Ndi mavuto angati omwe munda wamaluwa ayenera kuthana nawo kuti masamba atsopano awoneke pa desiki yake! Ndipotu, kubzala tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha kumafuna njira yoyenera ndikupulumutsa mavuto ambiri. Ndikofunika kukonzekera bwino mbewu ndi mabedi, kusamalira mankhwala, kukula mbande, ndikukonzekera bwino ntchito yosamalira ndi kusamalira bwino zomera. Koma ngakhale ziri zonsezi, kukula kwa tomato mu polycarbonate yomanga ndi imodzi mwa ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya alimi. Zomwe muyenera kudziwa ndikutha kukolola bwino, momwe mungabwerere tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha - tidzakambirana za izi mtsogolo.
Kukonzekera kutentha
Mavuto omwe mbewuyo idzakulire ndizofunikira kwambiri pakutha kwake matenda ndi tizilombo toononga. Pofuna kukonza wowonjezera kutentha, ndikofunikira kumvetsera nthaka, microclimate ndi kutenga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tidzatha kumvetsetsa maonekedwe onse.
Mukudziwa? Poyamba, tomato ankaonedwa kuti ndi zipatso zakupha. Makolo athu akale ankawopa iwo ali ndi mantha, ndipo lero chikhalidwe chapeza chiyero pa chiwerengero cha zopangika kumayiko onse. Kwa chaka, anthu amasonkhanitsa zipatso zokwana 60 miliyoni m'minda ndi mabedi a dziko lapansi.
Chifukwa cha usiku wozizira wa nthawi yomwe mukufunika kudzala tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha, ndi bwino kusamalira zina za pogona greenhouses. Kawirikawiri, chifukwa chaichi, gwiritsani ntchito filimu yowonjezereka ya polyethylene, yomwe imagwedezeka pa kapangidwe ka magawo awiri. Zomwe zinachitikira alimi amalangiza kuti asiye mpweya pakati pawo. Izi zimachitika kuti apange tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mkati mwa nyumbayo komanso kuteteza mkatikatikati. Koma kumbukirani kuti kutentha kwa mbande sikudzatha kukhazikika, kotero mawindo a mpweya wabwino ayenera kuperekedwa kumbali zonse.
Ngati mukukonzekera kulima tomato m'nyengo yozizira, samalirani mabedi ena ounikira. Popanda izo, zomera sizidzaphuka ndi kubereka zipatso. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi kupulumukira kwa chipinda. Amathiriridwa ndi njira yothetsera potaziyamu permanganate (pa mlingo wa 1 g wa mankhwala pa 10 malita a madzi) mwamsanga musanabzala.
Kukonzekera dothi kubzala
Kugona kwa phwetekere ndi malo okongola otchedwa loamy kapena malo a mchenga omwe amapuma mchenga, komwe chaka chatha panalibe mbewu zowonongeka. Kuzungulira mphukira n'kofunikira chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe tatsala padziko lapansi timatha kupha tomato.
Ndikofunikira! Kulima phwetekere nthawi yayitali pamalo amodzi kumapangitsa kuti dothi likhale ndi dothi. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake, akatswiri amalangiza kufalitsa fuzz, ufa wa dolomite kapena malola akale m'derali. Kuyambira 150 mpaka 300 g ya zinthu zidzafunikanso pa mita imodzi.
M'dzinja, mutatha kukolola, akatswiri akulangiza kuchotsa zotsalira za pamwamba kuchokera m'munda ndikuchotsa dothi la masentimita khumi. Musadandaule za kuchotsa gawo lachonde. Ndikofunika kuchita izi pofuna kupewa matenda a ndiwo zamasamba omwe ali ndi matenda oyamba. Pambuyo pake, dera lomwe lagawidwayo liyenera kukhala lopatsiridwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala a mkuwa sulphate, omwe amakonzedwa mu chiwerengero cha supuni imodzi pa chidebe cha madzi. Pambuyo kukonkha, deralo liyenera kuthiridwa ndi mchere. Pachifukwachi, potaziyamu sulphate ndi superphosphate zimalimbikitsa tomato (20 g ndi 50 g pa mita imodzi, motero).
Ntchito yokonzekera ikhoza kuchitika masika. Koma panopa, muyenera kuyamba mu March. Mlungu umodzi musanadzalemo mbande za tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha, deralo liyenera kumasulidwa ndi kutsukidwa kwa namsongole. Kenaka, pofuna kulipira kuti zakudya zomwe zimachotsedwa panthawi yokonzekera dziko lapansi, zimalimbikitsa kuwonjezera humus. Kuchuluka kwake kumatengera makhalidwe a chilengedwe cha gawo lapansi. Pamalo othawa a mita iliyonse yazitali ayenera kutsanulira pafupifupi 8 kilogram ya mankhwalawa komanso kuwonjezera magalasi amakala. Ndipo pa dothi lopindulitsa, mukhoza kutenga ndi kilogalamu 3 za humus.
Amaluwa ena amawathandiza kuwonjezera mchenga wa mtsinje, peat ndi utuchi ku bedi la munda. Zikudziwika kuti pa dothi loamy nkofunika kutenga zonsezi m'kati mwa chidebe, ndipo pa peat bog ndikofunikira kuti mutenge malo oyenera.
Kodi kudzala liti?
Zolinga za kubzala tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha zimadalira kukula kwa nthaka ndi mpweya, mkhalidwe wa mbande ndi (musalole kuti zikhale ngati zikhulupiriro zamatsenga) za kalendala ya Lunar. Tidzatha kumvetsetsa miyamboyi muzigawo.
Maganizo obzala mbande
Kupezeka kwa wowonjezera kutentha pa webusaiti kumakuthandizani kupeza zipatso zatsopano kale. Ndipo kotero kuti zokolola zinali zolemera, muyenera kulingalira pa nthawi yobzala. Zimatengera zinthu zakuthupi ndi zojambula. Mwachitsanzo, mu malo obiriwira otentha, chodzala chiyenera kuchitika kumapeto kwa April. Koma m'zipinda zokhala ndi zina zowonjezera zophimba polyethylene, ndi bwino kuchita izi m'masabata oyambirira a May. Nthawi yomweyi ndiyomwe muyenera kuyang'ana ndipo mukakonzekera kubzala tomato mu polycarbonate wowonjezera kutentha. Ngati silingapereke malo ogona komanso malo osungirako kutentha, kubzala mbande ndibwino kuti tichite gawo lachiwiri la mwezi wa May.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati kale mu wowonjezera kutentha kuli phwetekere la tomato ndi matenda otha msanga kapena matenda ena a fungus, chaka chotsatira, sankhani mtundu wosakanizidwa wosakanizidwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo: "De Barao", "Opera F1", "Virtuoso F1", "Boheme F1", "Darnitsa F1", "Cardinal".
Nthawi yabwino yobzala tomato zimadalira nyengo ya dera limene malowa ali. Dziweruzireni nokha: Kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa mwezi wa May, kale kutentha ndi tomato kungabzalidwe m'malo obiriwira osakhala ndi polyethylene, koma kumadera akumpoto nthawiyi kudakali ozizira ndipo kutentha kwachilendo kumeneku kuyembekezera kudzafika pafupi ndi chilimwe. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndikofunika kuganizira za nthaka, komanso kutentha kwa mpweya mu wowonjezera kutentha. Momwemo, dziko lapansi liyenera kutenthedwa ndi khola 15 ° C, ndi mpweya kufika 20 ° C.
Zizindikiro ndi maonekedwe
Kukhalapo kwazimenezi pamwamba sizitsulo. Ndipotu nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti nyengo yayamba kubzala, ndipo mbewu sizinakonzedwe. Choncho, nkofunika kukonzekera ntchito yonse kotero kuti kuyanjana kwa njira zofunikira kumapezeka. Zing'onozing'ono zowonjezera mbande zokhala ndi mizu yabwino, yolimba komanso yolimba. Iyenera kukhala ndi masamba 8 enieni komanso maburashi awiri. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti tomato ya masiku makumi anayi ndi yabwino kwa zomera za polycarbonate. Kuloledwa kubzala mbande, yomwe ili pafupi masiku 50.
Mukudziwa? Wolemba mbiriyi ndi yaikulu yaikulu ya kilogalamu imodzi pa famu ya Wisconsin ku United States of America.
Kupempha ku kalendala ya mwezi
Amaluwa ena samvera malangizo a okhulupirira nyenyezi, ndipo pakali pano, mwezi ndiwo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza moyo wonse padziko lapansi. Choncho, ngati mukufuna kupeza zomera zolimba komanso zokolola zambiri, musakhale aulesi kuti muwone kalendala ya mwezi. Kumeneko simudzapeza ziwerengero zokhazokha, komanso magawo a Mwezi, ndi mndandanda wa ntchito zoyamikira pa tsiku lapadera. Taganizirani zimene akatswiri a zakuthambo analangizidwa mu 2018:
- 6.10 ndi January 30, ndi bwino kufesa mbewu za phwetekere za mbande;
- 14.16, 18, 24, 26, 27 ndi 28 February, ndi kotheka kuti kubzala mbewu;
- March 3, 4, 10, 12, 20, 25, 30, 31 ndi nthawi yoyenera ya robot onse okhala ndi tomato;
- April 8, 12,13, 22, 26, 27 ndi 28 ndi masiku abwino oika mbande za phwetekere m'malo obiriwira;
- May 9, 15, 19, 24,25 apindule ndi njira zoterezi m'madera ozizira.
Chosavuta kugwira ntchito iliyonse pamunda wa phwetekere mu 2018, okhulupirira nyenyezi amatchula magawo a mwezi ndi mwezi. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti mwezi "ukulamba", ndipo mphamvu yofunikira ya zomera imapita pansi. Panthawi imeneyi, ngakhale kuwonongeka koopsa kwa zimayambira kapena mizu ya mbande kungayambitse imfa yake. Akatswiri amanena kuti mbewu zomwe zidabzalidwa panthawiyi zimalandira pulogalamu yomanga pansi. Zotsatira zake ndizomwe zili zovuta kwambiri komanso zolemba zofooka za nondescript. Mizu ya masamba ndi yabwino kwa nthawiyi, koma osati tomato.
Ndikofunikira! Lamulo lalikulu la kubzala tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena kutchire ndilo pakati pa mizere ndi tchire. Mulimonsemo sangathe zagushchat landing, chifukwa ndiye tchire tidzakhala ndi kusowa kwa dzuŵa ndi danga lopangidwa bwino.
Kodi kubzala tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha?
Musanayambe kubzala tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha, ndikofunikira kumvetsera zosiyanasiyana za mbande. Ndipotu, kukonza kwake kumadalira kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, chess yokhala ndi mizere iwiri ndi theka la mita pakati pawo ndi yoyenera kukula msanga. Pakati pa mabowo mu mzere ndi zofunika kuchoka ku masentimita 40. Tomato oterewa amafesa kuzungulira kuzungulira kwa wowonjezera kutentha.
Kwa mbewu zopanda kuchepa, akatswiri amalangizanso njira ya chess yomwe ili ndi kanjira yofanana, pakati pa tchire mumayenera kubwerera mpaka 25 masentimita. Mitengo yaitali imabzalidwa m'mphepete imodzi kapena ziwiri. Njira yoyamba imapanga kutalika kwa kanjira mpaka masentimita 80, ndipo mtunda uli pakati pa masentimita 60. Ndipo njira yachiwiri ikuchitika mwa kuwonjezera nthawi pakati pa tchire pafupi ndi masentimita 75.
Ngati mukufuna kusonkhanitsa mitundu ingapo, musaiwale kuganizira kuunikira kwa aliyense wa iwo - oyandikana nawo sayenera kupanga mthunzi ndi zovuta. Opeza alimi a zamasamba amadzimangirira mozungulira pamphepete mwa kapangidwe kawo, ndipo zimphona zazikulu zimabzalidwa pakati (ndipo makamaka pafupi ndi kanjira).
Mukudziwa? Nthano ya poizoni ya tomato idasokonezedwa ndi katswiri wamkulu wa ku America, Robert Gibbon. Izi zinachitika mu 1820, pamene msilikali wina, potsutsa chigamulo cha khoti molunjika pamayendedwe amodzi mwa milandu ku New Jersey, adadya chidebe chonse cha zipatso zowutsa mudyo. Mwamunayo anali kuyembekezera kuti adzidwe poizoni. Khamu la anthu zikwi mazana awiri linasonkhana kuti lione zochitika izi. Amayi ena adakomoka, pamene ena adatcha madokotala kuti azigwira ntchito pafupi ndi munthu wolimba mtima.
Pamene mwasankha pazithunzizi, mungathe kupitako mwachindunji kukonzekera mabowo. Zimapangidwa ndi masentimita 15. Ma feteleza sagwiritsidwa ntchito monga izi zinkachitika pokonzekera nthaka. Ngati mukufuna, theka la galasi la phulusa limatha kutsanulira m'madzi onse ndi kuthirira madzi otentha, okonzeka bwino.
Komanso, pofuna kulima m'madera otentha, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tomato monga: "Bison ya shuga", "Grandee", "Raspberry Giant", "Golden Domes", "Honey Drop", "Cosmonaut Volkov", "White Pour" "," Marina Grove "," Persimmon "
Kubzala mbande ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa, kuti zisayambe kuwononga chivundikiro cha dziko lapansi komanso kuti zisamawononge zimayambira. Kuti tichite izi, ziyenera kukhala zozembedwa ndi madzi ambiri pasadakhale. Pambuyo pake, ikani mbande muzitsulo ndikudzaza ndi nthaka yatsopano. Akatswiri samalangiza zambiri kumanda zomera. Izi zidzakhudza chitukuko chawo chowonjezeka komanso kukula. Koma kuti zimayambira zikhale zolimba, ziyenera kubzalidwa pambali. Pakapita nthawi, mizu yowonjezera idzawoneka pazomera, zomwe zidzathandiza kuti tomato izikhala bwino.
Mbali yosamalira mbande
Eya, mumadziwa kuti choyenera kubzala ntchito zanu pamunda wa phwetekere sichidzatha. Pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya rooting, mukhoza kupuma kwa masiku 3-4 popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Ndiyeno ayambe kuthirira, kuvala, garters, pasynkovanie ndipo, potsiriza, kukolola.
Ndikofunikira! Mafupa a mabedi a tomato ndi owopsa - Mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tovulaza zimakhala mmenemo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo matenda. Akatswiri amalangiza feteleza zomera ndi humus.
Patatha masiku anayi mutatha kubzala, mukhoza kuthirira zomera. Dziwani kuti chinyontho chiyenera kukhala chochuluka, koma osati nthawi zambiri. Apo ayi, chinyontho ndi kutentha posachedwa zimaphatikiza bowa ndi matenda. Osati kutsuka mabedi ndi kuthirira nthawi zonse, chifukwa apo ayi zoopsa za matenda a chipatso ndi pamwamba zimakula.
Pambuyo masiku asanu mutabzala mbatata, nkofunika kumasula bedi, ndipo patapita masiku 14 mbande iyenera kukhala ndi zovuta zamchere feteleza. Panthawi imeneyi, achinyamata mapesi amafunika nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu.
Ngati mukufuna masamba a hybrids okudzala, ndiye patangopita masabata angapo mutengere mizu, adzalandira garter kuti aziwathandiza. Apo ayi, mphukira zidzasweka polemera kwake. Koma tchire chokwanira mu njirayi sichifunikira, chifukwa zimayenda bwino, kupanga korona wokongola bwino.
Mitengo ikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 25, chotsani njira yoonekera pakati pa tsamba la cuttings ndi tsinde. Akatswiri amalangiza kuti achoke m'munsi yekhayo. Izi zimachitika kuti apange chitsamba cha 2 mphukira. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zothandiza pakakhala kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mphukira yapakati. Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri yokolola yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa pang'ono.
Mukudziwa? Mtsutso wonse unayamba ku America chifukwa cha kutanthauzira kwa tomato m'zaka za m'ma 90 za m'ma 1900. Asayansi ankaona zipatso monga zipatso, ogula zipatso, ndi Khoti Lalikulu la United States of America - masamba. Cholinga cha chisankho choterocho chinali choyenera ndi miyambo ya miyambo yomwe imapatsa ndiwo zamasamba.
Pofuna kubzala phwetekere mu wowonjezera kutentha, ndikofunika kuti nthawi zonse ayang'anire tchire pofuna kukula kwa zizindikiro za matenda a fungal. Ngati mchitidwe wofananawo ukupezeka, mbali zomwe zakhudzidwazi ziyenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga ndipo zomera zimachizidwa ndi fungicides. Zatsimikiziridwa bwino: "Skor", "Fundazol", "Maxim".
Olima alimi omwe amawathandiza kwambiri amapanga chiyembekezo chachikulu pa wowonjezera kutentha, osakayikira ngakhale kuti kusokonezeka pang'ono kokha mu luso lamakono la tomato kungakhale ndi zokolola kwambiri. Kudziwa zovuta komanso malamulo oyambirira a kubzala mbande ndikuzisamalira, mudzatha kupewa zolakwa zazikulu.
