Tsabola, monga mbewu zina, imayambitsidwa ndi matenda, imayambanso ndi tizirombo zomwe sizingatheke kuchepetsa mbewu, koma zimawononganso. Matenda ambiri amanyamulidwa ndi tizilombo kapena namsongole, kotero kulimbana nawo ndikowathandiza kwambiri kukolola bwino. Zochitika za matenda zimadalira pazigawo zina za kukula kwa tsabola. Uthenga wabwino ndi wakuti pali njira zowatsimikizirika zoyenera kuthana nazo. M'nkhaniyi tikambirana momwe tingasankhire chiwonongeko nthawi ndikutenga zofunikira.
Matenda
Tsabola imayambitsa matendawa, mabakiteriya ndi matenda a tizilombo. Palinso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amatha kuwononga kwambiri zomera. Ganizirani za mtundu uliwonse wa matenda mwatsatanetsatane.
Phunzirani za kugwiritsa ntchito zobiriwira, zakuda, zakuda, zofiira, zamasamba ku Bulgaria, tsabola wa cayenne, chili.
Matenda a fungal
Gwero la matenda awa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zisokonezeke ndi ntchito zawo zofunika. Nazi mndandanda wa iwo:
- Msolo wakuda - imayambitsa gawo lochepa la tsinde ndi bowa, panthawi ya matendawo tsinde limasanduka lakuda ndipo limauma, ndiye chomera chimamwalira. Chifukwa cha maonekedwewo chikhoza kukhala chinyezi chokwanira, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha, kapena kukwanira moyenera. Choncho, pofuna kuthetsa kuukira kumeneku, kokwanira kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa kutentha, kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira ndi kuchepetsa mizere. Ndibwino kuti muzitha kumwa mankhwalawa "Mzere" (chiwerengero: makapu 3 pa madzi okwanira 1 litre).
- Fusarium - zizindikiro zimakhala masamba a mtundu wachikasu, komanso zimawombera mwamsanga. Zifukwa za matenda - chinyezi chokwanira komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha. Zomera sizingathe kupulumutsidwa, choncho ndibwino kuti zichotsedwe, ndikupanga nthaka yomwe ili pansi pawo ndi njira imodzi ya potassium permanganate. Mitengo yotsalira iyenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi okwanira 1 pa sabata, komanso kuchepetsa kutentha. Kuti mumve mankhwalawa, m'pofunikira kuti muzitha kuchiza zomera ndi zokonzekera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochedwa.
- Kuwonongeka kochedwa - Chizindikiro chowoneka ndi mawonekedwe a mawanga ofiira pa masamba ndi tsinde. Kupezeka kwa matendawa kumapangitsa kuti chinyezi chisawonongeke. Pochotsa vutoli, ndibwino kuti zouma dothi ndikuchepetse kayendedwe ka madzi okwanira. Kwa processing ntchito mankhwala "oxyhom" ndi "Mzere".
Phunzirani kusiyana pakati pa tsabola za mtundu wa Ratunda, Soloist, Golden Miracle, Swallow, Kapsikum, Atlas, Kakadu, Cow's Ear, Zozizwitsa za Orange, Habanero, Gemini F1, Antey, Belozerka, Anastasia, California Chozizwitsa, Claudio F1, Gypsy F1, Bogatyr.
- Grey kuvunda - Chosiyana ndi mapangidwe a imvi pachimake. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumathandizanso kuoneka kwake. Pofuna kupewa matenda, ndi bwino kuyanika nthaka ndikuchotsa kachilombo ka HIV. Pambuyo pake ndikofunikira kukonza tsabola ndi zokonzekera monga "Fundazol", "Previkur".
- Brown spotting (cladosporiosis) - chizindikiro chowoneka ndi mawonekedwe kunja kwa masamba a bulauni ndi maimvi mkati. Ngati osatulutsidwa, masamba amafa ndipo zomera zonse zimafa. Pamene zizindikirozi zipezeka, ndibwino kuti muzisamalira tsabola ndi fungicides Zopinga ndi Zopinga.
- Pepper anthracnose - imodzi mwa matenda owopsa kwambiri a fungus chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa iwo pazigawo zonse za chitukuko cha zomera. Zimakhudza zonse masamba ndi chipatso. Mbali ya chikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a mawanga ozungulira pa zipatso ndi masamba (mtundu wa mawanga ndi kuchokera ku mchenga mpaka kumdima wakuda). Kuchiza, mankhwala ndi njira ya Bordeaux osakaniza kapena mkuwa oxychloride amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ndikofunikira! Matenda onse opweteka amayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, choncho ndikofunikira kusunga ulamuliro wothirira.
Matenda a bakiteriya
Pakuti mtundu uwu wa matenda umakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa madera ozungulira, kuyang'ana pa masamba ochokera ku white-gray mpaka wakuda. Kukula kwa matendawa kumapangitsa kuti chinyezi chisawonongeke komanso kutentha kwambiri. Nazi mndandanda wa matenda ofala kwambiri:
- Zipatso Zam'madzi Zowola - imayamba pa chipatso chochokera kumbali ya chikho. Poyamba, malo amodzi amawoneka, omwe amatha kufotokozera mwanayo wonse. Kamwana kamene kamayambitsa mabakiteriya kamasanduka madzi ozizira omwe amakhala ndi khungu lochokera kumwamba. Khungu likaduka, mulu woyera umatulutsidwa. Kutenga kumapezeka kudzera m'madzi, mbande kapena nthaka. Mazira a bakiteriya pansi, motero njira imodzi yowonetsera ndikulima kwambiri ndikulemekeza nyengo. Tikulimbikitsidwa kupopera yankho la vitriol ya buluu.
- Khansa ya bakiteriya - kumayambira koyamba ndi kumera koyera kumadera pamasamba ndi tsinde, zomwe pambuyo pake zimasandulika zilonda zamtundu ndi zilonda zoyera. Matenda opatsirana amachititsa kuti ntchito yowonongeka ndi imfa ya chomeracho ipangidwe. Nthendayi imafalitsidwa kudzera mu nthaka, mbewu ndi matenda. Ndibwino kuti muchotse zomera pamene zizindikiro zikupezeka, zina zonse ziyenera kuperekedwa ndi mkuwa wa sulfate. Pofuna kupewa kupewa kachilombo ka HIV mu nyengo yotsatira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mbeu ikuyenda bwino. Chotsatira chotsatira cha tsabola - palibe kale kuposa zaka zitatu.
Ndikofunikira! Khansa ya bakiteriya imafalitsidwa kudzera mu mbewu. Ndibwino kuti muzisamalira mbeu musanabzalidwe. Izi zidzathandiza kupewa kapena kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Verticillus (Wilt) - Matenda a bakiteriya omwe amachititsa kuti thupi lisayambe. Pakupita patsogolo kwa matendawa, blanching wa masamba ndi kugula mawonekedwe amawonetsedwa. Matendawa amachititsa kuti pang'onopang'ono asafalike ndipo sangathe kuchiritsidwa, choncho zomera zotenga kachilombo zimachotsedwa ndi kutenthedwa. Pofuna kupewa kachilombo ka HIV kachilombo ka HIV ndikutetezera nthaka.
Phunzirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nyemba musanadzalemo, nthawi yofesa tsabola, chifukwa chiyani masamba a tsabola amatembenukira chikasu, momwe angadyetse mbande, momwe angasamalire tsabola pamtunda, momwe angapangire tsabola, momwe angakonzekere tsabola m'nyengo yozizira.
Matenda a chiwindi
Matenda amtundu uwu amafala kwambiri ndi tizilombo. Makhalidwe, masambawa ali ndi mawanga osiyanasiyana, pali kupotoka kwa chitukuko, amakhala osayenera, koma sichidzachitika. Pepper amadziwika ndi matenda otere:
- Kusuta fodya - amadziwika ndi maonekedwe a zojambulajambula pa masamba a kuwala ndi mdima. Pang'onopang'ono, minofu imapha m'madera okhudzidwa. Zonyamulira ndi nyerere ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Ngati zizindikiro zikupezeka, yambani mundawu ndi Chrysomal. Kuti mankhwalawa asamalidwe, ayenera kubzala mbewu asanayambe kubzala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Stolbur - zizindikiro zikudodometsa, zochepa. Young masamba azipiringa ndi kufota. Pa zipatso zokhwima pakhoza kukhala concavity yamphamvu. Tengani nthata, cicadas, aphid. Njira yabwino yothetsera matendawa ndi kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ka HIV, kumenyana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mbewu ndi mbande zimabzalidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda musanadzalemo. Olima munda amalimbikitsa kuthirira mabedi ndi mkaka wochuluka masiku khumi ndi limodzi chifukwa cha matenda a tizilombo - izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa ntchito ya mavairasi.
- Bronze (amawonetsa) - kachirombo kafalikira ka thrips. Chizindikiro chodziwika ndi mtundu wa masamba a mtundu wa buloni kapena imvi. Pochotseratu matendawa, malo onse okhudzidwa ayenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo zomera zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Readzol (chotsani zipatso zosabalasa chisanafike).
Mukudziwa? Tsabola ya tsabola imayesedwa payeso la Scoville. Mu tsabola wokoma (Chibulgaria), mlingo wa kuphulika ukuchokera pakati pa 0 ndi 100. Tsabola ya Cayenne imasonyeza zotsatira za malingaliro 30-50,000. Mphamvu kwambiri pazitali izi ndizobzala zosiyana siyana za Carolina Carolina, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zowonongeka za mayunitsi 2 miliyoni 200,000.
Tizilombo
Sikuti bowa, mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya ndi owopsa pa tsabola. Pali tizilombo zingapo zomwe zingawononge kwambiri mbewu:
- Slugs - kudyetsa masamba ndi zipatso. Zimayambitsa kupweteka. Pofuna kuthana ndi slugs, amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa "Strela", komanso amagwiritsa ntchito grooves kuzungulira zitsamba zomwe zimayambidwa ndi mandimu. Chothandizira kumathandizanso kumasula nthaka pafupi ndi tchire ndi kuipiranso patsogolo ndi tsabola youma ndi tsabola yakuda.
- Aphid - amadya madzi, amawopsya, amachititsa manyazi komanso amawononga mbewu. Zimakhala pa masamba, zimawapangitsa kuti azipotoza. Kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba pogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo "karbofos", "Keltan". Mankhwala othandiza ndi tincture wa phulusa ndi sopo madzi (10 malita a madzi, 1 chikho cha phulusa ndi supuni 1 ya sopo madzi).
- Kangaude mite - amadyetsanso zomera zopsa. Icho chingapezeke pansi pa pepala. Tsambali pa masamba a tsabola ndi chizindikiro cha izi. Zikiti ndizonyamula mavairasi ambiri, ndipo mankhwala monga Fufanon, Karbofos, Phosbecid kapena Actellic ndi othandiza kuti awathetse.
- Ntchentche yoyera - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akadziwika, ndi bwino kusamba zomera ndi madzi oyera, kumasula nthaka ndikutsanulira peat kapena mchenga. Kupanga zipatso zosonkhanitsidwa ndi mankhwala "Commodore" (kuchuluka: 1 g pa 10 l madzi). Mitengo yokha pambuyo yokolola iyenera kuwonongedwa.
- Wireworm - iyi ndi mphutsi ya kachilomboka kakang'ono. Ili ndi mtundu wachikasu wofiira komanso kuvala thupi lolimba. Amadyetsa mizu ndipo amatha kuwononga kwambiri mbeuyo. M'nthaka kungakhale zaka zisanu. Kuchotsa tizilomboti kumatulutsa malo akuya (waya adzafa kuchokera kutentha m'nyengo yozizira). N'zotheka kuyika nyambo: zidutswa za mizu zimayikidwa pa kanjira pamtunda wa masentimita 30-35, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa patatha masiku 2-3 ndikuwononga minda ya wireworms.
Mukudziwa? Tsabola wa Chibugariya ili ndi hormone ya chisangalalo. Hormone iyi imapezekanso mu chokoleti, koma tsabolayo ndilosalemera khalori.Matenda ndi tizirombo ta tsabola ndi ochuluka kwambiri, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti wamaluwa asamayesetse kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe ichi paokha. Pali malingaliro ambiri omwe amachepetsa kuchepa kwa mbewu: mbeu yosungira mbeu, kugula mbeu yabwino, kulera mbeu asanabzalidwe, kubzala msanga, ndi kuchotsa namsongole. Kusunga malamulo ophweka awa, kuzindikira ndi kuthana ndi matenda a tsabola m'kupita kwanthawi, mungathe kukula mosavuta chikhalidwe chosadziwika nokha.
