, omwe amatha kukhala amdima komanso kukhala ovuta. Chotsatira chake, malowa akuwonongedwa, pamene akuwononga masamba.
Pofuna kupewa zowola, m'pofunikira kuchitira nthaka ndi bacteriophages., komanso nthawi yake yowononga tizilombo toononga.
Cercosporosis
Matenda omwe amawoneka chifukwa cha bowa la tizilombo. Mawanga a Brown ndi malo owala amaoneka pa masamba, ndi nthawi yomwe masamba azipiringa, ndipo masambawo amasiya kukula.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kumapeto kwa nyengo, nkofunika kukumba bwino nthaka, komanso panthawi yomwe ikukula, imwani madzi nthawi ndi kuthirira mbewu ndi kukonzekera monga Quadris kapena Trichodermin.
Kupewa
Pamene mukukula
Sikuti matenda onse a karoti akhoza kuchiritsidwa, koma akhoza kutetezedwa ndi njira zingapo zothandizira.
Kupereka mankhwala
- Mbewu - Lembani maminiti 10 m'madzi ofunda (madigiri 40-55), ndiyeno kwa mphindi 2-5, khalani mumtsuko ndi madzi ozizira. Komanso, mbeu imatha kulowetsedwa mu 3% ya hydrogen peroxide yankho, kuisiya iyo kwa maola 8-10.
- Padziko lapansi - Musanayambe kubzala nyemba, m'pofunikira kudula nthaka ndi yankho la mkuwa sulphate (30 gm), limene limathera 10 malita a madzi. 10 malita a lalikulu ankadya 1 lita imodzi yamadzimadzi.
Kusankha bwino kwa zosiyanasiyana
Ngati mutasankha mitundu yabwino yomwe imatsutsana ndi matenda ambiri, mutha kuteteza chitukuko cha matenda, chomwe chidzapulumutsa nthawi ndi ndalama, komanso kukolola bwino.
Mwachitsanzo, mitundu monga:
- Artek kapena Callisto Kulimbana ndi zovunda zoyera.
- Rogneda ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira ku gray gray.
- Dolanka - ku fomozu, ndi zina zotero.
Kuthirira ndi madzi ofunda
Pofuna kupewa kutsekemera kwa mizu ndi kuteteza matenda ndi kaloti, ndi bwino kuthirira madzi madzulo ndi madzi otentha dzuwa.
Zochitika zina
Pofuna kupewa matenda, kuyendayenda kwa mbeu kuyenera kuwonedwa. Zaletsedwa kubzala kaloti pamalo omwewo zaka ziwiri mzere. Sizowonjezera kubzala mbewu pambuyo pa beet, anyezi, mpiru, mbatata ndi rye ndizobwino zotsalira za masamba.
Kusungirako
- Kaloti ayenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira pa kutentha kwa madigiri 1- + 3 ndi chinyezi osapitirira 85%.
- Muzu wa masamba ayenera kuikidwa m'mabokosi otseguka kapena matumba apulasitiki ndi mabowo a mpweya wabwino.
- Mitengo yonse ndi yathanzi imasankhidwa.
- Pofuna kusunga karoti bwino, musanayambe kuisunga, m'pofunika kuipaka ndi choko fumbi, mukhoza kuiyika mumchenga wothira choko (1: 1) ndikuisiya nthawi yonse yozizira.
Pali zambiri za karoti matenda, ndipo nthawi zambiri n'zosatheka kupulumutsa chikhalidwe cha matenda. Choncho, pofuna kuteteza zochitika zawo, nkofunikira kuchita zowononga zomwe zingathandize kupeza zokolola zabwino ndi zathanzi.
