Mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a magalimoto pakapita nthawi amadzazidwa ndi nthano ndipo amakhala ngati chizindikiro cha nthawi. Komabe, ambiri a iwo amagwira bwino ntchito ndipo adakali opangidwa. Mmodzi wa "long-livers" awa omwe timaganizira muzokambirana. Timaphunzira zomwe ziri zodabwitsa za chipangizo chophatikizapo "Niva SK-5".
Mbiri ya chilengedwe
"Umoyo" wonse wa makinawa umagwirizana ndi chomera cha Rostselmash. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950s, akatswiri a m'deralo anabweretsa SK-3 kudzipangira. Kwa kampaniyi, inali chipambano - izi zisanachitike, timagulu tomwe timapanga timeneti tinapangidwa kumeneko. 
Troika anali ndi nkhokwe zambiri, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula, omwe "anapereka" njira yopindulitsa yotchedwa SK-4 mu 1962. Zinakhala zopambana kwambiri, pokhala ndi mphoto zambiri pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zaulimi.
Chinsisi yotereyi ndipo idakhala ngati maziko a "asanu". Kupititsa patsogolo kwake ndi kuthamanga-kunatenga nthawi yochuluka - yoyamba yachidule SK-5s inatulutsidwa kokha mu 1970, ndipo kwa zaka zitatu zatsopanozi zinapangidwa mofanana ndi zomwe zodziwika kale.
Nthawi yomweyi idatenga nthawi yoyamba yoyendera - "chiwonetsero" chinali chokonzeka chaka cha 1967.
Ndikofunikira! Kuthamanga mkati kumapereka njira ziwiri - palibe katundu (maola 2.5) ndikugwira ntchito (maola 60). Pakutha koyambirira, dizilo imaloledwa kugwira ntchito osaposa theka la ora. Pogwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe kambiri, katunduyo pang'onopang'ono akuwonjezeka kufika 75 peresenti, ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi kuvomereza kovomerezeka malinga ndi ma ETO pambuyo pa maola khumi ndi awiri.Khama la injiniya sizinali zopanda phindu - n'zovuta kupeza munthu yemwe sanayambe amuwonapo "wachikulire waminda". Anapirira zambiri, ndipo makope atsopano adakali opangidwa.
Nyumbayi inakhala yabwino, mtundu wofiira unasinthidwa ndi wobiriwira, ndipo chiwerengerocho mu dzina chinatheratu, m'malo mwa mawu akuti "zotsatira". Koma mapangidwe otsimikiziridwa amagwira ntchito mogwira mtima.Kumene kumagwiritsidwa ntchito
Mutu waukulu wa ntchitoyi ndi kuyeretsa ndi kusamba kwa mbeu. Chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu ndi kayendetsedwe ka mgwirizanowu, ndibwino kwambiri kukonza malo ochepetsetsa kapena zovuta za m'munda wovuta.
Palinso mtundu wa nthaka yofooka, yonyowa. Imeneyi ndi makina omwe amayendetsa galimoto, yomwe imadziwikanso ndi zomera. 
Akatswiri opanga makina amadziwa kuti m'munda "wokakamizidwa", nthawi zambiri "Nivas" alibe zofanana - muzochitika zoterozo zimakhala zosiyana ndi zowonjezera zowonjezereka zogulitsa.
Zolemba zamakono
Kuti mumvetsetse momwe SK-5 Niva ikugwirizanirana, ganizirani zamakono zamakono zomwe zilipo:
- injini: dizilo sikisi mu-line ya dizilo yokhala ndi mphamvu yowonongeka, zilonda zinayi;
- mphamvu (hp): 155;
- liwiro lakumwera (rpm): 2900;
- nambala ya mipeni: 64;
- Buku la bunker (l): 3000;
- kumasula kuthamanga (l / s): 40;
Mukudziwa? Zina mwa zosinthidwa zinapezeka ndi magalimoto apadera kwambiri. Chomwe chimakhala chophatikiza chokhoza kulekanitsa nyemba zamagazi ku zamkati, zomwe zinalengedwa m'ma 1970. Koma inali nthawi imodzi.
- Kutambasula kutalika (m): 2,6;
- mtundu woyeretsera: zowonekera;
- mzere wautali (m): 5;
- Kutalika kwa mtunda wautali (m): 3.6, uli ndi zigawo 4;
- Kupunthira: mtundu wa drum;
- dera lalikulu (m): 0.6;
- mtundu wa kamera yokonda: conveyor;
- kutalika (m): 7.60;
- m'lifupi (m): 3.93;
- kutalika (m): 4.1;
- kulemera kwake (t): 7.4.
Gwirizanitsani injini
Masiku ano "Niva" wokhala ndi dizilo ya MMD - D.260.1. Mtengo wa 7,12 malita ndi wabwino kwambiri ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Chowonadi n'chakuti ali ndi torque yabwino (622 N / m), yomwe imapereka mpata wabwino ngakhale pansi pa katundu kapena pamene akudutsa gawo lovuta. 
Magalimoto akhoza "kusokonezeka" kufika pa 2100 mphindi, koma poyesera amayesa "kugwira" pafupifupi (pafupifupi 1400) kutembenukira - mu njirayi chiwerengero cha mphamvu chikufikira.
Kutentha kwa madzi ndi kofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya kumunda, pambali iyi, injini ya dizi ya Minsk ndi yabwino "kutulutsa mpweya".
Kwa ntchito yayitali yautali, mudzafunanso tillers, thirakitala ndi mini-thirakitala.Kulemera kwa unit chotero ndi 650 kg. Kuchokera pa ubwino wake woonekeratu, ntchito yosavuta ndi "chilakolako" chokwanira. Mafuta a pasipoti chifukwa chokolola chotchedwa Niva chomwe chili ndi injiniyi ndi 25 malita pa ola la ntchito. Chiwerengerochi chikhoza kusiyana malingana ndi momwe ntchitoyi imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zinthuzo zasinthira.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati kuyambika koyamba kwa injini kumachitika kutentha m'munsimu +5 ° C, ndiye kuti mafuta otsanulidwa pa fakitale ayenera kusinthidwa mpaka nyengo yozizira M8 (madzi ndi ma DM ndi G2K ali abwino).
Monga "mtima" wa makina awa ukhozanso kupanga magalimoto monga:
- SMD-17K ndi SMD-18K (zonse - 100 hp aliyense);
- MaseĊµera amphamvu a SMD okwana 120, 19K, 20K ndi 21K.
Kuthamanga magalimoto
Gululi laziphuphu limaphatikizapo 2 milatho: kuyendetsa magudumu ndikuyendetsa.
Zoonadi, choyamba ndi chovuta kumanga. Ilo limapangidwa ndi:
- makanema;
- zovuta;
- kusiyana;
- chotsani ndi kuswa;
- Makina awiri oyang'anira mbali;
- mawilo enieni.
Bokosi lazitsulo la wokolola wotchuka wa Niva CK-5 ndilo gawo lachitatu, lokhala ndi ma shafts atatu ndi seti ya magalasi, 2 omwe amapangidwa (monga magalimoto) ndi kukwera pamtunda wa galimoto.Woyamba "amagwira" gear yoyamba, ndipo yachiwiri - yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ikufulumira. Pambuyo pa kutsegula, magalimoto "omasuka" atsekedwa ndi njira yapadera.
Pamalo omwe amalandira galimoto ya galimotoyo amalembedwa ndi clutch disc clutch, pomwe amamasulidwe mothandizidwa ndi akasupe khumi ndi awiri amapita kumbali yamkati ya pulley. Ngati kabuku kakasokonezeka, kampu imatulutsira diski yomwe imayendetsedwa ndikuyendetsanso mpikisano ku transaxle.
Mukudziwa? Okolola oyambirira a Soviet anapangidwa mu 1930 ku Zaporizhia. Malingana ndi miyezo ya lero, magalimoto amatchulidwa mu mzimu wa nthawi. - "Communard".Gudumu la gudumu ndidakonzedwa mosavuta:
- mtanda wolimba;
- swivels;
- chowongolera pamtanda ndi hydraulic cylinder;
- magudumu.
Zingwe za magudumu zimagwira pamapeto a mtengo pogwiritsa ntchito zipilala ndi zisoti. Mazenera amaphatikizidwa ndi zitsulo zokhazokha ndi tapered bearingings.CVT
Pa zonse zosinthidwa za kuphatikiza klinoremenny galimoto yaikidwa. Mwachidule, nthawi yomwe imachokera pamoto imatumizidwa ku pulley yamagetsi ndi lamba, ndipo njira yonseyo imayendetsedwa ndi wosintha.
Njirayi, kusuntha galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto, imayendetsa lamba pafupi ndi pulley, potero imasintha m'lifupi mwake. Lamba lomwelo limapita pansi mozama kapena likuwonetsedwa "pamphepete" (ndiye kukula kwake kukuwonjezeka). 
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makinawa kumayendetsedwa ndi valavu ya magetsi oyendetsa magetsi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa nyumbayo. Kuti mupereke mofulumira kwambiri, imasamutsira njira yonse kutsogolo, ndi kubwezeretsa mofulumira.
Kabichi ndi kuyendetsa
Pogwiritsa ntchito chitonthozo, a Niva adagwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakono. Chifukwa cha zipangizo zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zowonongeka, kutsegula mawu kunayamba bwino, ndipo kunakhala kovuta kwambiri kukhala mkati - pamasulidwe akale msilikaliyo anali, makamaka, mu bokosi lachitsulo lotentha lopanda mpweya wabwino. Pa magalimoto atsopano chimbudzi chimaperekedwa (chowonadi, ngati njira).
Ndikofunikira! Pogula ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito, samalirani kwambiri zazitsulo (pambuyo poyang'ana nambala zonse pansipa), mafuta ndi magetsi. "Malo odwala" makope akale - ichi ndi choyamba, chimango ndi chopunthira, kutupa nthawi yomweyo "kumagunda" izo.Atakhala pa malo ogwira ntchito, dalaivala akuwona patsogolo pake:
- kolankhulidwe;
- kumanja kwake ndi chiwombankhanga cha gearshift, pedals yolekanitsa ndi kutsitsa;
- kumbali ya kumanzere kwa gudumu ndi clutch pedals ndi chiwombankhanga chopumitsa galimoto;
- pansi pa gudumu pali mafuta oyendetsa mafuta, pamasulidwe osiyanasiyana omwe angapezeke mbali zonse za "donut".
Mpando wotukira umasinthika pa ndege ziwiri (zozembera ndi zowonekera). Kumanja, pa ngodya ya kabichi, ndizitsulo zamagetsi ndi nyali zowonetsera ndi olamulira.Zida zimayikidwa pamenepo - zizindikiro za mphamvu ya mafuta ndi kutentha kwa madzi, drum tachometer ndi ammeter. Wachiwiri sangakhale - alimi ambiri amaika zishango zosavuta.
Malo ochulukirapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito: ndudu, mutu, "kutaya" kwa banjali, ndi zina zotero.
Mukudziwa? Chophatikiza choyamba chodzipangira yekha mu USSR chinali C-4 (1947-1958). Ndizodabwitsa kuti ndale zinalowerera "m'tsogolo" - mpaka 1956 idatchedwa "Stalinist", ndipo pambuyo pa makumi awiri a Congress, dzinali linachepetsedwa kukhala kalata yoyamba.Kuthamanga (kumbuyo) kumayendetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi magetsi - palibe kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa gudumu ndi mawilo, aliyense amayendetsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka mpweya ndi mpweya womwe umagwiritsira ntchito madzi omwe amaperekedwa ndi pulogalamu ya dosing.
Njirayi imachepetsa kuchepa, koma palinso mavuto. Choncho, kusintha kolakwika kwa gudumu kumakhala "kolimba".Dziwani nokha ndi MT3-892, MT3-1221, Kirovets K-700, T-170, MT3-80, Vladimirets T-25, MT3 320, matrekta a MT3 82 ndi T-30 omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana .
Hydraulic system
Zowonjezerazi zili ndi machitidwe opangira makina awiri. Waukulu amagwira ntchito yogwirira ntchito, ndipo kuyendetsa kumathandizira kulamulira.
Mapangidwe a dera lalikulu ndi awa:
- mtundu wamapope NSH-32U;
- zotchinga;
- wofalitsa pa 7 achoka;
- HZ zojambula ziwiri;
- makina oyendera magetsi kuti akwezere mutu ndi kubwerera.
Pambuyo pake, dera loyendetsa ndilo:- kupopera NSh-10E;
- valva valve;
- dispenser;
- wogwira ntchito (ndi mphamvu).
Zidzakhalanso zothandiza kuti mudziwe bwino za Salyut 100, Neva MB 2, Zubr JR-Q12E.
Phatikizani wokolola
Kuphatikiza "Niva" ndi imodzi mwa machitidwe ofunikira kwambiri, mofunikira nthawi zambiri imayikidwa ndi injini. Zachigawozikulu ndi zigawo ndi:
- Mlandu umene zipangizo zonse zimapangidwira. Amagwirizanitsa ndi kamera yochepetsera pogwiritsa ntchito pendants ndi hinge. Zonsezi zimakhala zogwirizana ndi zitsime zolimba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumagetsi otchulidwa ndi telescopic pogwiritsa ntchito mipeni.
Ndikofunikira! Asanalowetse chophatikiza ndi msewu kuti asamuke, banjali liyenera kuchotsedwa - Ngakhale kuchepera kochepa ndikoletsedwa.
- Nsapato, kusintha kutalika kwa mdulidwe. "Zoopsa" zapangidwira masentimita asanu ndi asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu (18 cm).
- Gwedezani, mukugwira mapesi pamene mukudula ndikuwatsogolera ku auger. Ndipotu, ndi mthunzi wokhala ndi zidutswa zowonongeka, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Iwo, nawonso, amanyamula kasupe.
- Kudula malire. Pa baru pali zala zokhala ndi mipeni ya mpeni yomwe imayendetsedwa mosiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso makina opaka ndi ziboda. Kuyenda kwa mipeni ndi gulu la "hinge - telescope."
- Auger. Ichi ndi chitsulo chosungira ndi matepi "osiyana" omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira - amapita mosiyana, ndipo panthawi yoyendayenda amasuntha zimayambira pakati. Kumeneko amanyamulidwa ndi chala chapadera, chomwe chimatumizira izi kumalo osungira.
- "Floating" conveyor. Zimapangidwa ndi oblique ndipo zimatsogolera njere kugaya. Nazi mthunzi 2 ndi nyenyezi pamphepete - kutsogolera ndi kuyendetsedwa. Mipangidwe ya manja ndi zitsulo ndi "udindo" wa zoyendetsa.
- Sakanizani. Kusonkhanitsa beveled zimayambira ndikuwatumizira ku "pansi" pamutu. Kuyika izo ziyenera kuchotsa chidindo.
Zosintha zazikulu zowonjezera
Kuphatikiza pa chitsanzo choyambirira, "oimira" a zosinthika zina akusuntha. Panali ambiri a iwo kwa zaka pafupifupi 50 za kumasulidwa, choncho tidzakambirana zambiri zomwe zimachitika. Zimangotchulidwa - makalata ndi zizindikiro zadijito zawonjezeredwa ku "abbreviation":
- 5A imasonyeza injini 120 hp;
Mukudziwa? Zina mwa zizindikiro za "Niva" zinapanga kupanga makina oyeretsera phwetekere SKT-2. Zinali zosavuta kuti minda - muzikhala zochepa za zigawo zopanda pake, zigawo zochokera ku "phwetekere" zidakonzedwanso ku "zisanu" zomwe sizinasokoneze kupanga.
- Mpukutu wa 5AM uli ndi injini yoyendera mahatchi 140, ndipo bokosi la gear lamasulidwa kumanzere;
- 5M-1 imasiyanitsa kutumiza kwa hydrostatic;
- SCC-5 yapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito kumadera omwe ali ndi malo ovuta komanso "amatenga" otsetsereka kufika 30 °;
- The SKP-5M-1 ndi kusinthidwa kofanana kwa nthaka "yonyowa".
Zabwino ndi zamwano
Kwa nthawi yonse ya ntchito "Niv" adapeza zovuta zambiri, ndipo aliyense amene amagwiritsa ntchito makina aulimi amadziwa za "chikhalidwe" cha zida izi.
Ali ndi ubwino wambiri:
- kufufuza bwino kwambiri mawonekedwe;
- kuyendetsa bwino ndi zochepa;
- mtengo wotsika;
- kupezeka kwa zigawo zilizonse zopanda phindu ndi kukweza kwambiri;
- kuyera kokolola;
- ntchito yabwino ndi zochepa zochepa zosonkhanitsa.
- nthawi zina "kuwuluka" mikanda yoyendetsa;
- zovuta pakukweza mutu ndi zosakaniza; oposa makina amodzi ogwiritsa ntchito makina "atulukira" mmunda amatha maulendo osiyanasiyana, kupota ndi mabotolo;
- osati makamaka kuyendetsa bwino pa katundu wodzaza.
Ndikofunikira! Ambiri amadandaula za vuto la "kuyendetsa". Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito ma valve hydraulic kapena kusintha kosayenera.Ngakhale zovuta izi, "zakale zabwino" SK-5 sizikutaya. Kuyambira alimi amalandira mwachangu "zogwiritsidwa ntchito" ndipo pokhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi njira, amazitengera kwa zaka zambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mbali zopanda pake kumatsimikizira "Niva" moyo wautali.
Tsopano inu mukudziwa chimene chinapanga njira yotere yotchuka kwambiri. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zidzakuthandizani kusankha kusankha zakanema. Lembani zokolola!
