Chaka chilichonse, chifukwa cha ochita zokolola, mitundu ya mphesa yambiri imawoneka.
Izi ndi zabwino ndithu, popeza asayansi masiku ano akuyesera kuti apange kukana kwa mbewuyi, kupanga "mitundu yambiri."
Mwamwayi, koma pa mpikisano wokhazikika, ubwino wa mphesa, makamaka maonekedwe a gulu, nthawi zambiri amamasulidwa.
Komanso, mitundu yabwino kwambiri yakale imaiwalika, yomwe makamaka, ngakhale zina zolakwitsa zawo, zimakhala ndi ubwino wambiri mwa kukoma kwa zipatso.
Ndi za mphesa yochepa yoiwalika, yomwe imatchedwa "Rizamat", ndikukuuzani m'nkhaniyi.
"Viticulture ya dzulo" - kodi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotchedwa Rizamat ili yoyenera?
Pali zowonjezereka zowonongeka za mitundu yolemekezekayi, yomwe ilibe ufulu wonse. Chifukwa chokha chimene ena ogwiritsira ntchito vinyo amadzilolera motero ndizo ulesi wawo ndi chikhumbo chawo chodzala mpesa ndi kuiwala za izo musanakolole.
Chifukwa, mphesa "Rizamat" imafuna chidwi kwambiri, chisamaliro mosamala ndi kuyang'anira chaka chonse. Komabe, chifukwa cha zintchito zotere, chitsambachi chimafuna kulipira mowolowa manja ndi mbewu zosafunika zomwe zimachokera ku mphesa zokoma komanso zipatso zokoma.
Mitengoyi imatengedwa monga mphesa-zoumba zamasamba: zabwino zokwanira komanso zoumba zoumba. Linapangidwa ndi winegrower wotchuka kwambiri kuchokera ku Uzbekistan dzina lake Rizamat Musamuhamedov. Ndi zophweka kulingalira zomwe mitundu yatsopano yamphesa idatchulidwa pambuyo pake. Kuti apeze izo, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya mphesa, yomwe imatchedwa "Katta-Kurgan" ndi "Parkent". Komabe, Rizamat idapambana kwambiri maonekedwe ake a makolo mu khalidwe ndi kukoma kwa zipatso.
Kodi mphesa za Rizamat zimawoneka bwanji ndipo ndizochita zotani?
Kunyada kwenikweni kwa mitundu iyi ya mphesa ndi masango ake. Iwo ali ndi kukula kwakukulu kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe oyenera. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, masangowo ali nthambi, ndi zipatso zochuluka, zomwe zimayikidwa pa gulu sizolimba kwambiri. Mphesa za Rizamat zimakhala zozungulira. Kukula kwa zipatso kumawapanga iwo olemetsa kwambiri - pafupifupi magalamu 15. Mbali yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wa zipatso: mtundu wa khungu lawo ndi wa pinki, koma mbali imodzi ya mabulosi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, womwe umayamba chifukwa cha kutulukira dzuwa.
Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti makulidwe a khungu sali okwera, omwe amadzazidwa ndi chobvala chofewa pamwamba. Komabe, pamene mukudya, sizikumveka bwino, monga mafupa, omwe mulibe oposa 4 mu mabulosi.
Kukoma kwa zipatso "Rizamat" ndibwino kwambiri. Mnofu uli ndi kuthamanga kwapamwamba ndipo pamene iwe udya iyo imadonthola. Komanso, thupi ndi lokoma kwambiri: ndi asidi oposa 5 g / l, omwe amafikira ndi zipatso panthawi ya kukula, mlingo wa shuga wa zipatso umakwana 23-25%, yomwe ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha mphesa.
Kodi mphesa ya Rizamat imatha nthawi yayitali bwanji ndipo ndi chiyani chomwe chimabala zipatso?
Mphesa "Rizamat" amatanthauza mitundu yoyamba yamphesa. Zipatso zake zonse zimabwera kumapeto kwa August kapena kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September. Pafupipafupi, pansi pa chikhalidwe, nyengo yakukula ya chitsamba cha mphesa cha zosiyanasiyanazi imabwera masiku 150.
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti nthawi yachinyezi yachonde ikhale yosasunthika, mwinamwake zipatso zimatha kusokoneza kwambiri.
Kuonjezera apo, nkofunika kuchotsa masango pamtunda panthawi yomwe akukula, popeza sangathe kusungidwa mosiyanasiyana.
Mapulogalamu obala zipatso ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti mphukira zake zikhale bwino. Pafupifupi Kukolola kwa mphesa zamasamba za "Rizamata" zomwe zili ndi hekita imodzi zimatha kufika mazana awiri mpaka 200. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngati mukutsatira zofunikira zonse za agrotechnical kuti mukule zipatso za mphesazi, zokolola zidzakhala zapamwamba kwambiri ponseponse maonekedwe ndi kukoma kwake.
Kodi ndi zizindikiro zina ziti za Rizamat mphesa zomwe zingayesedwe ndi zoyenera?
Mwamwayi, koma makamaka ndizopindulitsa kwambiri za mphesa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukoma ndi kukula kwa mbewu, zomwe chitsamba chimatha kupereka poyang'anira bwino ndi mosamala. Pakati pa makhalidwe abwino a mitundu yosiyanasiyana tiyenera kudziŵanso kuti:
• Zipatso zamtengo wapatali ndi maulendo awo abwino.
• Kukolola kwapamwamba ndi kupezeka pa chitsamba chamaluwa maluwa, omwe sichimathandiza kokha, komanso kukolola kolimba.
• Nthawi yokolola ya mbeu, yomwe imakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi mitundu yosiyana osati ku Central Asia, komanso ku Gombe la Black Sea ndi kumpoto.
• Zipatso zabwino zoumba zochokera ku mphesa za Rizamat.
Zowononga zosiyanasiyana "Rizamat": Kodi muyenera kukonzekera mutakula?
Kukhazikika kwa chitsamba cha mphesa ndi Rizamat zosiyana, kuziyika mofatsa, sizomwe. Monga tanena, mphesa zimatha kusokoneza pamene nthaka ilipo. koma kupatula apo, iwo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi oidium ndi powdery mildew. Komanso, kukana kutentha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kochepa - sikungathe kusamutsa nyengo yozizira popanda kubisala.
Choncho, kulima kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumafuna kusamalira kwambiri mpesa: kupopera kwa matenda nthawi zonse ndi kubisala m'nyengo yozizira, kuyang'anira mkhalidwe wa mpesa.
Komabe, kuwonjezera pa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa motsutsana ndi matenda a fungal, njira zina zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisawonongeke ndi mbewu. Amakhala ovuta kwambiri pa shrub pamene zipatso zosweka zikuwonekera kapena zimakhudzidwa ndi oidium. Choncho, chifukwa cha nyongolotsi nkofunikira kukhazikitsa misampha yapadera ndi madzi okoma kwambiri ndi poizoni.
Kuwonjezera apo, kuipa kwa mphesa "Rizamat" kuyenera kuphatikizanso kuti ndizosatheka kufalitsa ndi katemera. M'malo mwake, n'zotheka kuchita izi, koma sizingakonzedwe chifukwa chosavomerezeka ndi mitundu ina ya mphesa.
Kukhalapo kwa masitepe kungakhudze kwambiri ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Ngati mbewu ina imapangidwira, idzafooketsa mphamvu ya mchere waukulu, ndikupangira timagulu tawo ndi zipatso zazing'ono. Pachifukwa ichi, ana opeza pa chitsamba cha mphesa ayenera kuchotsedwa.
Zomwe mungachite ngati palibe nthawi yosamalira chitsamba champhesa, koma mukufuna kukula izi?
Sikuti aliyense amadziwa za kukhalapo kwa mphesa zofanana ndi "Rizamat", yomwe ili ndi dzina lofanana nalo - "Rizamat Stable". Sikoyenera kwambiri kusungidwa pa dzina lenilenilo, chifukwa kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ndikwanira, ngakhale pali zinthu zina zomwe zimagwirizana. Choyamba, "Rizamat Stable" sichimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi oidium ndi mildew, imalekerera chisanu ndi kusintha kwa kutentha kwa chinyezi bwino.
Zimatulutsa mofulumira kuposa Rizamat - zonse Masiku 130-135 kuyambira nthawi yokula. Kuwonjezera apo, zipatso zake zili ndi zoposa zomwe zisanachitike: pafupifupi magalamu 18 (ngakhale masango a Rizamata wabwino akale ndi akuluakulu komanso oposa). Komanso, zipatso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zapangitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba obiriwira.
Komabe, ziribe kanthu kuti "Rizamata Sustainable" yowonongeka bwanji, sanathe kukwaniritsa ubwino ndi kulawa zomwe zipatso za Rizamata zosavuta zili nazo. Shuga wokhutira zipatso za kalasi yoyamba ndi 17% yokha, motsutsana ndi 23% yachiwiri. Kuonjezera apo, mphesa yowonjezereka imakhala ndi maluwa okhaokha, choncho imayenera kubzala mungu wosiyanasiyana womwe umamasula nthawi yomweyo.
Timafesa mphesa za Rizamat: ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimabzala izi?
Mwachidziwikire, kubzala kwa mphesazi sikumasiyana ndi malamulo onse odzala mphesa. komabe, pali mitundu ina. Makamaka, awa ndi awa:
• Mphesa za Rizamat zimafalitsidwa bwino ndi kubzala mbande, chifukwa kulimbikitsira pazitsamba zosiyana sikumapereka zotsatira zabwino ndikuchepetsa kupulumuka.
• Chitsamba cha zosiyanasiyana ndi amphamvu wamkulu, wokhoza kutenga malo aakulu kwambiri. Izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha malo otsetsereka. Palibe chifukwa choti chitsamba chikhale cholimba, chifukwa izi zingachititse matenda oopsa.
• Kudyetsa osakwatira kuli koyenera kwambiri kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, popeza ndizosavomerezeka kuti zitha kuyanjana ndi mitundu ina. Ngati mutasankha kudzala "Rizamat" pafupi ndi mitundu ina, ndibwino kuti ikhale yovuta kwambiri, ndikuchoka ku tchire kwa mamita asanu ndi limodzi.
N'zosangalatsanso kuwerenga za mphesa zosiyanasiyana za EP Pavlovsky
Ndi zofunikira zina za mphesa zotani pa mpando zomwe muyenera kuziganizira?
Zojambula ndi kuphulika kwa mpweya wozizira ndizovulaza mphesa iliyonse. Choncho, ndi bwino kudzala mbewu izi pamene mpweya uli ndi mpweya wokwanira, koma mpesa udzatetezedwa ku mphepo yodziwika kumpoto. Motero, mbali yakum'mwera kapena kumwera chakumadzulo kwa nyumbayo, kapena mbali ina ya kumbuyo kwa nyumba, ndi yabwino kwambiri. Mukhoza kudzala "Rizamat" pafupi ndi malo ozungulira, komabe, mukufunikira kumanga zothandizira zowonjezera. Kuyambira pa maziko a nyumbayi mutabzala chitsamba muyenera kutaya mita imodzi.
Komanso, gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kukula kwa mphesa ndi nthaka yomwe idabzalidwa. Iyenera kukhala yowala komanso yachonde pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mizu ikukula bwino komanso kudyetsa chitsamba ndi zinthu zomwe zimafunikira.
Ndi nyengo iti yomwe imakhala yabwino kubzala mphesa za Rizamat?
Maganizo obzala mphesa akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri, chifukwa chodzala mbewuyi ikhoza kukhala kasupe ndi yophukira. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mulimonsemo, pali pluses ndi minuses.
Kumera kwa masamba a mphesa kumachitika kuchokera kumapeto kwa March mpaka kuyamba kwa mwezi woyamba wa chilimwe. zonse zidzadalira mtundu wa sapling womwe unagula: udzu wa chilimwe ndi kusungidwa nyengo yonse yozizira mpaka masika, kapena wakula nthawi yozizira kuchokera ku mbewu za mphesa zomwe zabzala m'nthaka. Poyamba, mphesa ziyenera kubzalidwa mwamsanga, koma zitangoyamba kutentha koyamba.
Kachiwiri - kumapeto kwa mwezi wa May, popeza kuti mphukira zobiriwira zimatha kuwonongeka ndi chisanu. Mulimonsemo, mutabzala mphesa zidzasowa chinyezi ndi chitetezo, mpaka icho chimasinthasintha ndikuyamba kukula mu malo atsopano. Chitsamba cha mphesa chobzala masika pa nyengo yoyamba ikukula bwino chidzakula bwino ndi pang'ono kukhazikitsa mizu yake, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zogonjetsedwa ndi chisanu cha chisanu (ngakhale siziyenera kukana kubisa mphesa ya Rizamat mwanjira iliyonse).
Komabe, pali miyendo yomwe imapangitsa mphesa mu kugwa kukhala yolandiridwa. Makamaka, izi ndizo kupezeka kwa malo osankhidwa a mitundu yambiri ya mbande, zomwe zimapangitsa mwayi wanu kupeza mphesa zoyenera. Komanso, nthaka imakhala yotentha kwambiri mu autumn, safuna kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira monga masika. Komanso, Kudyetsa kwadzukulu ndi njira yosungira mphesa mpaka masika, chifukwa siimakula m'nyengo yozizira.
Ndi malo okhala abwino, sapling sichionongeka ndipo kasupe kamakula bwino. M'dzinja, ndi bwino kubzala mphesa pakati pa mwezi wa Oktoba, pamene nyemba zadutsa kale m'nyengo yamvula, koma kulibe chisanu ndi kuzizira.
Kudzala bwino kwa mphesa "Rizamat": Kodi zinsinsi ziri kumbuyo kwake ndi ziti?
Chinsinsi cha kubzala kwabwino kwa mphesa za Rizamat ziri mu kukonzekera koyamba kwa dzenje la chitsamba cham'tsogolo. Ndipotu, pofuna kukula bwino kwa chitsamba, pamafunika kuchuluka kwa feteleza, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa dzenje pokonzekera. Makamaka, zotsatirazi zikuyenera kuchitidwa:
• Pakadutsa masabata awiri (ngati mukukonzekera kubzala m'chaka, ndiye kuti kugwa) muyenera kukumba dzenje pafupifupi masentimita 80 mozama ndipo ndilofanana.
• Mzere wokhala ndi masentimita asanu (5 cm) wa miyala yopwanyika uli pansi pake.
• Pambuyo pa mphutsi, pamakhala masentimita 10 a nthaka yothira, 2-3 ndowa za humus, komanso 10 masentimita a nthaka.
• "Keke" yonseyi imasakanikirana (zokhazokha sizingakhudzidwe).
• Chomera cha feteleza chimapangidwa ndi dothi linalake kuti mizu ya mmera isatenthe ndi feteleza.
• Mthunzi umasiyidwa musanabzala, kotero kuti feteleza mmenemo imatha.
Panthawiyi, pamene nthaka ili m'dzenjeni, muyenera kuyang'ana mmera umene mukufuna. Mukasankha, muyenera kumvetsera mizu: Ayenera kukhala oyera komanso osadetsedwa. Mu mmera wathanzi, mdulidwe uli wobiriwira.
Musanabzala, mphesa yamphesa iyenera kuchitika masiku angapo m'madzi, zomwe zidzakhudza mapangidwe a mizu.
Kulima mwachindunji kwa mphesa kumakhala chifukwa chakuti mmera umene umaponyedwa m'dzenje mpaka pamtunda wa mzuwo umakhala utaphimbidwa ndi dothi mpaka dzenje liri lonse. Pambuyo pake chithandizo chimayendetsedwa pafupi ndi mphesa, imathiridwa mochuluka, ndipo nthaka yozungulira ili ndi mulch wambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, chitsamba chimadzaza ndi mchenga, ndipo mu kasupe muli ndi makatoni ndi bokosi pamwamba pa mmera.
Kusamalira mphesa - kufotokozera njira zofunikira zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuwonjezera zokolola
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuthirira mphesa, chifukwa nthaka yomwe ili pansiyi iyenera kusasintha chinyezi. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuchita izi musanafike maluwa a mchenga komanso popanga mphesa pamagulu. Kutsanulira madzi mwachindunji pansi pa chitsamba cha zosiyanasiyanazi sikoyenera. Ndikofunika kuti mupeze nkhuni zapadera zothirira, kapena kuti muzipanga zitsulo m'nthaka, zomwe zimaikidwa m'manda ndipo zimakhala zitatha pambuyo kuthirira. Monga mulch ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito moss kapena utuchi wamdima. Mtengo woyenera wa mulch ndi masentimita atatu.
Kukweza pamwamba mphesa ndilo maziko othandizira kukula kwa chitsamba, kunena za zomera. Mphesa zimasowa kwambiri feteleza-phosphate feteleza ndi mankhwala. Muyenera kuzipanga kapena pamene mukumba, kapena mukamwetsa chitsamba.
Ndikofunika kwambiri mitengo ya mphesa "Rizamat" nthawi zonse imadulidwa ndi kuchotsedwa. Chifukwa cha izi, chitsamba chidzapangidwira bwino komanso kupuma mpweya wabwino, chomwe chiri maziko a kupewa matenda a fungal m'munda wamphesa. Ndiponso Mitundu imeneyi imalimbikitsidwa kuthamanga ndi kudula masamba m'malo amodzi. Kudulira shrub zamphamvu ziyenera kuchitidwa popanda chifundo kwa shrub: mphukira iliyonse imadulidwa masamba 6 kk.
Pofuna kuteteza chitsamba kuti chisamayende ndi mildew ndi oidium, chitsamba chimatetezedwa ndi mankhwala okonzekera mankhwala 3 nthawi pa nyengo. Ndikofunika kuchita kachitidwe kawiri nthawi isanafike maluwa a chitsamba ndi panthawi yopanga nyemba pa inflorescences. Yabwino mankhwala ndi Bordeaux osakaniza, Kuproskat ndi Strobe kukonzekera.
