Mphesa zabwino zokoma za kukumbukira dokotalayo, ngakhale masango ang'onoang'ono ndi nyumba zawo, zimapikisana mokwanira pakati pa mitundu yoyambirira. Kuonjezera apo, oyendetsa vinyo amamudziwa kuti amatsutsa kwambiri kutentha, matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kodi izi ndi zingati, momwe mungamere mpesa wake m'munda wake ndi zomwe mungachite kuti musonkhanitse mbewu zabwino chaka ndi chaka - tidzanena za izi zonse mtsogolo muno.
Gulu Mphesa
Mwinamwake kudera lanu mumakhala nthawi yovuta yozizira komanso kutentha kwa mpweya m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri imadutsa pa_20, koma izi sizikuvulaza munda wamphesa ndipo, motsatira uphungu wathu, zimakula bwino zipatso za dzuwa. Mitengo ya mphesa yotani yoyamba pakati pa msewu wapakati Koma ndithu, mphesa zimakula pafupifupi nyumba yonse ya chilimwe.
Mphesa, ambiri, amawoneka kuti ndi olimba komanso ovuta kubala mmera. Komabe, pali tizilombo ndi matenda omwe ali oopsa kwa iye. Choncho, m'pofunika kukonzekera pasadakhale zovuta, zomwe zimadziwika bwino ndi tizirombo tomwe timadziwika bwino kwambiri. Mukudziwa? Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi asayansi akusonyeza kuti kukolola mphesa kuchokera kwa tizirombo kumachepetsedwa pachaka ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, ndipo ngati silingakwanitse kutenga njira zoyenera kuteteza matenda, zotayika zingathe kufika theka la mbewu.
Matenda a mphesa - amaopseza kwambiri chomera ichi. Mitundu yokoma ndi yayikulu kwambiri imakhala yowonongeka kwa iwo, ngakhale ntchito ya obereketsa. Choncho, kuti mupeze zokolola zabwino, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungachitire mphesa ku matenda. Mukudziwa? Mphesa - chomera chokha mdziko lapansi chomwe chimafufuza sayansi yapadera - ampelography.
Amaluwa ambiri amakonda kukula mphesa zawo. Zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha katundu wake wopindulitsa ndi kukoma kosakwanira. Komabe, mbeu ya mbeu iyi ingakhale pangozi ngati mbewuyo imakhudzidwa ndi tizirombo. Kawirikawiri mphesa zimayambidwa ndi tsitsi, kumadziwika bwino ngati mphesa ya mphesa. Ngati muli ndi kachilomboka, mukhoza kutaya mbeu 30%, ndipo ngati simukuchita chithandizo mwamsanga, mukhoza kutaya 50%.
Zomera za Berry monga mphesa zikufalikira ponseponse m'nyumba zapanyumba za chilimwe. Ambiri amayesetsa kulima tebulo ndi mitundu yodzikongoletsera yokha kupanga mavinyo opangidwira. Koma nkhaniyi si yokhudza izi. Tidzakambirana za momwe tingabzalitsire mphesa pazomwe timapanga mbande popanda thandizo m'chaka.
Vinyo akukula kwa nthawi yaitali anali mwayi wa mayiko akumwera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ulimi uwu umatengedwa ngati thermophilic. Koma chifukwa cha ntchito ya obereketsa, kulima mphesa mu Mitsinje, kubzala kwake ndi kulima kunakhala weniweni. Tsopano viticulture sichikulirakuliratu bwino m'dera la Mitsinje, komabe limaperekanso chakudya chokwanira chokwanira.
Mmodzi mwa adani owopsa kwambiri a mphesa ndi fungal matenda mildew. Ambiri wamaluwa akhala akuyesera kulimbana ndi matendawa kwa zaka zoposa khumi ndi ziwiri, koma si onse omwe amatha. Tiyeni tiyang'ane zomwe zimayambitsa maonekedwe a matendawa ndi kupeza momwe tingachitire ndi matendawa. Kufotokozera ndi kuopsa kwa matenda Zozizwitsa (kapena downy mildew) - imodzi mwa zoopsa za fungal pathologies za mitundu ya mphesa ya ku Ulaya.
Kishmishi ndi dzina la mitundu yambiri ya mphesa, yosiyana ndi kukula kwake kwabwino ndi kukoma kwa zipatso, komanso kupanda mbewu. Mphindi uwu uyenera kuganiziridwa posankha mphesa zoumba kubzala pa siteti, popeza agrotechnical kulima mphesa mphesa, kukoma kwa makhalidwe ake zipatso ndi kusamalira zomera zimasiyana mosiyana siyana.
Mukamalima mphesa kunyumba, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga poyerekezera ndi mitundu zakutchire. Pofuna kupewa kuchepetsa ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzisamalira mphesa, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo chotsutsana ndi mavutowa.
Vinyo wa Cabernet amadziwika bwino ndipo amakondedwa ndi onse odziwa vinyo wofiira wouma. Pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe ali ndi winemaking, ochokera ku Canada ku Canada, amadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa ndi zipatso zobiriwira zakuda. Cabernet yapamwamba imapanga Italy ndi Spain, Ukraine ndi Moldova, Chile ndi Argentina, komanso South Africa, Australia ndi United States of America.
Lero tidzakambirana za momwe tingadye ndi kudyetsa mphesa masika. Ambiri omwe akhala akulima mphesa kwa zaka zambiri, amazoloŵera kusamalira mphesa. Komabe, nyengo ikusintha, ndipo nyengo ndi kuchepa kwa zakudya zofunikira zimachepetsa mbeu ndi "mphotho" yamphesa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.
Kudula mitengo ya mphesa ndi gawo lofunika la kusamalira zomera. Ndikofunikira makamaka ku madera omwe chilimwe ndi chaching'ono ndipo mphesa sizilandira kuwala kokwanira kwa kucha. Kodi n'zotheka kukolola mphesa m'chilimwe? Ntchito yosadulira mphesa m'chilimwe ndikuti njirayi imathandizira kuonjezera kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu.
Mphesa, monga zomera zina zowalidwa, zingakhale ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Amayambitsa masamba, inflorescences, potero amawononga mbewu. Oidium (dzina lina ndi powdery mildew) ndi chimodzimodzi matenda ofalawa. M'nkhaniyi tikambirana za oidium pa mphesa: ganizirani chithandizo cha matendawa, komanso kambiranani njira yabwino yosamalira zomera.
Posachedwapa, mphesa "Julian" ikudziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha makhalidwe ake, ndipo kudzikuza kwachitsamba chazo zosiyanasiyana ndi kunyada kwa aliyense wakulima. M'nkhani ino tidzakhala tikudziŵa bwino mphesa "Julian" - kufotokoza ndi malamulo a kusamalira zosiyanasiyana, chithunzi. Mbiri Yopanga Izi zinkasinthidwa ndi wolemba masewera V.
Mphesa - mtundu wa zomera za Vinogradovye, yomwe ili ndi mitundu yoposa 70, ikukula kwambiri m'madera ozizira. Zosiyanasiyana "Memory Dombkovskoy" osiyana zosangalatsa kukoma zipatso ndi wolemera mtundu wa zipatso. Mbiri ya kusankhidwa kwa mphesa "Pokumbukira Dombkovskaya" inalengedwa ndi munthu wokondwerera wochokera ku Orenburg Shatilov Fyodor Ilyich zaka pafupifupi makumi atatu zapitazo.
Nthaŵi yomwe imatsimikizira kukolola kotereku ndi maluwa a mphesa. Ndikofunika kuti tipeŵe zovuta mu gawo lino la chitukuko cha chikhalidwe. Ndipo ngati palibe kuthekera kuwonetsa nyengo, ndiye ndikofunika kuchita zomwe zimadalira manja a wolima. Kufotokozera ndi zizindikiro za nthawi Pamene mphesa ili pachimake, nyengo ya kutentha, msinkhu wa chinyezi, komanso chisamaliro cha mlimi kwa chikhalidwe ndi zofunika kwambiri.
Poyambira m'dzinja, mphesa zimapezeka pamasamba a masitolo ndi misika. Tonse tikuyembekezera nthawi ino pamene mutha kukondwera ndi kukoma kokoma ndi zonunkhira za zipatso zowutsa. Amatikondweretsa ndi mitundu ndi mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ogula asankhe, komabe, amakumana ndi chisankho chovuta kwa anthu omwe amasankha kukula kwachisangalalo m'munda wawo.
Kawirikawiri, wamaluwa amafuna kusintha masamba omwe ali pamtengowo, koma samafuna kutaya nthawi yobzala chitsamba chatsopano. Pachifukwa ichi, gwiritsani ntchito katemera wotsogolera, umene tikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani yathu. Chifukwa chiyani mumabzala mphesa Musanayambe kufotokozera ndondomeko yokha, m'pofunika kumvetsa chifukwa chake nkofunikira.
Lero tikambirana za mitundu yabwino ya mphesa "Pinot Noir", yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga vinyo ndi kukoma kodabwitsa. Mudzaphunzira kumene kuli minda yamphesa, ndi vinyo wotani, momwe kulili kovuta kukula zosiyanasiyana pa tsamba lanu. Kambiranani mfundo zazikulu zobzala ndi kusamalira minda yamphesa.
Lero, mitundu yambiri yamphesa yosiyana. Zina mwa izo ndi nutmeg, zomwe makamaka zimakonda okonda vinyo. Ichi ndi mndandanda wa mitundu, zipatso zomwe zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, pafupi ndi musk. Muscat amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga vinyo wabwino kwambiri opangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso zoyera, zakuda ndi pinki.