Asanayambe kulima minda yamaluwa kapena nyengo ya chilimwe, adzalowanso nthawi yosautsa, yomwe imakhala tizilombo toopsya yomwe imafunanso kudya zakudya zokoma komanso zokolola zokoma. Kuti muteteze mbewu zanu ku tizirombo zosiyanasiyana, mazira ndi mphutsi zingakhale ndi chithandizo cha tizilombo - izi ndi mankhwala apadera omwe ali ndi zotsatira zowononga tizilombo towononga ndi ana awo. Mankhwala owopsa omwe ali mbali ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo tina tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiwonongeke.
Mukudziwa? Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu akale panthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulimi.Kuwononga namsongole wogwiritsidwa ntchito herbicides - Mankhwala omwe amalowa mkati mwa masamba ndi mizu, akuwotcha mkati.
Kukonzekera kwa tizilombo kumatchulidwa mosamalitsa komanso mosamalitsa malinga ndi mankhwala, njira yolowera ku chiwalo cha tizilombo, pazomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi cholinga chake. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kuti pali mitundu iti ya tizilombo komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mitundu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapangidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe ka organic substances, ali poizoni, amachititsa tizilombo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timadutsa mkati mwa makapu, komanso timadwala timene tizilombo timadyetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mankhwala ndi mankhwala a organochlorine, organophosphate ndi pyrethroids. Tiyeni tipitirire pa mtundu uliwonse mwachindunji.
Organochlorine
Mafuta a organanochlorine (HOS) amapezeka ndi chlorination ya madzi hydrocarboni. Kukonzekera kumapangitsa kulimbana ndi tizirombo zambiri: mbewu, masamba ndi mafakitale, komanso tizirombo ta mitengo ndi zitsamba. Kutulutsa mawonekedwe - mpweya ndi mafuta emulsions, mitundu yofala - DDT, HCBD, DDD, HCCH, heptachlor, PCP, PCC ndi aldrin. HOS sungasungunuke bwino m'madzi, sungunuka m'mafuta ndi mafuta, chiwerengero chawo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi chokwanira. HOS, yolowera m'thupi la tizilombo, imakhudza dongosolo la manjenje, limawononga, limayambitsa ziwalo. Tizilombo ta imfa timapezeka masiku asanu ndi awiri.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toononga, koma tiri ndi vuto lalikulu - ali ndi poizoni, amavulaza anthu komanso chilengedwe. Tsopano mtundu uwu wa tizilombo ukufunidwa kuti utengedwe ndi chitetezo cholimba, potero ndikuchotsako kuchokera ku zida za wamaluwa.
Organophosphate
Mitundu ya Organophosphorus (FOS) ndi phosphoric acid esters, yomwe imadziwika bwino ndi tizilombo. Mapulogalamu otchuka kwambiri a organophosphate akukonzekera ndi Fufanon, Dichlorvos, Karbofos, Fozalon. Ubwino wa FOS ndiwopambana pa chiwonongeko cha tizirombo zambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhupakupa, kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, kumwa mowa kwambiri, mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zowonongeka, samadziunjikira mu thupi la munthu kapena la nyama ngati mwadziwoneka. Monga chiwongolero, n'zotheka kuwonetsa kuopsa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa anthu ndi zinyama, pamene mukugwira ntchito ndi FOS, kumatsatira mosamala malamulo okhudzidwa ndi chitetezo, komanso kuwonetseka kwa mibadwo yambiri yopanda matenda yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yaitali.
Ndikofunikira! Kuchiza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumafunika tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso malo omwe angakhalepo.
Pyrethroids
Mapuloteniwa ndi othandiza kwambiri kuchokera ku chilengedwe, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuwononga dongosolo la mitsempha la tizirombo ndi kusokoneza chikoka cha mitsempha. Mapiritsi otchuka kwambiri ndi "Fastak", "Decis", "Fas", "Arrivo", "Cotrin". Ubwino wake ndi: kuchotsa poizoni omwe sakhudza magazi ofunda, kuphatikizapo anthu, mwayi wogwiritsira ntchito pa kutentha kwapakati ndi kusungika kwa mankhwala kwa zomera. Kuipa kwa pyrethroids - musasokoneze tizirombo tomwe tibisika m'malo osungika, ndipo ntchito yayitali idzachititsa kukana mankhwala mu tizilombo.
Ndikofunikira! Gwiritsani ntchito tizilombo tonse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Momwe mungagawire tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwa njira yolowera m'thupi
Mwa njira yolowera mu thupi la tizilombo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagawidwa m'mimba, kukhudzana ndi machitidwe. Komabe, mankhwala ena amatha kugwirizanitsa njira yakulowera kuti achotse tizilombo.
Lumikizanani
Lumikizanani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kulowa m'thupi la tizilombo pamene thupi la tizilombo lili mkati mwachitsamba chomera, lomwe lili ndi mankhwala oopsa. Kukonzekera kothandizira kumakhala kwabwino kwa sabata, mpweya umatsuka pa mankhwala othandizira, ndipo zotsatira zake zikhoza kutha msanga. Ubwino ndi kupha mofulumira pambuyo popopera mbewu zowonongeka. Zowopsya za mankhwala awa: palibe mphutsi pa mphutsi zomwe ziripo mu masamba ndi masamba, ndipo osapatsidwa mbali za zomera sizikutetezedwa ku tizilombo, chotero, nkofunikira kufalitsa bwino zomera zonse zakutchire. Mankhwala otchuka "Apollo", "Karate" ndi "Oberon".
M'mimba
Tizilombo ta tizilombo ta m'mimba tili ndi khalidwe lapadera: kulowa mu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timayambitsa matendawa, timayambitsa imfa. Kuchita motsutsana ndi tizirombo tomwe timadya timadya zomera. Pakati pa wamaluwa, tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatchuka kwambiri - izi ndizochokera ku makampani opanga mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi pogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kudzera pakhungu pokhudzana ndi mankhwala omwe amachiritsidwa, komanso amawopseza ndi kudya tizirombo ta mbeu zomwe zimalowetsa poizoni. Zopweteka ndi kudalira kwa mankhwala pa mlingo wa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a minda. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Akarin, Bankol, Detsis, Konfidor ndi Calypso.
Zosintha
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kutulukira mofulumira kulowa mu sitima zazitsamba ndikusunthira kumbali zonse. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa tizilombo, zomwe zimayambitsa ntchito yofunikira m'mitengo ya zomera, komanso anthu omwe amadyetsa zomera zomwe zimawotcha, kuziwononga. Njira yayikulu ya mankhwalawa - kuyendetsa bwino kwa mphepo, chifukwa mankhwala oopsa amasungidwa mmera pa mlingo wa ma cell, osati pamwamba. Mankhwala otchuka kwambiri amachitidwe ndi Biotlin, Mospilan ndi Prestige.
Mukudziwa? Kukana kwathunthu tizilombo kumachepetsa zokolola kuti 20-35%, mosiyana ndi zokolola za 95% ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuchokera kwa tizirombo.
Chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito, tizilombo timasamba timakhala tikukonzekera kuti tisankhe.
Kuchita mwamphamvu
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito powonongeka kwa tizilombo tokha panthawi yomweyo.
Kusankha
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo towononga. Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo zizindikiro zowonongeka - mankhwala omwe amawononga nyongolotsi zamatenda, nematocides - amawononga njoka zam'mimba, zizindikiro zomwe zimawononga nkhupakupa, komanso insectoacaricides zomwe zimagwirizana ndi nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo tina.
Ndikofunikira! Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti tigwiritsidwe ntchito pafupi ndi njuchi kapena ziweto.
Momwe mungagawire mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Pofuna kuti alimi azitsamba ndi antchito akulima, magulu a mankhwala apangidwa, opatulidwa ndi cholinga chawo - amasiyana ndi mankhwala ndi momwe zimakhudzira thupi la tizilombo. Mitundu yayikulu ya mankhwala ogulitsa mafakitale ndi okopa, ma pheromones, insectoacaricides, ovicides, zofooka ndi zotsalira.
Otsutsa ndi pheromones
Otsutsa ndi pheromones ndi mankhwala omwe amakopera tizilombo ndi fungo lawo mumsampha wapadera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timapangitsa kuti tizilombo tiwonongeke. Ma Pheromones ndi opangidwa kuchokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zomwe zimakopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Otsutsa amatha kulandira chakudya cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komwe kufunafuna zakudya zonunkhira kugwera mumsampha. Zokopa zamagetsi zimayendetsa fungo lapadera la tizilombo touluka.
Insectoacaricides
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinthu zamakono komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwira kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nthata. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kufa. Chotsalira chachikulu - kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zoopsa m'thupi la munthu kuli ndi zotsatira zoipa pamtanda wautali.
Odzipereka
Odzipereka akhoza kuwononga mazira a tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pa kukula kwa tizilombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ziwalo za poizoni zimalowa mu chipolopolo cha dzira ndikuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sizowopsa pazinthu zina za chitukuko ndi moyo.
Aphistides
Atifs ndi mankhwala omwe amawononga aphid. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi m'mimba, kukhudzana ndi machitidwe a nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timayamwa. Mafutawa sungununkhidwe bwino m'madzi, ndipo mu organic solvents - zabwino.
Zachilendo
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiziyenda bwino, pamene magawo enawo sagwiriridwa ndi zotsatira zake zowononga. Mphungu kapena mbozi ya tizilombo, timadya zomera, timachiritsidwa ndi larvicide, patapita nthawi timwalira ndi mankhwala owopsa a mankhwala. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Odala
Othawa ndi opanga omwe amawopsya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuwateteza kudya mbewu za m'munda ndi munda. Wopumulayo akhoza kukhala mankhwala kapena mankhwala enaake, omwe, chifukwa cha fungo lake, adzateteza chikhalidwe cha mbeu kuchokera ku tizilombo towononga. Ndizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowonongeka pang'onopang'ono kuti zitha kuwonongeka kwa zomera ndi tizirombo.
Tidziwa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ziti zomwe zilipo, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito posankha mankhwala osokoneza bongo pofuna kuwononga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizirombo. Pakalipano, tizilombo tambirimbiri timayambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndi chithandizo chawo, nyumba yachinyumba kapena ya chilimwe imakugwiritsani ntchito yokolola popanda khama komanso ndalama zambiri.
