Mmodzi mwa adani owopsa kwambiri a mphesa ndi fungal matenda mildew. Ambiri wamaluwa akhala akuyesera kulimbana ndi matendawa kwa zaka zoposa khumi ndi ziwiri, koma si onse omwe amatha.
Tiyeni tiyang'ane zomwe zimayambitsa maonekedwe a matendawa ndi kupeza momwe tingachitire ndi matendawa.
Kufotokozera ndi ngozi ya matenda
Mildew (kapena downy mildew) ndi imodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri za fungal pathologies za mitundu ya mphesa ya ku Ulaya. Matendawa anakantha minda ya mpesa ku England mu 1834. Anabweretsa pamodzi ndi mphesa zatsopano za ku North America. Kwa kanthawi kochepa mildew imafalikira ku Ulaya konse. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa zokolola za mphesa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri zimayambanso chifukwa cha downy powdery mildew.
Ndikofunikira! Zamoyo zam'mimba zochokera m'banja la Peronosporov zomwe zimayambitsa downy powdery mildew zimatchedwa oomycetes.Malo odziwika bwino amapezeka pa masamba a mphesa. Masamba aang'ono amapanga madontho ang'onozing'ono a ma chikasu, pamene masamba achikulire amapanga mawanga ang'onoang'ono m'mitsempha. Pamene yonyowa ndi kutentha nyengo mildew akuyamba kupita patsogolo. Patapita nthawi, kumunsi kwa tsamba, pansi pa malo omwe akukhudzidwa, amawoneka woyera, wowala kwambiri wa mycelium.
Mbali zina zonse za zomera zimakhudzidwa mofanana: zitunda, zimbalangondo, kuwombera nsonga, inflorescences ndi mphesa zing'onozing'ono. Matenda a inflorescences akhudzidwa amakhala achikasu ndipo amawombedwa. Patapita nthawi, amdima komanso amauma. Matenda odwala, omwe amafika kukula kwa peyala, amayamba kukula, kenako amafota ndi kufa (zipatso zoterezi zimatchedwa "leathery", pambuyo pa matendawa sichiyeneranso kudya kapena kupanga vinyo). 
Kawirikawiri, masamba omwe ali ndi kachilombo amayamba kugwa msanga, ndipo mphukira zakhudzidwa zimauma.Mukudziwa? Edward Tucker - mmodzi mwa asayansi oyambirira omwe anayesera kuthana ndi downy powdery mildew. Pofuna kuchotsa mildew, adapempha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amadzimadzi a sulfure ndi hydrated laimu.Pofuna "kuchotsa" mphesa m'mphesa, mukufunikira mankhwala apadera, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana nawo ndi zomera zina.
Zifukwa za downy mildew
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo timagwirizana kwambiri ndi fodya wa buluu, fodya ndi mazira. Pakati pa nthenda yamwamuna ndi wamkazi ya hyphae, amapanga zinyama, zomwe zimatha kupitirira pa masamba osagwa a mphesa opanda mavuto apadera.
M'nyengo yozizira komanso kumayambiriro kwa autumn, oospores amabala zipatso pamasamba omwe akukhudzidwa. Iwo ali ndi khoma lakuda kwambiri mkati mwake, kotero zimakhala zosavuta kulekerera nyengo yozizira ndi yamvula. 
Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April, nthaka ikadali yonyowa, koma kutentha kwa mpweya masana kumakhala kosacheperachepera + 8ºє, zoospores kulowa m'katikati. Amapanga chubu imodzi ya mphukira iliyonse, pamapeto pake pali sporangium imodzi. Ngati mothandizidwa ndi mvula, mphepo kapena ntchentche sporangia iyi imagwera pa tsamba la mphesa, ilo lidzathyola chipolopolo ndikumasula zinyama zoposa 60.
Mitsempha yaing'ono ya plasma imayamba kusuntha m'madzi a madzi mothandizidwa ndi flagella. Akamapeza stomata, amapanga tubule yomwe imamera mkati mwa matenda ndipo imayambitsa matenda oyamba.
Ndikofunikira! Pa kutentha kwa + 26 ... + 27 ºї ndi kutentha kwambiri, matendawa amatha kuwononga mphesa mu ora limodzi lokha.Kutenga kachilombo ka masamba a mphesa kumawoneka mofulumira kutentha kwa 20 ... +27 ºї. Zikakhala choncho, sporangia adzakhala ndi nthawi yopatsira chitsamba cha mphesa mkati mwa maola 4-7. Pa kutentha pansipa + 8 ° C ndi pamwamba + 30 ° C, sporangia sungakhoze kukula, kotero kuti matenda sapezeka.
Mothandizidwa ndi haustoria, hyphae amakula mofulumira ndikupeza zakudya zonse zofunikira kuchokera ku maselo a mphesa.Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga masiku 5 mpaka 18, malinga ndi nyengo ndi nyengo. Chifukwa chake, mawanga a mafuta amapangidwa pa masamba, omwe amasonyeza kuwonongeka kwa maselo a mpesa.
Mukudziwa? Pofika kumayambiriro kwa 1854, kuŵerengera vinyo ku France kunachepera ku 54 mpaka 10 milioni hectoliters (1 hectoliter = 100 malita). Cholakwa cha zonse chinali downy powdery mildew, chomwe chinawononga gawo lalikulu la minda yamphesa pamphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean.Nthawi yosakaniza imayamba kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa sporangia kugunda mphesa mpaka zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda zikuwoneka. Pambuyo pomalizidwa, bowayi imayikidwa mwamphamvu pa chomera ndipo imayambitsa njira yobereka. Nthaŵi zambiri izi zimachitika usiku pamene chinyezi chiri chapamwamba ndipo kutentha sikutsika kuposa +12 ºС.
M'tsogolomu, timapanga tinthu tomwe timayera, timene timakhala ndi nthambi yaikulu ya nthambi, mbalame zowona ngati mitengo. Chotsani sporangia kuonekera pamapeto awo. Pa mphepo yochepa chabe ya mphepo, sporangia izi zimauluka paliponse.
Kuti muteteze munda wanu, zidzakuthandizani kuti muphunzire za peony, plum, geranium, ziphuphu, kumva yamatcheri, ndi cypress za matenda ndi tizirombo.Pamene nyengo yowuma ndi yotentha, amafa mofulumira (pafupifupi masiku atatu), koma ngati imvula ndipo sporangia imathera pa masamba a mphesa ndi madontho, nthawi yomweyo amachiza mbewu. Mtsinje umenewo ukhoza kubwerezedwa 6-8 nthawi yachilimwe. Koma kachiwiri, zimadalira nyengo.
Mmene mungagwirire ndi matenda a mphesa
Amaluwa ambiri omwe adayambitsa chomera pamtunda wawo, samadziwa momwe angaperekere mphesa, koma nthawi yomweyo pali njira ziwiri zothetsera matendawa: kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira.
Kukonzekera
Kaŵirikaŵiri kaamba ka mankhwala a downy akugwiritsa ntchito yankho la mkuwa sulphate. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lopanda mphamvu, koma ngati mufunika kutsuka zowonongeka, mugwiritsire ntchito mankhwala omwe ali odzaza ndi mkuwa sulphate.
Ndikofunikira! Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwewo mosalekeza kungayambitse mu bowa. Choncho, kuti muthe kulimbana ndi matendawa, sikuvomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osachepera katatu pa nyengo.Kupopera mphesa kungakhale njira zotere:
- Burgundian kapena Bordeaux madzi. Zothetsera izi zingathe kutsukidwa mbali zonse za mpesa. Kukonzekera kwa 1 peresenti Bordeaux osakaniza, mwatsopano wowawasa mandimu (120 g) zamkuwa sulfate (100 magalamu) ndipo madzi (10 malita) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pofuna kukonzekera gawo la magawo atatu, muyenera kumwa vitriol katatu komanso katatu la madzi. Zosakaniza za ndondomeko iliyonse zimakonzedwanso (kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera 10 malita a madzi kumawerengedwa, kudziwa kuti zingati zowonjezera zimafunika kuti zithetsere 1%). Pofuna kukonza ndondomeko yoyenera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito msomali: ngati msomali ukutembenukira wofiira mukakalowa mumadzi okonzeka, ndiye kuti mwayankha bwino kwambiri, ndipo muyenera kuwonjezera madzi pang'ono kapena laimu. Kukonzekera 2 peresenti yogwiritsira ntchito madzi obiriwira omwe mukufunikira: Vitriol buluu (400 gmm), soda phulusa (350 magalamu) ndi madzi (malita 20). Poyesa yankho la kukonzekera bwino, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito pepala lofiira la litmus. Mukalowetsa muyeso, iyenera kukhala yofiira.
- Chloroxide zamkuwa. Malo ogulitsa apadera amagulitsa 90 peresenti ya ufa wothira (40-50 magalamu amadzipiritsidwa ndi malita 10 a madzi ndi kupopera ndi mphesa).
- Tsinde losakaniza. Pofuna kukonza njirayi, muyenera kugula mkuwa wa sulphate (2 peresenti) ndi yankho la silicate glue (4 peresenti). Gulu ayenera kutsanulidwa mu vitriol ndi zosakaniza (koma osati mosemphana ndi zina, mwinamwake kusungunuka kosakhazikika kudzatha). Pamapeto pake muli ndi madzi akuda. Kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pepala ndi pureni. Mukalowetsa muzitsulo, iyenera kukhala ya pinki pang'ono.
- Pafupifupi zonse zomwe zikukonzekera pogwiritsa ntchito mkuwa ndizothandiza kwambiri kuchokera ku mildew, makamaka, ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa mphesa. Njira zambiri zimagulitsidwa nthawi yomweyo osudzulana: "Tsiram", "Zineb", "Kaptan", "Kuprozan", ndi zina zotero.
- Mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi sulfure: "Planriz", "Alirin-b".
Mukudziwa? Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba ku France, akatswiri a mycologist C. Montana anapeza mildew. Anapeza zizindikiro za bowa m'mphepete mwa zomera za Versailles mu 1848, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri, bowalo linafalikira kudera la Portugal ndi Naples.
Mankhwala a anthu
Tsatirani powdery powdery mildew mukhoza mankhwala ochiritsira. Simukusowa kugula mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kupanga njira zowonongeka ndikuwunika kuti asamangidwe. Nazi njira zina zothandizira njira zachikhalidwe:
- Tincture nkhuni phulusa. Pakukonzekera kwake muyenera: 1 makilogalamu a phulusa ndi 10 malita a madzi. Tincture imasungidwa pamalo amdima kwa masiku asanu ndi awiri. Pambuyo pake, mukhoza kutsuka masamba a mphesa kumbali zonse. Mankhwalawa amachitika pa zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda. Njira iyi ikhoza kulimbitsa mizu ya mbeu ndikutsanulira nthaka kuzungulira mphesa.
- Yankho la potaziyamu permanganate. Pa chidebe cha madzi yikani supuni ya supuni ya potaziyamu permanganate ndipo perekani njirayi ndi masamba kumbali. Pamene ali onyowa, akhoza kukhala ndi ufa ndi "ufa" kuchokera phulusa la nkhuni.
- Katsabola kanatha kubzalidwa mozungulira mphesa. Zimathandiza polimbana ndi mildew, ndipo pa matendawa - amachepetsa chiwerengero cha mankhwala oyenera.
Ndikofunikira! N'kosaloledwa kupopera mphesa pa nthawi ya maluwa ndi mowirikiza Bordeaux madzi (maluwa akhoza "kuwotcha"). Njira yabwino yothetsera idzakhala 1 peresenti.
Kuchitapo kanthu
Chimodzi mwa njira zazikulu zothana ndi mildew ndikutchera zitsalira zakale za mpesa. Zimatenthedwa pamodzi ndi masamba akugwa m'dzinja. Izi zikhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha kubwezeretsedwa kwatsopano kumapeto kwa nyengo. Pambuyo pake, m'pofunika kuchita mankhwala amtundu wa mphesa ndi dothi lapafupi, pogwiritsa ntchito yankho la ferrous kapena mkuwa sulphate.
Zochita zowononga zimaphatikizapo magawo angapo akukonzekera mphesa za mtundu wa mildew m'nyengo ya kukula, ndipo kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumapangidwa bwino nyengo yowuma. Kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito yokonzekera kumayambiriro mpaka pakati pa chilimwe. Miyeso yayikulu yopopera mbewu mankhwala: 
- Nthawi yabwino ndi nthawi imene inflorescences ndi osasamala. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito Bordeaux madzi 1.5% kapena 2%;
- Kupopera mbewu mankhwala achiwiri kumachitika pambuyo pa maluwa a mphesa. Gwiritsani ntchito njira yomweyi ya Bordeaux fluid, yochepa kwambiri (1 peresenti);
- Kupopera mbewu katatu kumachitika pambuyo pa kukula kwa mphesa kufika kukula kwa nandolo yaying'ono. Gwiritsani ntchito yankho lomwelo monga momwe kachiwiri kupopera mankhwala;
- Kupopera mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopewera kumachitika 10-12 masiku atatha mankhwala atatu. Pochita izi, gwiritsani ntchito yankho la mkuwa oxychloride (0,4 peresenti). Pofuna kukonza madziwa, muyenera kugula phukusi ndi mkuwa oxychloride powder (40 magalamu). Zonse zomwe zili m'thumbazi zimachepetsedwa mu malita 10 a madzi ndipo zimasakanizidwa bwinobwino, kenako mutha kuyambitsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
Phunzirani zambiri za kudulira mitengo ngati plamu, apurikoti, apulo, chitumbuwa, pichesi mitengo.Kupewa kotereku kudzakhala kothandiza kokha pamene mphesa zatsitsimutsidwa bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, pamene kupopera mbewu yothetsera yankho lidzagwa pa tsamba lililonse, ndi kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sporangia.
Sungani: mitundu ya mphesa yosagonjetsedwa kwambiri
Mwachitsanzo chitsanzo chotsutsa cha mitundu ya mphesa ku matenda osiyanasiyana a fungal, kuphatikizapo mildew, msinkhu wa asanu-point unayambitsidwa:
- 0 mfundo - chitetezo chathunthu cha 100% pa matenda onse. Panthawiyi, mitundu yotereyo siilipo, koma obereketsa ku Dutch akusimba kuti akugwira ntchitoyi, ntchito yosatheka.
- 1 mfundo - chomera chimakhala ndi chitetezo chachikulu ndipo sichikukhudzidwa ndi downy powdery mildew. Nthaŵi zambiri, zomera izi sizikusowa mankhwala opatsirana. Gawoli ndilo "Vitis Riparia" - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa. Koma imakula masango ang'onoang'ono ndi zipatso zazing'ono zamabuluu, choncho sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito podyera.
- Mitundu 2 - mitundu yosagonjetsedwa yomwe ingakhudzidwe ndi nyengo yamvula kwambiri kwa nthawi yaitali. Pambuyo pa mankhwala angapo, mildew imatheratu mosavuta. Mtundu uwu umaphatikizapo mitundu yotsatira yamphesa: "Clairette Bulbasa", "December", "Arch". Agronomists ena amapereka "Arch" 1.5 mfundo (kuchokera mndandanda wa mitundu yambiri ya tebulo, ndiyo yotetezedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku downy powdery mildew).
- 3 mfundo - mitundu yowonjezera kukana imayenera 2-3 kupopera kamodzi pa nyengo yokula. Maphunziro atatu adalandira mitundu yotsatirayi: Bianca, Moldova, Victoria, Augustine, Timur, Arcadia, Talisman, Lora, Danko, Rusmol, Viorica, "Murom", "Riesling Magaracha" ndi ena.
- 4 mfundo - zowonongeka zomwe zimafunikira chitetezo chapadera ku bowa. Kutaya kumafunikira nthawi 4-5 pa nyengo. Ndi chisamaliro chosayenera chimamwalira 25 mpaka 50%. Gawoli likuphatikizapo mitundu iyi: "Rkatsiteli", "Aligote", "Cabernet".
- Mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri - mitundu yomwe popanda chitetezo cha mankhwala nthawi yomweyo ikhoza kutaya mbeu 50 mpaka 100%. Pa nthawi yomweyi zomera zimatha kufa. Mitundu iyi iyenera kupopedwa kwa milungu iwiri ndi iwiri pa nyengo yokula. Maphunziro asanuwo adalandira mitundu yotsatirayi: "Kishmish Khishrau", "Kadinali", "Rizamat".
Mukudziwa? Katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya nyukiliya Becquerel nayenso anatenga nawo njira zothetsera vutoli. Iye adapempha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera sulfure kuti awononge fungus.Pakalipano, amalonda ambiri akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mphesa ndi mfundo ziwiri kapena zitatu. Apo ayi, pali chiopsezo chachikulu chotayika mbewu. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, obereketsa amapitirizabe kutulutsa mitundu yabwino ya mphesa, yomwe idzalandira mapepala a zero, koma sizidzatayika.
