Pali maluwa omwe amaoneka atakhala ndi nthawi yaitali yozizira akuyembekezeredwa mosayembekezereka, choncho kukongola kwawo kumawonekera mwachidwi ndi mozizwitsa. Zomerazi zikuphatikizapo primrose, zomwe sizomwe zili ndi dzina lake - zimayankhula zokha. Pali dzina lina lake - primrose. Maluwawa ali ndi zachilendo zokongola komanso zopindulitsa kwambiri.
Kufotokozera
Primrose - kuchokera pakati osatha zitsamba za banja Primrose. Analandira dzina la maluwa pakati pa oyambirira pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira, ngakhale kuti matalala a snowtrops ndi coltsfoot adakali patsogolo pake pamzerewu. Kupembedza, kuyamba kuyambira mu Meyi, kumakondweretsa ndi mtundu wake wambiri kwa nthawi yayitali. 
Mitundu yake imakhala mu Himalaya, Asia, ndi China; amapezeka ku America, Africa, pa Arabia Peninsula. Pafupifupi mitundu makumi atatu ya zomera za banja lino zilipo ku Ulaya. Ndilo gawo la Ulaya la Russian Federation - chigawo cha kufalitsa kwa primroses. Mitengo imeneyi imakonda dothi lopanda bwino, lomwe limakhala chifukwa chachikulu chokhalira m'mphepete mwa matupi a madzi, mitsinje, nyanja, mitsinje, komanso madera ena okhala ndi madzi ambiri.
Kukhalapo kwaifupi, kosovatogo rhizome ndi chiwerengero cha woonda mizu njira ndi khalidwe la primrose. Khungu lake, mpaka masentimita 15 masentimita amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a makwinya. Primrose inflorescence mwa mawonekedwe a ambulera ili ndi sepals zisanu, zomwe zimakula pamodzi. 
Kutalika kwa chomera palokha kumasiyana, kuyambira masentimita 10 mpaka 80. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya primrose yomwe ilibe peduncles - maluwa awo amachokera ku rosette wa masamba. Mitengo imeneyi, kuyambira nthawi zakale, imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chida chodziwika chochiritsira. Komanso, akhala akuyambanso kugwiritsa ntchito monga kukongoletsera chifukwa cha nzeru zodabwitsa komanso masamba osiyanasiyana.
Mitengo yaing'ono ya 1.5 mpaka 4 cm ikhoza kukhala yoyera, yofiira, yofiira, ya chikasu cha maluwa. Koma kupatsa (primrose) sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi madzulo madzulo, zomera zonsezi zimakhala ndi machiritso awo komanso zotsutsana.
Mukudziwa? Nthawi yotchedwa snowdrop (galantus) imatchedwa "primrose", koma imakhudza banja la Primrose, chifukwa ilo ndi la Amaryllis. Ndi zolondola kutchula snowdrop primrose mwachikhalidwe, mwachidule choyamba chakumapeto kwa kasupe.
Mitundu ya primrose
Pali mitundu pafupifupi mazana asanu ya zomera izi; Zonse zimasiyana pa nthawi ya maluwa, maluwa akuda, masamba. Poyamba ndi mankhwala, pali mitundu ingapo: kasupe (mankhwala), chikho chachikulu, chapamwamba, mealy.
Chitsamba cha Primrose (mankhwala)
Spring primrose - osathera ndi mankhwala, ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 15 mpaka 30. Amagawidwa kumwera kwa dera la Russia ndi gawo lake la ku Ulaya. Bzalani ndi mizu yachingwe, masamba ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, oblong, ochepa. Maluwawo amasonkhanitsidwa patali, akupita kumbali ya muvi ndi kuwala kofiirira ndi fungo la uchi. Chipatsochi chiri mu mawonekedwe a bokosi lofiira ndi mbewu zambiri. 
Ndikofunikira! Chitsamba cha Primrose ndi chomera chamtengo wapatali chokhala ndi vitamini C wambiri, chomwe chimapanga machiritso abwino komanso mankhwala othandizira kutentha, chifuwa komanso mavuto a mitsempha. Mbali yaikulu ya ascorbic acid imathandiza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zowonongeka m'thupi mwathu ndi kuchepetsa ukalamba.
Primrose yaikulu
Ku Siberia, ku Caucasus ndi m'midzi primrose lalikulu, Komanso osatha ndi machiritso katundu. Malingana ndi zigawo zina, zimatengedwa ngati subspecies ya masika. Kunja, zomerazi ndizosiyana: mchimake chokhala ndi zikuluzikulu zazikulu, mosiyana ndi masika, zimakhala ndi calyx yambiri, ndipo masamba amakhala ndi pubescence. 
Mtundu uwu wa primrose uli woyenera kukonzekera mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa matenda osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya chifuwa. Komanso primrose kapu yaikulu imathandiza kusintha njira yowonjezera ya mkodzo, kumalimbikitsa, kumachepetsa mpweya. Pofuna kupanga njira yopatulira thukuta ndi mkodzo, 1 tbsp. l mizu ndi masamba, omwe asanakhale wouma, kutsanulira kapu ya madzi otentha ndikupatsa maola angapo. Njira zomangidwa ndi 1 tbsp. l katatu patsiku. Kusakaniza uku sikukusungidwa kuposa tsiku.
Mukudziwa? M'mayiko ena, akukhulupirira kuti msungwana amene adapeza primrose yoyamba kukomana ndi chikondi chake ndi kukwatirana asanathe kumapeto kwa chaka. Choncho, m'mayiko ena amawoneka ngati duwa la ukwati. Makamaka zimam'thandiza ku England, komwe kumakhala kochititsa chidwi ngati duwa lomwe lili ndi zamatsenga, chifukwa m'menemo muli zochepa kwambiri ndipo fairies amatha kupeŵa nyengo.
Primrose mkulu
Mafuta osachepera omwe amakhala osasunthika kuyambira 10 mpaka 40 masentimita, pamasamba omwe ali ndi tsitsi, ndipo masamba okhawo amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri pamzu, amatchedwa primrose high. Chomerachi chili ndi maluwa okongola ochokera ku 9 mpaka 15 masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo amasonkhanitsa mavitamini khumi pa tsinde lililonse, chiwerengero chachikulu cha inflorescences pa tsinde ndi makumi atatu.
Primrose mkulu amapezeka ku Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Altai, Siberia, m'madera ozizira mumthunzi. Ku Russia, nyama yoyamba yamtunduwu sipezeka. Zolemba ndi katundu wa primrose mkulu ndi masika sizinali zosiyana, chotero, zizindikiro zogwiritsira ntchito zawo sizinali zosiyana.
Mealy primrose
Chomeracho chimakhala ndi mizu yambiri, yomwe imakhala ngati mitsuko ndi maluwa-maambulera ndipo sichiposa masentimita 20. Imapangidwa ndi powdery-white, phokoso lachikasu, lomwe liri ndi ndalama zambiri pamunsi mwa masamba. Mtundu uwu wa primrose umasiyana ndi mitundu ina mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa maluwa: chowala ndi mdima wa lilac, pinki chophatikizika ndi zofiirira, sichimawoneka maluwa oyera. Zithunzi zosiyana mealy primrose ndiko kukhalapo kwa "diso" lowala kwambiri kukula kwa masentimita imodzi pakati pa duwa. 
Mitundu imeneyi imapezeka kwambiri kumpoto kwa mbali ya Russia, yomwe ili ku Ulaya; chimakula kumwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East. Masamba a primrose awa ali ndi vitamini C. Magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amapangidwa ndi powdery primrose amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mankhwala ochizira matenda a chifuwa, amatsukidwa m'mphuno kuti tsitsi likule bwino. Ku Tibet, izi zimapweteka kwambiri.
Mukudziwa? Kale ku Greece, primrose idatchedwa "maluwa a milungu khumi ndi iwiri" ndipo imamuchitira ngati duwa la Olympus. Legend limanena kuti milungu inatembenuza a paralysos achinyamata omwe akudwala ziwalo mwa iye.
Kupanga
Zopangidwa ndi primrose zimaphatikizapo mavitamini ndi minerals ambiri. Mapepala ake omwe amatengedwa ngati chakudya angathe kukhutiritsa thupi la munthu kuti likhale ndi vitamini C patsiku. Kuwonjezera apo, primrose ili ndi provitamin A (carotene), vitamini E, amchere a manganese, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, mafuta ofunikira.
Zosintha primrose
Primrose ili ndi mankhwala ochulukitsa, kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe kake, thukuta, expectoration. Imakhalanso ndi antispasmodic, analgesic ndi tonic effect pa thupi la munthu. Mankhwala omwe amachokera ku chomerachi amatha kuchepetsa ndi kutulutsa, ndipo mavitamini awo amachititsa kuti chomeracho chikhale chomera chokha.
Chifukwa cha kukhala ndi ascorbic asidi m'zinthu zoyambirira, ndalama zowonjezera zimayambitsanso kayendedwe kabwino ka magazi, kupanga mapangidwe a magazi ndi kusungunuka kwachitsulo, kusokoneza mphamvu zowonjezera, kuteteza khungu la m'thupi, kutsuka ndi kulimbikitsa ziwiya, kuchiritsa mabala kwambiri, kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi. 
Carotene amapereka khungu ndi mazira ndi mawonekedwe abwino, amachititsa khungu kukonzanso, kumapangitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, chimathandizira kulamulira mahomoni, ndipo zimakhazikitsa kayendetsedwe kake ka mitsempha. Chifukwa cha iye, maso amayenda bwino, ndipo mafupa amakula ndi kulimbitsa mwamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe ndi nthawi yabwino kuti chitukuko chikhale chogwirizana.
Vitamini E yomwe imapezeka mu primrose imalimbikitsa kuchiritsidwa kwa chilonda ndi kuchepa kochepa kupanga, imachepetsa kukula kwa kapangidwe ka thrombus, komanso imathetsa magazi omwe apanga, imapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zothandizira kubereka, komanso kuthetsa mavuto pakapita nthawi.
Mchere wa manganese umathandiza kuti mapangidwe a mafupa ndi othandizira azigwiritsidwa ntchito, amachititsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino, kuthandizira kupanga cholesterol, insulini, mahomoni a chithokomiro, komanso kuthandizira kwambiri kutengera ndi kusintha makhakudya. 
Saponins, kupititsa patsogolo kutsekemera kwa glands, kumathandiza kuti dilution ndi mosavuta kuchotsa sputum ku bronchi, kuchepetsa kutupa; amalepheretsanso DNA kugwiritsira ntchito maselo otupa, kuteteza njira za kubereka kwawo; kulimbikitsa ntchito za mahomoni, kulamulira mchere, madzi ndi mchere.
Ndikofunikira! Coltsfoot ili ndi carotenoids ndi ntchentche, zomwe zimachepetsa njira za kutupa ndi kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa mmero. Monga primrose, inunso lili ndi saponins. Kuphatikizidwa mu chida chimodzi, coltsfoot ndi phulusa zimalimbikitsana. Pamodzi ndi zitsamba zambiri zamankhwala, ndizo zigawo za chifuwa cha chifuwa.
Flavonoids, kulimbitsa mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi ma capillaries, kuteteza thupi ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kumathandizira kuti vitamini C ikhale yogwira mtima, kulimbikitsa kukana kuteteza matenda, kutseketsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi poizoni, kuthetseratu masewera ndi kutupa, kuletsa kupanga cholesterol choipa ndi kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa , kuchepetsa mawonetseredwe a chifuwa, kuonjezera mlingo wa zochitika zamaganizo ndi zakuthupi. 
Glycosides amachititsa kuti mitsempha yambiri ikhale yovuta, imaonetsetsa kuti magazi akuyendera komanso ntchito ya mtima, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Mafuta ofunikira amalimbikitsa machiritso mwamsanga, kupweteka kupweteka komanso kupatukana kwa ntchentche, kuchepetsa chifuwa, kuchepetsa dongosolo la mitsempha, kuimitsa mkhalidwe wa mtima, mitsempha ya magazi, m'mimba, m'matumbo.
Primrose mu mankhwala
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a primrose monga mankhwala ndiwodziwika mu mankhwala achikhalidwe a mitundu yambiri.
Ochiritsa a Tibet masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito matenda a magazi, komanso kuthetsa kukula kwa zotupa ndikufulumizitsa machiritso. Primrose kukonzekera amathetsa mavuto ochulukirapo, komanso amawagwiritsa ntchito popanga mankhwala. Amathandizira kuphwanya magazi mwa ubongo, matenda a mtima, chifuwa, chimfine, kutupa, neuralgia, edema, diso ndi matenda a mkodzo, migraines, kusowa tulo ndi matenda ena ambiri.
Mizu ya Primrose ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri, ndi zotsatira za kutukuta ndi kukodza. 
Zosokoneza mitsempha ndi zotsalira za mizu imeneyi zimathandiza kuti pakhale ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa mfuti komanso kuonjezera chitetezo cha mazira a mucous mu bronchitis. Masamba a Primrose ndi othandiza monga njira yowonjezera mavitamini, ndi kusowa kwawo kwakukulu, komanso kuphwanya njala ndi matenda a m'mimba. Kugwiritsa ntchito kunja, masamba a primrose amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga.
Ndikofunikira! A decoction wa primrose maluwa ndi hawthorn ndi othandiza kwambiri ndi mtima wonse.
Primrose chifuwa
Primrose Kukonzekera ndibwino kwambiri pochizira chifuwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa saponins, komwe kunachepetsanso chifuwa komanso kumathandiza kuti atulutse msuti wouma komanso osakokera kwa nthawi yaitali. 
Njira zoterezi zimalimbikitsidwanso ngati "chifuwa chofewa", chomwe chimachitika pamene mphamvu ya mtima imachepa, motero kupezeka kwa magazi kumapapo kumafalikira ndipo chifuwa chokhazikika chimawoneka, chomwe chimakhala chovuta kuima. Pachifukwa ichi, nkofunika kuti muzitha kuchiza ziwalo za kupuma, komanso kuti mupitirize kuyendetsa magazi, komanso kuchotseratu madzi ochulukirapo. Kuti muchite izi, masamba angapo a primrose ayenera kutsanulira 200 ml madzi otentha ndikuumirira maola angapo, mutenge 1/3 chikho katatu patsiku.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a chifuwa ndi verbena officinalis, chowawa chowawa, white marmala, saxifrage, horseradish, nthusi yamapisipure, rasipiberi, matabwa, rutabaga, nivyanik.
Primrose pa nthawi yoyembekezera
Pakati pa mimba, mankhwala osokoneza bongo sangathe kutengedwa: akhoza kupangitsa kupititsa padera, kuyambitsa kupweteka kwa uterine.
Nyama yakuda ndi primrose
Sirasi ya Primrose ndi mankhwala kuti athetse njira ya expectoration ndipamwamba kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene akutsokomola mu mawonekedwe owuma, akutsatizana ndi tracheitis, matenda aakulu a kupuma, bronchitis. 1 tsp Mizu yokhala ndi shredded yiritsani mu hafu ya madzi kwa mphindi zisanu ndikusakaniza uchi kuti mupange minofu. Tengani 1 tsp. maulendo anayi pa tsiku. 
Madzi oterewa, okhala ndi bulauni wofiira ndi fungo lapadera, akhoza kugula ku pharmacy.
Mukudziwa? Nthano ina imanena kuti kamodzi pamene mtumwi Petro adasiya mafungulo ku zipata zakumwamba, ndipo m'malo mwa kugwa kwawo, maluwa okongola anawoneka pansi, ofanana ndi makiyi a makiyi. Choncho, dzina lina la primrose - "mafungulo".
Decoction
Primrose decoction imagwira ntchito bwino ndi bronchitis, chibayo ndi chifuwa chowombera: 20 g zowonongeka zimatsanulira 200 ml wa madzi ndi kuwiritsa kwa mphindi 20. Pambuyo pake, msuziwo umasankhidwa ndipo amadya supuni imodzi kangapo patsiku.
Ndiponso Mankhwala a chifuwa akhoza kukonzekera pamaziko a mizu: 1 tbsp. l Mizu ya mbewu, yomwe idaphululwa kale, kutsanulira 200 ml ya madzi, pafupi ndi kuika madzi osamba kwa mphindi 30. Ndiye msuzi watsekedwa ndipo amatengedwa kangapo pa tsiku, 70 ml. 
Kuthamanganso kwina kwa mizu: 20 g zipangizo pa 400 ml ya madzi otentha otentha, kumaphatikizapo mphindi 20. Chida ichi chikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito 100 ml osachepera kanayi patsiku, ndi matenda a ziwalo za kupuma, impso, rheumatism, gout.
Kulowetsedwa
Amathandiza bwino chifuwa kulowetsedwa kwa masamba: 2 tbsp. l wosweka masamba kutsanulira 0,5 malita a madzi otentha ndi kunena. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kuyenera kudyedwa tsiku lililonse, mosasamala kanthu za chakudya.
Kupititsa patsogolo kachetechete kake ndi njira zamagetsi, kubwezeretsanso mavitamini kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kuchokera ku gawo la primrose likukula pamwamba pa nthaka.
Maluwa kapena mbali ina iliyonse ya primrose masekeli 25 g kutsanulira 200 ml madzi otentha, imani maminiti 30, fyuluta ndikugwiritsa ntchito 2 tbsp. l katatu patsiku.
Tincture
Njira imeneyi ya primrose, monga tincture, imathandiza kuthetsa mutu, chizungulire, kusowa tulo ndi chilakolako, kusowa mphamvu, rheumatism. Ndikofunika kutenga 2 tbsp. l mizu ndi masamba, kutsanulira galasi la 70% mowa ndipo mulole izo zikhale kwa masiku pafupifupi 12 pamalo opanda kuwala, kugwedeza nthawi zina. Pambuyo pake mowa umatenthedwa, finyani masamba ndi mizu ndikuwononge madzi. Pamene kupweteka m'magulu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusakaniza ndi kumangiriza, ndi zotsalirazo - kangapo patsiku, kumwa madontho 10-15.
Primrose mafuta
Mafuta a Primrose amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lolimba komanso limapangitsa kuti thupi likhale ndi mitsempha yambiri. Maluwawo ndi odzaza ndi mafuta a masamba ndipo amatsalira pa mbale yophimbidwa kwa milungu ingapo dzuwa litalowa. Kenako fyuluta ndi kufinya. Mafuta, omwe anapezeka, anatsanulira wina, wofanana ndi chiwerengero choyamba cha maluwa. Njirayi imabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza. Mafuta omalizidwa amatsanulira mu mbale, zomwe zidzasungidwa zosaposa chaka chimodzi. Tengani chida ichi kangapo patsiku, 2 ml; bwino m'mawa ndi masana.
Herbion primrose madzi
Mafuta a Herbion ndi mankhwala apadera omwe amachititsa kuti expectoration ikhale yopindulitsa ndipo imakhala ndi anti-inflammatory effect. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mogwirizanitsa ndi zovuta zothandizira. Amathandiza ndi kutupa kwa trachea ndi bronchi, ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri ndi kupsa mtima kwa mukosa, kuti athetse chifuwa chosatha. Ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito madziwa katatu pa tsiku mutatha kudya: akuluakulu - 15ml, ana a zaka khumi ndi zinayi - 10 ml, kuyambira asanu mpaka khumi ndi anayi - 5 ml, kuchokera awiri ndi theka kufika asanu ndi 2.5 ml. 
Chida chikulimbikitsidwa kuti amwe madzi otentha kapena tiyi. Nthawi ya kulandiridwa kwa madzi - kuyambira masiku asanu mpaka asanu ndi awiri. Zotsatira zovuta kwa manyuchi sizingachitike, koma pangakhale kusokonezeka mmimba, sverbezh, mseru, ndi zina zambiri. Monga lamulo, izi ndi chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mlingo.
Contraindications
Primrose ili ndi zinthu zambiri zopindulitsa, koma, monga mankhwala ambiri, ili ndi contraindications: zowonongeka ku zokonzekera, kukhalapo kwa zilonda zam'mimba. Ndi chomera chopanda chitetezo komanso chopanda chowopsya motsatira malangizo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kusonkhanitsa kwa Primrose
Лечебную ценность представляют все части первоцвета, поэтому нужно точно знать, когда можно собирать их, чтобы свойства растения сохранились наилучшим образом. 
Ndibwino kuti mukonzekere masamba pamene maluwawo akuphulika, kuti aziuma nthawi yomweyo komanso mwamsanga dzuwa kapena makina apadera a kuyanika pa kutentha kwa 50-60 ° C (monga kuyanika pang'onopang'ono, mlingo wa ascorbic acid mu zipangizo zimachepetsa). Pambuyo pa kuyanika, masambawo ali obiriwira ndi mavi oviira; amamva fungo la uchi ndipo amakhala ndi kukoma kokoma pang'ono, kutembenukira kumbuyo pambuyo pake.
Masamba ayenera kuthyoledwa ndi manja, kusiya hafu pa phesi chifukwa cha maluwa ndi fruiting ya primrose. Kuchokera pakati pa kasupe mpaka kumapeto kwake, mukhoza kusonkhanitsa maluwa popanda makapu, amauma pamlengalenga, pambuyo pake ayenera kukhala ndi fungo lodabwitsa komanso lokoma.
Mizu, komanso ma rhizomes, akulimbikitsidwa kukumbidwa kumapeto kwa chomeracho chitafota, kapena kumapeto kwa maluwa. Afunika kugwedeza, kutsuka, kupukuta pang'ono, kenako kumauma pamtentha wosapitirira 60 ° C mu zouma kapena mu chilengedwe. Ma rhizomes, omwe auma, amakhala ndi mtundu wofiira wofiira wofiira, mizu imakhala yoyera, imakhala ndi fungo lapang'ono komanso kukoma kowopsya. Sungani chomera chouma chiyenera kukhala m'thumba la mapepala kapena nsalu mu chipinda chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino. 
Ndikofunikira! Mukakusonkhanitsa primrose, wina sayenera kuiwala kuti alembedwa m'buku la Red Book.
Primrose Maphikidwe
Primrose imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chitsamba chamankhwala, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino pakuphika kuphika saladi osiyanasiyana.
Pofuna kukonzekera saladi yoyamba, muyenera kutenga masamba atatu kapena anayi, anyezi wobiriwira, sorelo, ndi mazira atatu owiritsa. Onse odulidwa, kusakaniza, mchere, tsabola ndi nyengo wowawasa kirimu kapena masamba mafuta. Njira ina ndi saladi ya primrose ndi beet: 40 g wa masamba anyezi, 120 g wa masamba a primrose, 100 g wa beets odulidwa, mchere ndi nyengo ndi kirimu wowawasa. Musanayambe kutumikira, saladi yoteroyo iyenera kuyima pa firiji kwa kanthawi. Tinazindikira kuti primrose ndi chomera chodabwitsa chomwe chimathandiza kwambiri matenda osiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito kapena ayi njira zapadera - mumasankha, koma kuti mudziwe bwino mphamvu zake sizingakhale zodabwitsa. Mwa kutsatira malamulo osavuta, mukhoza mosavuta ndi mwamsanga kusintha thanzi lanu mothandizidwa ndi mphatso ya chirengedwe.
