Ndi mbewu ziti zomwe zakula

Dziwani zofunikira za mbeu iliyonse ndizofunikira kwa iwo omwe adzalima. Kuchokera pa izi kumadalira pa zokolola ndi zopindulitsa m'tsogolo. Komanso, chifukwa cha mbewu zambiri, nkofunika kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe yapadera, popanda mtengo umene sungapereke mbewu kapena kufa konse. Taganizirani zikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri.

Nkhosa

Onse oimira chikhalidwe ichi ndi a mtundu wa bluegrass. Amagawidwa mkate ndi nyemba.

Gulu loyamba liri ndi oimira khumi ndi awiri:

• tirigu;
• balere;
• quinoa;
• oats;
• rye;
• spelled;
• mapira;
• chimanga;
• chithandizo;
• triticale;
• manyuchi.

Ndikofunikira! Zonse za tirigu zidzabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa thupi. Nkhosa zosakonzedwanso ndizochokera ku mavitamini, mavitamini ndi mchere. Zakudya zambewu zoterezi zimathandiza pa zakudya komanso kukhala ndi chiwerengero.

Mitengo imeneyi imakhala ndi mizu yambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafika pafupifupi mamita atatu m'litali. Amakula mwamsanga m'nyengo yozizira, yomwe imathandiza kuti chomeracho chiloŵe m'nthaka ndikupaka zakudya zambiri.

Mphamvu ya mbewu iliyonse ndi yosiyana: rye ali ndi rhizome yamphamvu kuposa tirigu, ndipo oats ali ndi balere ambiri. Phindu limeneli limapangitsa kuti mbewuzo zizidya chinyezi chochuluka kuchokera m'nthaka ndikukula mofulumira.

Onani mitundu yambiri ya tirigu.

Mbewu za oimira tirigu mutabzala mizu yazomera. Mpunga, chimanga, mapira, manyuchi amakhala ndi zina zoterozo.

Ndipo mitundu yotsatira ikukula kuchokera ku zidutswa ziwiri:

• balere - mpaka 8;
• rye;
• tirigu - mpaka 5;
• oats - mpaka 4;
• triticale - 6.

Pamphepete mwa tirigu pali malonda 7, omwe masamba ake amakhala aakulu komanso pafupi ndi tsinde. Pamwamba pa tsinde la maluwa asanu, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa m'mapiritsi.

Matenda a inflorescences angakhale otsekemera (tirigu, rye, balere) ndi panicle (mapira, manyuchi, mpunga). Mtundu woyamba umatanthawuza kuti spikelets ali m'mizere iwiri, ndipo yachiwiri - imodzi pambali ya nthambi.

Zipatso zonse zimatchedwa mbewu, kapena karyops. Chikhalidwe chawo chachikulu chimakhala ndi zipolopolo za mbewu ndi zipatso.

Nkhosa ziri ndi magawo atatu okwera:

• mkaka;
• phula;
• malizitsani.

Kololani pamene sera pamene njere ndi yachikasu, ndipo mkati mwake mawonekedwe ndi ofanana ndi Sera. Ndikumayambiriro kuti mutenge mkaka, chifukwa pafupifupi theka la zomwe zili ndi madzi. Kukolola nthawi zonse kumatheka kokha mwa kuphatikiza, popeza mbewuzo zakhala zolimba kwambiri moti zimatha.

Mukudziwa? Malembo - imodzi mwa mbewu zakale zambewu. Mu 4-5,000 BC. er Oimira chikhalidwe cha Tripoli adalumikiza zokongoletsera za keramiki.

Mitundu

Gulu ili ndi mapuloteni olemera kwambiri. Mphungu imalangiza zomera ndi anthu omwe amatsutsana ndi mapuloteni a mkaka wa ng'ombe kuti aziphatikizidwa mu zakudya.

Oimira gululo oposa 60, koma otchuka kwambiri:

• nandolo;
• chikapu;
• soya;
• lupine;
• nyemba;
• lenti.

Chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri. Mzu waukulu umakula mpaka pansi mamita 3, pomwe umayamba kulola mizu ya mbali.

Pofuna kukula bwino, chomera chimafuna nthaka yosalala, yokhala ndi umuna. Zodabwitsa za mizu ya legume ndi zidulo zachinsinsi, zomwe zimathandiza kuthetsa feteleza zolemera ngati phosphates.

Phosphates ili ndi feteleza monga Ammophos, superphosphate, double superphosphate, fupa.

Tsinde ndi udzu, zingakhale zosiyana. Zimayambira kwa oimira ambiri a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Kugona sikunali kofanana kwa iwo. Mu nyemba, soya, chickpea ndi lupine, zimayambira ndi zolunjika komanso zolimba.

Masambawa ali pawiri ndi opnopalnopchatye, trifoliate, palmate. Njira yoyamba ndi ya mapeyala, mphodza, nyemba, nkhuku, yachiwiri kwa soya ndi nyemba, ndipo lachitatu yekha ndi lupine.

Mphuno yomwe silingalole kuti tizilombo tomwe timapanga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayesedwa ngati mbande pamene masamba akuwoneka pamwamba pa nthaka. Zina zonse - ndi mawonekedwe a mabala. Kenaka pamabwera maluwa, ndipo pambuyo - kusasitsa. Kukolola kukolola pamene nyemba imasanduka bulauni.

Dyetsa

Oimira chikhalidwe ichi amakula makamaka pofuna kudyetsa ziweto. Zomera zimabzalidwa msipu, komanso malo osiyana. Kufesa kwa mbewu zokolola tsopano kumakhala malonda osiyana, omwe amatchedwa kupanga fodya.

Zokolola zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popinda mukhola, monga zowonjezera mu udzu. Mitengo imeneyi imakhala ndi mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi mchere.

Zina mwa chakudya chofala chimatha kusiyanitsa:

• nyemba (clover, nyemba, sweet clover);
• Nthanga (meadow timothy ndi ovsyannitsa, wheatgrass, gulu la hedgehog).

Izi zonse ndi zosatha, zomwe zingathe kukula palimodzi komanso pamodzi ndi anansi ena a chikhalidwe ichi.

Iwo amadziwika ndi rhizome ya fibrous. Chidziwitso cha gulu ili ndi chakuti mabakiteriya a nodules amakhala pamzu wawo. Iwonso amazaza nthaka ndi nayitrogeni, kubwezeretsa chonde ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuthupi.

Oimira chakudya amakhala osankha kwambiri kumalo okula - sangathe kukhala m'madera ouma, kutentha kwa nthaka n'kofunika kwa iwo. Choncho, kuti mupeze zokolola zabwino, nkofunika kuonetsetsa kutsirira kwapamwamba, ngati pali mvula yambiri m'deralo.

Muyeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti nthaka inali ndi mlingo wa acidity. Pakuti nyemba zimadya fosphate feteleza.

Muli bwino, zomera zimapereka zokolola zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, clover - mpaka 250 kg / ha, ndi nyemba ndi zina kuthirira - mpaka 800 makilogalamu / ha. Chumiza, manyuchi, Sudan udzu, ndipo Mogar udzakhazikika mu malo owuma bwino.

Popeza mbewu yafungo ndi yaing'ono kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imatenga makilogalamu 20 pa hekitala. Chokhacho ndi salvage - mpaka 90 kg.

Mafuta a mafuta

Gululi limakula kuti likhale ndi luso komanso labwino.

Izi zimaphatikizapo makamaka zomera zotsalira zosatha komanso za pachaka:

• mpendadzuwa;
• fakitale;
• mphukira;
• rapese;
• soya;
• mpiru

Zomwe zimatchuka kwambiri ndi mafuta ochokera ku zipatso za mitengo yotentha:

• mitengo ya kanjedza;
• koka;
• tung

Mafuta akhoza kukhala mafuta (mpendadzuwa, rapse, etc.) ndi olimba (kokonati, kakale). Mbewu ndi zipatso za zomerazi zili ndi 16 mpaka 60% mafuta. Zizindikiro izi zimasiyana malingana ndi makhalidwe a dera lokula.

Kum'mwera chakum'mawuni kumapereka mafuta ochulukirapo chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira kwambiri.

Ndikofunikira! Ambiri mwa zomera za chikhalidwe ichi amalingaliridwa kuti amamera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo pawo mbewu idzakula bwino. Pambuyo pake, mizu yawo imakula mochuluka kwambiri moti imamera namsongole m'dera lino. Choncho, chifukwa cha zokolola zotsatirazi, dzikolo lidzakonzedwa kuti likhale labwino kwambiri.

Kwa zomera izi, mukufunika kufota nthaka - phosphate, nayitrogeni ndi fetashi feteleza zidzafunikila. Ndikofunika kuyang'anitsitsa kayendedwe ka kutentha ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, kuphimba zomera. Choncho, zimanga zimatha kutentha pamunsi pa 0 ° C.

Komano, mkaka wa safironi ndi mphutsi zofooka zimatha kuyenda. Kutentha kwake kwa mitundu yonse ya mafuta ophera mafuta ndi kuchokera ku +18 mpaka +20 ° С.

Zidzatheka kulandira zokolola kuchokera nthawi yofesa masiku 75-150. Nyerere yamchere ndi mapeyala amakula motalika kwambiri.

Pezani mankhwala opangidwa ndi mafuta omwe angakhale opangidwa. Izi zisanachitike, zopangidwazo ndizosiyana ndi zosafunika. Nkhonozi zimatsukidwa ndi chipolopolo, zowonongeka, zowonongeka ndi kutumizidwa kuntchito.

Kenaka, mankhwalawa amachotsedwa m'njira ziwiri:

• sindikizani;
• Kuchotsera (kuchotsa mafuta pogwiritsira ntchito zosungunuka).

Mafuta ofunikira

Zomera za chikhalidwechi zakula kuti zibweretse mafuta ofunikira.

Pofuna kupeza mafuta ofunika, oregano, citronella, ndi lavender amagwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu cosmetology, popanga, kuphika, mu perfumery. Pafupifupi pali mitundu yoposa 200 ya zomera zomwe zimapanga mafuta ofunikira.

Zina mwa izo ndi:

• chitowe;
• coriander;
• sage;
• duwa;
• chisa;
• geranium;
• timbewu;
• zipatso za citrus;
• mitengo ya coniferous.

Pa mbeu iliyonse, nthambi kapena masamba amachititsa kupanga mafuta. Nthaŵi zambiri mafuta ochotsedwa ku maluwa ndi zipatso. Amapangidwa ndi maselo apadera, ali ndi fungo lapadera. Zili ndi mowa, terpenes, aldehydes ndi zina zambiri.

Pafupifupi theka la zomera zonse zofunikira zimakula m'madera otentha ndi madontho otentha - izi ndi zipatso za citrus, sinamoni, cloves. Basil, sage, patchouli, katsabola ndi oyenera nyengo zozizira.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'thupi limodzi mukhoza kukhala 25%. Ndiponso mpaka 45% pali mafuta olemera. Mukhoza kutulutsa mafuta ofunika mwa distillation pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa madzi. Pambuyo pake, mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera.

Amisiri

Zomera zamakono zimakula kuti zipange zipangizo zamakampani. Zagawo zawo kapena chomera kwathunthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pali mitundu iyi:

• kupota (hemp, jute, fulakesi);
• Bast (mbatata, mbatata);
• Mafuta a mafuta (mpendadzuwa, mtedza);
• dyeing (madder);
• mankhwala (singano, eukalyti, timbewu tonunkhira);
• shuga beet (beet, ndodo);
• zokoma (khofi, tiyi, koko);
• mphira (hevea brazilian).

Zina mwazinthu zofiira kapena zowonjezera, monga zimatchedwa, thonje ndilo lotchuka kwambiri.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala, mafuta komanso chakudya cha nyama. Zapanga zambiri ku China, India, USA, Brazil. Ziri zovuta zanga - izo zachitika ndi dzanja.

Mukudziwa? Flakisi yagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala kwa zaka zoposa 10,000.

Mbewu za shuga zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku Ulaya - Ukraine, Russia, France (beetroot) ndi Brazil, Mexico, Cuba. Zambiri za shuga zomwe zimapanga dziko lapansi zimagwera pa ndodo (60%).

Mbewu zabwino kwambiri, mbatata ndizozidziwika kwambiri ndi zofunidwa. Ndikofunika kuti apange wowuma ndi mowa. Kwa chikhalidwe cha tonic, madera otentha ndi madera ozungulira amapezeka. Ogulitsa nsomba makamaka ndi India, China, khofi ndi kaka ndi Brazil.

Zamasamba

Kulima ndiwo zamasamba kuti adye chakudya, kusankha ndi kukolola mbewuzi ndizoyang'anira zamasamba. Pali mitundu yoposa 100 ya mbewu za masamba.

Iwo ndi:

• zipatso ndi masamba;
• masamba;
• bulbous;
• mizu masamba.

Zimaphatikizaponso mbewu monga mbewu, nyemba, nyemba. Pali oimira gulu lino pachaka, biennial ndi osatha.

Zomera zimagawidwa m'magulu ambiri omwe ali oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mu maphunziro aulimi ndi malonda.

Gulu lofala kwambiri ndi agronomic:

• mbewu za tuber - mbatata, mbatata;
• zipatso solanaceae - tsabola, phwetekere, biringanya;
• dzungu - nkhaka, dzungu;
• Mavwende - vwende, mavwende;
• nyemba - nandolo, nyemba, nkhuku;
• mabala a bulbous, shallots, adyo;
• Muzu masamba - kaloti, beet, turnips, udzu winawake;
• kabichi - kolifulawa, woyera kabichi, wofiira;
• letesi yobiriwira - Romain, Chinese kabichi, letesi;
• bowa;
• sipinachi - sipinachi;
• osatha - atitchoku, horseradish, sorelo.

Zomera zonse zimadutsa muzigawo za miyoyo yawo:

• mbewu - kumera kwake pansi, pamene amasonkhanitsa chinyezi, kotero kuti ma enzyme agwire ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa zikhalidwe za kukula kwa mizu;
• mmera gawo - pambuyo pa maonekedwe a cotyledons pamwamba pa nthaka, zomera zimasintha moyo wa autotrophic;
• kukula kwa ziwalo zowonjezera - ndikumanga kachilombo ndi masamba, ndiyeno pa ziwalo za katundu (tubers, mizu);
• kukula kwa zimayambira - pachaka zomera, gawoli limapitirira limodzi ndi lapita, muzaka ziwiri - m'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo;
• budding - kupanga mapangidwe ndi kukonzekera kwa maluwa;
• maluwa - mungu ndi ovary zipse mu maluwa onse, gawo limathera ndi pollination;
• kukula kwa zipatso - mapangidwe ndi kuonjezera kukula kwa chipatso, kucha m'mbewu ndi zakudya;
• Chipatso cha zipatso - mtundu umasintha, zakudya zimadutsa mumtunda wosachitapo kanthu;
• Pambuyo pake, mbeu zimakonzedwanso kuti zizitha kumera, ziwalo za zomera zotsatirazi zikuwonekera.

Mankhwala

Mitundu yochuluka yokwana 21,000 imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, mankhwala achipatala ndi kupewa matenda osiyanasiyana. Gululi limaphatikizapo mbewu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zotchuka kwambiri: calendula, lingonberry, chamomile, alowe, licorice, timbewu timeneti, tchire, galu komanso ena.

Mukudziwa? Mapangano a Sumeriya kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. e., mukhale ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo okwana 15 omwe amachokera ku mpiru, fir, msondodzi, pine ndi zipatso za zipatso. Zaka zoposa 3000 BC. er Mitundu ya mankhwala idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku Egypt, India, China.

Pali mndandanda wotere wa zikhalidwe izi:

• Mitengo ya mankhwala - zipangizo zawo zimaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonzekera zachipatala, mndandanda ungapezeke mu zolembera za boma za mankhwala a Russian Federation;
• Pharmacopoeias ndi zomera zomangamanga, ali ndi zofunika zina pazomwe zipangizo zawo zimakhalira;
• Zomera zamankhwala - alibe umboni wosonyeza kuti ali ndi mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito malembawa.

Aliyense wa oimira gulu la mankhwalawa ali ndi chogwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzi kapena zingapo. Zitha kuikidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana a zomera kapena m'modzi, choncho, pozisonkhanitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito, m'pofunika kudziŵa kuti gawo la mbewu ndi liti kuti lisasokoneze.

Kuchokera ku zitsamba ndi zipatso zimapanga infusions, decoctions, mafuta. Kupanga mankhwala ndi mankhwala monga mankhwala ndizotheka.

Zamaluwa

Oimira gululi agawanika kukhala osatha komanso chaka chimodzi. Yoyamba ikhoza kukulira kumalo omwewo popanda kusindikizidwa kuchokera zaka 2 mpaka 40. Kutalika kwambiri ndi malo omwe amakhala kumalo omwewo - kuyambira zaka 30 mpaka 40. Pamene tchire chomera chimodzi chikukula, sichidzatha kukhala pomwepo.

Malingana ndi mtundu wa mizu, zosawerengeka zoterezi zimasiyanitsidwa:

• rhizome - iris, phlox, astilba;
• babu - tulip, narcissus;
• chiwonongeko;
• Korneklubni - dahlia, orchid.

N'zotheka kufalitsa zomera zotere komanso zomera. Njira yachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafakitale ogulitsa mafakitale, monga momwe izi ziliri zovuta. Mbewu iyenera kugawidwa mu mitundu, imayenera kukonzekera (kuyambira, kuumitsa).

Komanso, pali mbewu zomwe zimamera zolimba - lupini, poppy, cyanosis, zomwe ziyenera kufesedwa mu kugwa.

Zamasamba zimafalitsidwa m'njira izi:

• timadula;
• mizu ya mizu;
• Kusiyanitsa kwa muzu kapena chitsamba;
• rooting wa duwa mu wowonjezera kutentha.

Ndikofunikira! Chidziwikiritso chokhazikika ndi chakuti amafunika kusamalidwa bwino. Panthawiyi amathyola zinthu zonse zofunika m'nthaka, akuzisiya opanda kanthu. Choncho, m'pofunika kuthira manyowa ndikudyetsa malo awo kukula mpaka 2 pa chaka. Ndikofunika kumasula ndi kuthirira nthaka. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mababu amafukula kapena okuta.

Zotsatsa ndalama zimapanga pulogalamu ya moyo wawo pachaka - zimafesedwa masika, ndipo kugwa zimamera ndi kufa. Amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri pa kukula kwawo - amawonekera pakatha masabata 7 kuchokera kufesa. Kuphulika kumadalira zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu.

Pofika kumapeto kwa miyoyo yawo, mbewu zikugwidwa, zomwe zimabzala kubzala chaka chamawa. Zitha kusungidwa kwa zaka 4. Bzalani iwo kumayambiriro kwa masika, mu April. Njirayi ikhoza kuchitidwa mabokosi, ndipo pakubwera kwa mphukira yoyamba imakhala yokhazikika pansi. Amafuna nthaka yowonongeka, yotentha kwambiri.

Maluwa a pachaka ndi okoma nandolo, delphinium, verbena, cornflower, marigold, Chinese carnation, kumanzere, dahlias ndi ena.

Zipatso ndi mabulosi

Gululi limakula kuti libale zipatso, mtedza, ndi zipatso. Pali zomera zoposa chikwi.

Mwamtheradi zonsezi - zosatha, zomwe zimakhala zobiriwira komanso zowonongeka. Iwo akhoza kulima kapena kuthengo.

Zipatso zambiri zimakula ku Caucasus, ku Asia Minor ndi ku Central Asia - zosakwana zana. Zina mwa izo ndi nkhuyu, makangaza, pistachios, amondi, ndi loquat. Zipatso zambiri ndi mabulosi amapezeka m'mayiko ovuta. Mwachitsanzo, ku East Asia, pali ma lychees, unabi ndi lokva.

Pali magulu awa:

• woody - mtedza, chitumbuwa, apurikoti, avocado, pichesi, lalanje;
• osakhala ndi lignificant perennials - papaya, mtengo wa vwende;
• bushy - khofi, laimu, carambola;
• chitsamba - currant, rasipiberi;
• lianovye - mphesa, mandimu;
• herbaceous perennials - blueberries, cranberries, nthochi, chinanazi.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu za zipatso ndi mabulosi, zomwe zimachokera ku cholinga cha kulima, mapangidwe a zipatso, maonekedwe, ndi malo okula.

Malingana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chiyambi cha chipatso, zikhalidwe zoterozo zimasiyanitsa:

• Mbeu ya mpendadzuwa - mapiri phulusa, quince, peyala;
• zipatso zamtengo - chitumbuwa, dogwood;
• mabulosi - rasipiberi, sitiroberi;
• mtedza - pistachio, hazel;
• zipatso za citrus - mphesa, mandimu;
• m'madera otsika - persimmon, nkhuyu.

Mu mbewu za mabulosi, mbewu zimakula kuchokera ku mazira a ovary, ndipo mnofu wawo umakhala nawo. Mitengo yambiri imakhala ndi pistils. Ndipo pamene pistil iliyonse ili ndi feteleza, chipatso chimakula kuchokera pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, strawberries, raspberries, mabulosi akuda, blueberries, cranberries.

Mukudziwa? Munthu amagwiritsa ntchito kuyambira 39 mpaka 50 peresenti ya nthaka kuti apeze zokolola.

Kotero, mbewu zinayamba kugwira ntchito yofunikira mmiyoyo ya makolo athu akale kwambiri. Nkhumba, zipatso, mtedza, mizu inaloledwa kupulumuka popanda kusowa chakudya. Chikhalidwe chilichonse chiri ndi cholinga chake komanso cholinga chake - kudyetsa anthu, nyama kapena kukhala mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Tinaganizira za mbewu zofunikira kwambiri zaulimi, zomwe ngakhale lero anthu akupitiriza kukula, osankha ndi kuwonjezeka.