Nthaka mu malo obiriwira ndi malo oswana zosiyana matenda a nkhaka.
Akangaude, powdery mildew, zowola, sclerotinia - mofulumira kwambiri kufalikira muzatsekedwakuposa kutchire.
Kotero choncho Ndikofunika kuyang'anira chikhalidwe chaukhondo komanso pa nthawi yopiritsa mankhwala. Zochita zothandizira ziyenera kuchitika nthawi ya kugwa, ndipo kumapeto. Komanso pa kukula kwa nkhaka, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse muzidyetsa feteleza osiyanasiyana.
Kukonzekera kutentha
Kutha
Kuyambilira kukonzekera kwa wowonjezera kutentha kwa kubzala nkhaka: madzulo a chisanu, mu wowonjezera kutentha mumasowa chotsani zomera zonse zotsala, kukumba pansi ndi kutulutsa mizu ya namsongole, ndikupiritsa mankhwala mafelemu, mafanizo ndi zolemba. Njira yabwino kwambiri ya wowonjezera kutentha ndikupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi 40% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (200 cm3 ya kukonzekera amafunikira 10 malita a madzi).
Ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati tizilombo taoneka, ndiye kuti ochiritsidwa ndi bleach (kwa malita 10 a madzi mumafunikira 1 makilogalamu a mankhwala). Mukhoza kutenga ndi kutentha, koma sizowoneka bwino - zowonjezera patina zimakhala zovuta kutsuka pagalasi. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsa ntchito 5% ya iron sulphate kapena njira ya fumigation ndi mabomba a sulfure kusuta.
Disinfect nthaka ya wowonjezera kutentha, kwa nkhaka, idzakuthandizira zoterozo mankhwala olembamonga mankhwala a ordinal kapena mkuwa wa sulfate. Ngati ndi kotheka, pamwamba pa nthaka imachotsedwa ndikusinthidwa kunja kwa wowonjezera kutentha. Kutaya makina a greenhouses kuyenera kuchitidwa pachaka.
M'dzinja sizabwino kuti mukhale ndi nthawi yokolola manyowa. Ndi bwino kuchita izi zikafika kunja. Mukakolola, chonde onani kuti 1 mita ya kasupe wowonjezera kutentha 0.5-0.7 m3 wa manyowa oyenerera. Imaikidwa pafupi ndi wowonjezera kutentha ndi kumangirika kuti asatenthedwe msanga. Pamwamba wophimbidwa ndi dziko lapansi, masamba, peat.
Spring
Mu kasupe, wowonjezera kutentha kwa kubzala nkhaka ayenera kukonzedwa bwino. Kukonzekera kwa nthaka mu wowonjezera kutentha m'chaka cha pansi pa nkhaka, ndi motere: manyowa otenthedwa ndi kudula, mwachitsanzo, kugwedeza ndi foloki, kutchera mulu wa ndowe. Choncho, amayesa kusakaniza manyowa ofunda ndi ozizira. Ntchito izi ziyenera kuchitika masiku 4-5 asanayambe kukhala wowonjezera kutentha.
Ngati manyowa akadali ozizira, amatha kutentha ndi madzi otentha. Mwala wotentha ndi laimu woyaka angathe kuikidwa mkati mwa muluwo. Pali njira zina. Manyowa, otenthedwa mpaka 60-70 ° C, kubweretsa mkati ndi kuyika wosanjikiza wa 57-63 masentimita. Manyowa pa nthawi yomweyo amamveka, amamunkhiza ammonia.
Pambuyo pa masiku angapo, fungo lidzasuntha ndipo biofuel idzathera.
Kuyenda pa manyowa sikuvomerezedwa, chifukwa pamene yayinganizidwa, moto umatha msanga, choncho, matabwa amaikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Malo okwera masentimita 10 akuyikidwa pamwamba pa manyowa. Kusakaniza kwa michere kwa kubzala nkhaka kumakonzedwa kuchokera ku ofanana ndi gawo la sod land, peat ndi humus. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito kompositi.
Pokonzekera nthaka mu wowonjezera kutentha kwa nkhaka, onani kanema:
Kupanga mabedi
Mabedi mu wowonjezera kutentha kwa nkhaka, anapanga pa maziko a kukula kwa wowonjezera kutentha, kawirikawiri amadziwika ndi 2-3. Musapange iwo oposa mita imodzi, kuti asalepheretse kupeza zomera, ndikuwathandiza kusamalira. Kuteteza leaching pa nthaka wosanjikiza pa kuthirira kumathandiza mabampers apadera omwe amaikidwa pamphepete mwa mabedi.
Ambiri makonzedwe abwino a mabedi chifukwa cha zomera zobiriwira ndizitsogolere kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa. Pankhaniyi, nkhaka zimaphimbidwa mochuluka tsiku lonse.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mtunda wokwanira pakati pa mphukira pamzere uyenera kukhala 30 cm, pakati pa mizere 25-30 masentimita. M'pofunika kuchoka pamakoma osachepera 23-27 cm.
Pachifukwa ichi, kusindikizidwa kwa malo oyendetsa malo amtsogolo kwachitika. Ambiri wamaluwa, omwe ali nawo pa greenhouses, amakonda kubzala mbewu pomwepo, kudutsa mbande ya mbande "kunyumba".
Njira yachiwiri ndiyo kudzala mbewu zokonzedwa kale. Nkhaka zalimidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha pa April 14-22 ali ndi zaka 26-30 masiku, ndikuwona mtunda wa pakati pa ziphuphu. Pa nthawi yobzala mbande (sabata imodzi) kutentha mu wowonjezera kutentha zofunika kuukitsa kwa 27 ° C, ndi chinyezi mpaka 86-87%.
Kupaka pamwamba
Kukula bwinoko zomera nthawi zonse (Kamodzi pa sabata) kudyetsa. Kodi mungadyetse bwanji? Maonekedwe ndi mlingo wa feteleza zimadalira zaka, chikhalidwe cha zomera, komanso zovuta za nyengo. Mukhoza kutsata ndondomeko yotsatirayi ndi feteleza kuti muzitsuka mizu ya nkhaka.
Pezani pa webusaiti yathu momwe mungapangire mliri wa nkhaka ndikupereka kuthirira mu wowonjezera kutentha.
Top kuvala wa nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha pamaso fruiting (kwa chidebe cha madzi 1):
- ammonium nitrate 12 g;
- potaziyamu sulphate 25 g;
- superphosphate 20 g;
- mkuwa sulfate 1 g (yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi fetereza 3-4 nthawi pa nyengo);
- boric asidi 0,5 g (ogwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi feteleza katatu pachaka)
- manganese sulphate 0,5 g (kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi fetereza 3-4 nthawi pa nyengo);
- yankho la mullein 1 (1: 8) mu malita.
- ammonium nitrate 8 g;
- potaziyamu sulphate 35 g;
- superphosphate 23 g;
- mkuwa sulfate 1 g (yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi feteleza katatu pa nyengo);
- boric asidi 0,5 g (ogwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi feteleza katatu pachaka)
- manganese sulphate 0,5 g (yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi feteleza katatu pa nyengo);
- yankho la mullein 1 (1: 8) mu malita.
Nthaŵi ya nyengo yozizira ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yoyika mizu.
Tsiku lina musanagwiritse ntchito kuchokera ku superphosphate kuphika. Mtengo winawake umatsanuliridwa ndi madzi ndi kusakanizidwa bwino. Chotsatiracho chimaphatikizidwanso ku zitsulo zina, musanagwiritse ntchito fetereza kwa greenhouses ndi nkhaka. Pakati pa achinyamata amatsanulira 1/2 lita, pansi pa akulu - pafupifupi 1 lita imodzi ya yankho.
Nkhaka sizilekerera dothi la acidic, koma mwachizolowezi feteleza ndi feteleza mchere, imakhala yogwira ntchito mosavuta.
Kutentha kwa nthaka nthawi zambiri kumachepetsedwa, kutulutsa nthaka (1 nthawi mu masiku 25-30) ndi yankho la freshlylive laimu (1/2 chikho cha laimu kapena phulusa pa 10 malita a madzi). Kwa 1 m2 yokonzedwa 1 lita imodzi ya yankho.
Foliar kudya ndi macro-micronutrients mu greenhouses amachitiranso. Amawonjezera zokolola, kufulumizitsa fruiting. Pa 10 malita a madzi, 5 g wa urea kapena ammonium nitrate ayenera kutengedwa, 5 g wa potaziyamu sulphate, 12 g wa superphosphate, ndi kufufuza zinthu zinafanana mofanana ndi mizu yovala.
Mukhoza kukweza superphosphate ndi mankhwala ndi feteleza ena. Foliar kuvala pamwamba kuli bwino khalani madzulo kapena tsiku la mitambo.
Zikuwoneka mosayembekezereka pamwamba, mizu imafunika kugona nthaka. Amakonzedwa motere: 1 gawo la peat kapena humus ndi magawo awiri ovunda (ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kavalo). Sakanizani bwino amamwa madzi, amazisungira bwino, choncho, salola kuti mapangidwe apangidwe.
Kompositi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana. Kudzazidwa kumachitika katatu pa nyengo. Mtundu feteleza amapereka carbon dioxide nkhaka. Ndibwino kuti mutha kuyika mbiya pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo za mbalame kapena mullein mu wowonjezera kutentha, kuyambitsa nthawi zonse
Kodi kudyetsa nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha, fufuzani mu kanema pansipa:
Zizindikiro za kusowa kwa zakudya mu nkhaka
Dziwani zimenezo zomera zikusowa mulimonse zakudya akhoza kuwoneka.
Pakati pa kukula kwa lashes:
- kusowa kwa nayitrogeni kumasonyezedwa ndi chikasu cha masamba, omwe amauma ndi kugwa;
- pamene phosphorus ilibe, masambawo amadetsedwa ndi kukhala lilac, kenako amasanduka wakuda;
- Kukhalapo kwa dothi lakuda lobiriwira kuzungulira tsamba ndi mabala a bulauni pambali pa tsamba limasonyeza kusowa kwa potaziyamu ndi magnesium;
- ndi kusowa kwa calcium, zomera zimakula pang'onopang'ono, zimawombera kenako zimafa;
- Nsonga zapamwamba za mphukira zimanena za kusowa kwa chitsulo.
Pa nthawi ya fruiting:
- ndi kusowa kwa nayitrogeni, nkhaka ili ndi nsonga yopunduka yochepa kwambiri ndi yowonjezera pafupi ndi tsinde;
- Chifukwa chosowa potaziyamu, nkhakazo ndizochepa kwambiri pa tsinde ndipo zimakhala zazikulu pa maluwa.
Zizindikiro za mchere wambiri mu nkhaka:
- ndi owonjezera feteleza a potashi, zomera zimatambasulidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa, masamba amasintha;
- ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka pa zimayambira zamphamvu zimabzala zipatso zazing'ono;
- ndi feteleza owonjezera phosphate chomeracho chimatha Powonongeka pang'ono kwa nthaka, masamba omwe amafa amawonekera pa masamba ndi zipatso.
Zipatso zosonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zomera zomwe zili pamwambazi zingakhale zoopsa. Kudya nkhaka zotere ndibwino kuti musadye.
Mitundu ya feteleza
Asitrogeni
Kodi manyowa nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha? Nkhaka feteleza feteleza amafunikira pazigawo zonse za chitukuko, makamaka makamaka popanga masamba. Manyowa a nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pofuna kudyetsa nkhuku, komanso kwa feteleza muzu wothirira.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya feteleza ya nayitrogeni kwa nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha, mwachitsanzo, ammonium nitrate, imadzikundikira mu chipatso chokoma ngati mawonekedwe a poizoni nitrates zimakhudza thanzi la munthu.
Phosphoric
Phosphorous imafunika nkhaka nthawi zonse komanso magawo onse a chitukuko, koma muzitsamba zochepa kwambiri. Manyowa oyenera bwino kumathandiza kupeza mdima wobiriwira, kulimbitsa mizu, panthawi yake pachimake ndi okhwima.
Potash
Chosowa mu potaziyamu wothira mu nkhaka pali nthawizonse. Koma makamaka kumawonjezera pa fruiting. Chiwerengero cha potaziyamu mu feteleza nthawiyi chikuwonjezeka, pomwe nayitrogeni imachepa.
Pogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi masamba mungathe kuweruza nthawi zonse za mbeu sintha mwamsanga mu umwini wa feteleza ntchito.
Pereka nkhaka zimadalira zinthu zambiri. Koma ngati mukonzekera wowonjezera kutentha, manyowa dothi, tzalani zomera nthawi ndikudyetsa bwino, patebulo lanu padzakhala zokolola zokoma ndi zamasamba chaka chonse.
