Chithandizo ndi njira zothandiza kuthana ndi mphesa za rubella

Ufumu wa bowa ndiwo malo akale kwambiri komanso omwe amadziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuwona ena mwa iwo, makamaka nthawi ya bowa, ndi chimwemwe kwa munthu, ena amawononga moyo wa wamaluwa komanso okonda zomera.

Causative agent

Ascomycetes - ndi ndani? Kodi ndizowopsa bwanji kwa zomera?

Amatanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki - basi "thumba", "thumba". Bowa la Marsupial. Thupi lopanda ungwiro (mycelium), lomwe liri ndi thupi la zomera monga mawonekedwe ofooketsa (hyphae) ndi ziwalo zapadera zonyamula spores (maselo obereka) - matumba. Ascomycete yokha imadzitulutsa yokha ndi asexual (popanda maselo obereka) ndi kugonana (kudzera mu kugwirizana kwa maselo apadera).

80% ya matenda omera amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zamoyo za spore. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a fungaleni sizomwe zimakhala zofanana, kumenyana nawo kumakhala kwakanthawi.

Chofunika kwambiri cha kuwonongeka kwa fungaleni kwa mbewu ndikutuluka mkati mwa tsamba la masamba kapena kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo ndi kumera kwakukulu mu thupi la mbeu.

Kufalikira mwamsanga, mycelium imamaliza pamapeto pake - chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa maselo aamuna ndi aakazi - matumba oposa 100 (omwe ali ndi 8 spores). Pamwamba pa thumba la thumba, kutseka, pangani "sausi" okhala ndi mamitala 400 a microns.

Mitundu ya fungus (hyphae) ya bowa, kuyendayenda, kupanga ma-tufts ndi ziwalo zatsopano za fruiting. Cholinga chachikulu cha ulusi wa multimeter ndi kuyamwa madzi ndi zakudya kuchokera ku chomera. Nthawi ya kusasitsa kwa mkangano mu zikwama pa kutentha kwa madigiri 20 Celsius - masabata 2-3. Kuyenda kwa madzi kapena mpweya, amasamutsira ku zomera zina, kugwirizanitsa ntchito yatsopano ya umuna.

Kubereketsa (vegetative) ndi mtundu wa bowa wochuluka pansi pa nyengo yabwino. Kenaka pamwamba pa mycelium kuchokera ku spores (yosiyana ndi hyphae) conidia imakula - mikangano yosakayika, yokonzeka kukhala thupi latsopano ndi ntchito yobalana ndi kukhazikitsa.

Thandizo: M'dziko la bowa, amatsitsa mitundu yoposa 30,000. Udindo wawo mu chilengedwe ndi wosadziwika: amathandizira kuti zonse zamoyo za nitrojeni ndi kaboni zikhale zokwanira, ndizo maziko a zinyama, zimaphatikizidwira m'ndandanda wa zinyama, makoswe komanso nyama zazikulu - nkhumba ndi nsomba.

Kufotokozera ndi chithunzi cha mphesa za rubella

Mpesa wa Rubella monga matenda a fungal. Matendawa a mphesa amatchedwa dzina la mawanga-thickenings omwe amapezeka pamayamba oyambirira mu May-June. Nanga n'chifukwa chiyani mphesa zimabweretsa masamba ofiira? Nthawi zina, ngakhale maonekedwe ake amakhala osiyana kwambiri:

• matendawa;
• kugonjetsedwa kwa chomeracho ndi maso a necrosis (bacteriosis);
• kugonjetsa kangaude;
• kukhalapo kwa fluorine mu feteleza borsuperphosphate;
• chosowa chachikulu cha potaziyamu;
• zitsamba zolemera kwambiri.

Pakuti rubella imakhala ndi mitundu yosintha pakati pa streaks pa pepala, kupanga mawonekedwe a katatu, masamba amaoneka ngati dzimbiri. Umboni wosatsimikizika wa matenda ndi mtundu wina wa malo:

• Mitundu yoyera: Masamba a mphesa amadzazidwa ndi mabala a bulauni, ndi malo ochepa achikasu, kapena mawanga achikasu;
• mitundu yosiyanasiyana (pinki, yofiira, yakuda) - madontho ofiira amdima pa masamba a mphesa ndi ndondomeko yobiriwira-chikasu pamphepete.

Rubella si matenda a mphesa ofunika kwambiri. Sichikuchitidwa ngati bowa limalowetsa m'ziwalo za zomera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosokoneza fungicides (mankhwala). Kulimbana ndi rubella, makamaka - kulepheretsa kufalikira ndi kusinthika kwa chilengedwe.

Thandizo: Nthenda yoyamba idalongosoledwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Swiss G. Muller kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, amene anazipeza m'minda ya mpesa ya Thurgau (kumpoto chakum'mawa cha Switzerland).

Mu chithunzi pansipa mukhoza kudziwa zizindikiro ndi maonekedwe a kugonjetsedwa rubella mphesa:

Mitundu ya matenda

Akatswiri a kukula kwa zipatso amasiyanitsa chikhalidwe cha matendawa, akuchigawa monga:

• matenda;
• osati opatsirana.

Pachiyambi choyamba, mpesa wa zaka 3-4 zoyambirira za moyo umakhudzidwa ndi kusamutsidwa kwa spores kuchokera ku zomera zoyandikana nawo, kuphatikizapo namsongole ndi zinyalala.
M'chiwiri - chifukwa cha matendawa ndi:

• zolemba za nthaka (stony, zakudya zoperewera, makamaka potassium);
• Kusokonezeka kwa madzi mu zakudya zamasamba;
• chitsamba chofooka;
• mvula yamphamvu;
• chilala;
• otsika usiku kutentha.

Matenda osapatsirana omwe amatha kupambana angapambane mosavuta poyendetsa chikhalidwe chonse cha ulimi kapena kusintha kasamalidwe ka zakudya.

Thandizo: Kuwopsa kwa mphamvu za mildew kungalepheretse njira yothetsera matendawa.

Zotsatira

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa thupi losavuta kukhala masamba, mobwerezabwereza - kusakaniza kwa mphesa kumabweretsa:

• kuphulika kwa tsamba la tsamba ndi mawonetseredwe ake ofooka: masamba amawumbidwa ndi ouma, kuti akonzenso;
• Kusintha kwa zokolola masamba monga zithunzi zowonongeka;
• kufooka kwa zomera zomwe sizikusowa zakudya;
• mavuto;
• maonekedwe a zipatso zopunduka zomwe sizikukula msinkhu;
• kuchepa (mpaka 80%) kapena kuthetsa kwathunthu mbewu;
• Kubwezera kachilombo kumapeto kwa nyengo yokula (September).

Nkofunikira: Rubella mphesa, osadziwika panthawi yake, akhoza kale kutaya masamba a chitsamba kumayambiriro kwa kayendedwe kake.

Njira zolimbana ndi mawonekedwe opatsirana

Zomwe mungachite ngati mawanga ofiira, achikasu kapena ofiira amawonekera pa masamba a mphesa ngati masamba dzimbiri? Mu kukula kwa zipatso, pali njira zitatu zomwe zimavomerezeka kuthetsa matenda a fungus:

• mankhwala (kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides);
• tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (fungi tisalole mpikisano);
• makina (agrotechnical measures).

Koma zogwira mtima kwambiri ndizoletsa kupezeka kovulaza.

1. Njira yothana ndi matenda, makamaka masiku ano, amapanga fungicides, imapereka ndalama zowonjezereka komanso ndalama zambiri. Chikhalidwe chachikulu: poizoni kwa tizirombo toyambitsa matenda sayenera kukhala poizoni kwa anthu. Apo ayi, chidacho sichinthu cholungamitsa cholinga - kubereka kwabwino kwa kudya zipatso zomwe zimathandiza thupi lathu. Kukonzekera kuchiza zomera ndi:
   • mtundu wothandizira, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zomwe zakhudzidwa ("Rovral", "Omite", Bordeaux madzi (8% yankho);
   • mtundu wamagetsi, pamene mankhwalawa akujambulidwa kuti alowe muzitsulo zonse za mbeu ("Fundazole", "Kvadris", "Strobe", «Topsin-M", "Topaz", "Byleton";
   • kuphatikiza - kuphatikiza katundu wa mtundu woyamba ndi wachiwiri ("Reedom", "Golide", "Carbis Top").

   Polimbana ndi causative wothandizira rubella, kukonzekera kwa mildew ndi kothandiza kwambiri: mkuwa oxychloride (0,3% njira), polycarbacin, arceride, polychrome. Sizodziwikiratu kuti bowa sichidziwonetsera pomwe mpesa unkapatsidwa mankhwala a downy mildew.

   Kukonzekera kwa mankhwala sikukuthandizani: tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tazolowera, ndipo kusintha kwa zinthu zopangidwa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa mlingo kumafunika.

2. Mankhwala opangira matendawa ndi osakhala ndi poizoni, komanso samapereka chitsimikizo chosatha chomwe wamaluwa akuwerengera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamayambiriro a matendawa, kuphatikizapo njira zomwe zimayesedwa zaka zambiri.

   Chilengedwe chonse chimatchuka kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zachilengedwe "Gaupsin", zomwe zimathandiza kuti mitundu yonse ya munda ndi munda, kuphatikizapo mphesa, ndi 90%. Ndizo chitetezo chokwanira cha mankhwala kwa anthu ndi zamoyo zina: zinyama, nsomba, njuchi. sizimadzikundikira muzomera, sizimakhudza kukoma kwa chipatso. "Gaupsin"N'zotheka m'chilimwe kutentha kwa firiji - miyezi 4, pamalo ozizira - mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

   Mankhwalawa amaphatikizapo kulangizira tchire ndi njira yothetsera phulusa ndi sopo yophika (madzi phulusa - 1/10; 50 g Sopo). Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala nthawi imodzi masiku khumi, mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yokula.

3. Njira zamakono zotsutsana ndi izi:
• kuchotsedwa kwa masamba okhudzidwa ndi mphukira;
• kuchotsedwa kwa stepsons;
• Kujambula masamba a zipatso zomwe zakhudzidwa kale, kusiya masamba pamwamba pa masango; ana opeza mu nkhaniyi - musati muchotse;
• nthawi yowonjezera;
• kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala ndi zowonongeka;
• kuchotsa namsongole kuchoka ku bwalo lozungulira, kukumba nthaka;
• kudulira chitsamba pansi pa nyengo yozizira;
• zina zowonjezera fetereza fetashi.

Nkofunikira: "Mphesa sizikonda thukuta, koma dzuwa ndi dziko lapansi." Pakuti thanzi la mpesa ndilofunika kwambiri kupanga nthaka, kukhalapo kwa potaziyamu mmenemo.

Njira zoteteza

Palibe njira yapadera yothetsera rubella. Fungusyi imawonekera pamaso pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a powdery mildew, koma imakhala yodziwika ndi mankhwala opatsirana motsutsana ndi mildew. Nazi malamulo ena oletsa matendawa:

1. Mbali zonse ziwiri za tsambali ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi fungicides. M'chaka chiri bwino kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera zakunthu, monga mkuwa ukhoza kuyambitsa kuyaka.
2. Kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa vegetative, m'pofunika kuthetsa kukhudzana ndi mbeu ndi masamba akale.
3. Ndibwino kuti tiyang'ane kuunikira ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa chitsamba.
4. Pambuyo pa mankhwala oyamba a mphukira komanso kuchotsa masamba, muyenera kusamalira masamba okwanira, kuchepetsa kudulira ndi kukhala ndi ana opeza bwino.
5. Kuwongolera moyenera kubzala kwa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza organic: manyowa, kompositi, humus.
6. Kutaya potaziyamu nitrate (1%) kumayambiriro kapena kumapeto kwa tsiku (mpaka nthawi zisanu ndi masiku khumi), kuphatikizapo kutsegula fetereza fetereza pansi pa mizu ya zomera.
7. Zilombo zonse za mphesa (tizilombo, mbalame), kuphwanya umphumphu wa chomera, kutsegula "chipata" cha matenda a fungal. Kupewa ascomycetes ndiko kuteteza mipesa ku tizirombo.

Kodi n'zotheka kupewa chiopsezo cha matenda?

Mkhalidwe waukulu wa fanizo labwino m'munda wanu ndilo kusankha mitundu yodabwitsa. Ndipotu mitundu yambiri yamphesa ya ku Ulaya imakhala yotetezeka ku matenda opatsirana. Ndipo "Kardinala" wokongola, ndi katundu wamtengo wapatali "Queen of Vineyards", ndi "Muscat Hungarian", ndi "Peyala a Saba" ali ndi vuto limodzi lokha lofooka kwa matenda opweteka.

Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe atsopano osakanizidwa, monga lamulo, cholinga chake chochotsa vutoli, mbali imodzi. Choncho, mufotokozedwe ka mitundu nthawi zonse muyenera kuyang'ana deta, kuyankhula za kukana kwa mphesa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa bowa, kutentha kwapamwamba, kutentha, kutulutsa kwa nthaka ndi kukula kwa burashi wokhwima. Kawirikawiri, bowa limakhudza mitundu yofiira ndi hybrids pa "rootstocks" za "isabelny".

Zimakhulupirira kuti pakati pa mitundu yonse ya mipesa ndekha "zakuda mphesa" (Vitis cinerea), yomwe ikukula ku Texas, imatsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi matenda a fungal ndi mphesa za mphesa.

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