Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi pa kulimbikitsa ulimi wa nkhosa adzakhala ndi chidwi chodziwana ndi nkhosa zomwe zimalonjeza - Katum. Nyama ya mtundu uwu ili ngati mchere wambiri kapena ng'ombe ndipo ilibe kukoma kokoma ndi kununkhira kwa mwanawankhosa. Tiyeni tiwone momwe tingabweretse nkhosa za Katum kunyumba, zomwe tingawasamalire komanso momwe tingazisunge.
Mbiri yopondereza
Nkhosa yaing'ono ya ku Russia, nkhosa ya Katum, inayamba posachedwapa, chifukwa cha kusankha koyendetsedwa komwe kunkachitika tauni ya Katuma, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Leningrad. Mtundu wodabwitsa uwu unachokera pakuwoloka nkhosa Romanov mtundu ndi nyama yobweretsa kuchokera ku America katadin. Ndicho chifukwa chake nthawi zina zimatha kumva momwe nkhosa ya Katum imatchedwa nkhosa ya kadadin. 
Mtundu uwu unadulidwa monga nyama. Cholinga chake chinali kutenga nkhosa, chifukwa cha ubweya umene suyenera kusamalira (kusamba, kudula). Izi ndi zomveka chifukwa chakuti m'dziko lamakono zipangizo zamakono zakhala zikuwoneka kuti kutentha sikukuipira ndipo nthawizina kuli bwino kuposa ubweya. Izi ndizo kupanga zokhazokha zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagula mtengo kusiyana ndi kupeza ubweya wa chilengedwe. Nkhosa zoberekera ubweya pang'onopang'ono zinakhala zopanda phindu. Malaya amphongo omwe nthawi ina ankawoneka amafunidwa, ndipo nsalu zamtengo wapatali zamapiko, zojambula ndi zojambula zapamwamba zimapangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya wa llamas ndi alpacs a mapiri ndi ubweya wa mbuzi za angora kapena akalulu.
Onani mtundu wa nkhosa mkaka, nyama ndi ubweya wa nkhosa.
Kufotokozera ndi Zochitika
Mitundu ya nyama zamtunduwu imasiyana ndi mitundu ina chifukwa imakhala yolemera kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, katumasi nthawi zina amatchedwa nkhosa zamphongo. Chinthu chopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo ndi nyama. 
Zotsatira za kubala:
- Nthawi zambiri amadwala; nyama zimakhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu;
- chovala chachifupi, kwa miyezi 9 popanda chikhomo (chikuwonekera isanafike nyengo yozizira);
- chiwerengero cha akazi;
- mwamsanga kulemera kwake;
- osasankha mu chakudya;
- khala wokwiya.
Nkhosa siziyenera kudula, monga momwe nyengo yachisanu imathandizira kumapeto. Popewera tsitsi, zinyama sizikumva kupanikizika polekanitsa ubweya wofiira. Zowonongeka, ngati mbuzi, ubweya umathandiza nkhosa ya Katum kukhala mchikhalidwe chozizira.
Mukudziwa? Nkhosayo inali imodzi mwa ziweto zoyambirira zoweta. Mzere wa pakati pa zinyama ndi munthu unapangidwa zaka zoposa zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo. Munthuyo amapereka chitetezo ndi chakudya m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo nkhosa zimapatsa anthu nyama, zikopa ndi mkaka.
Kukaniza matenda ku zinyama pamwamba kwambiri:
- Matenda a ziboda ndi osowa kwambiri;
- Pali majeremusi ochepa pa ubweya (nkhupakupa, utitiri);
- pafupifupi palibe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mphutsi ndi zina).
Dongosolo lakunja
- Kukula pazowola za nkhosa yamphongo - 70-75 cm, akazi pang'ono.
- Kulemera kwa thupi - 100-110 makilogalamu, kulemera kwake kwa mphutsi - 80 makilogalamu.
- Thupi lokhazikitsidwa - nyama.
- Thupi - wolimba, wopangidwa ndi mbiya, ndi chifuwa chachikulu.
- Mutu - opanda nyanga (komolaya).
- Tsitsi - wofiira wofiira kapena fawn ndi zizindikiro zobalalika pa kuwala kowala kapena kowala.
- Mchira - kutalika pakati pa mwendo.
- Mapazi - yamphamvu, yolunjika, yowonjezera.
- Backbone - amphamvu, amphamvu.
Werengani komanso za mtundu wa nkhosa: Kuibyshev, Gissar, Edilbaev, merino (mtundu, kubereka), dorper, maulendo a Romney.
Kulemera, kulemera ndi khalidwe la nyama
Nkhosa zamphongo za Katum zimapeza kulemera kwake mpaka makilogalamu 110, koma nthawi zina kulemera kwa nkhosa yamphongo kumafikira 120 kg. Yarochka mtundu uwu ukupeza thupi kulemera kwa 80 makilogalamu. Nkhosa zamphongo zimakula mofulumira, ndipo pakapita zaka chimodzi ndi theka kulemera kwawo kumafika makilogalamu 100.
Nyama katumov imakhala ndi zizindikiro zonse za zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Kukoma kwake kuli kosiyana, nyama ili ngati mchere kapena ng'ombe yaing'ono. Palibe chilakolako chapadera cha mutton, chomwe chimatsogoleredwa ndi thupi la nkhosa za Katumsky. Chinthu china chachilendo ndichoti nyama ya nyama yamphongo siyinene kuposa ya nkhosa yaing'ono. 
Nthenda yosakanizika ya nyama imapereka zotsatirazi:
- Zinthu zambiri zothandiza kuti mitundu ina ikhale yophimba ubweya wa nkhosa (izi zimatenga 30%).
- Nkhosa sizitentha, sizikutuluka - kotero palibe nyama yamtundu wankhosa.
- Madera osiyanasiyana - kudyetsa nkhosa kumakhudza ubwino wa nyama (komanso mkaka wa ng'ombe).
Ndikofunikira! Nkhosa zamphongo ndi mafuta ndi mchira sizimayenera ku msika wa Russia, kotero phindu la nkhosa ya Katum ndi nyama yokha. Koma muyenera kukumbukira kuti famuyo idzakhala ndi zina zowonjezera mkaka wa nkhosa, zomwe zimapezeka bwino.
Mtundu
Nkhosa izi ndizokongola kwambiri, ubweya wawo ndi utoto zojambula zosiyanasiyana za mithunzi yotumbululuka. Apa ndi apo mawanga ofiira ndi kirimu amabalalika pa iwo. Mankhwala amphamvu a katamu amatsindika tsitsi lalifupi. Mfundo yakuti nyama zilibe chovala chophimba ubweya, zomwe zimafuna kuti tsitsili likhale lokhazikika chaka chimodzi, limachepetsetsa mtengo wawo wokonza. 
Makhalidwe
Katums ali Munthu wokhala wodekha, wololera komanso wachikondi. Nkhosazi n'zosavuta kulamulira, zimamvera chifuniro cha mbusa; Pambali pake, gulu lonse limatsatira mtsogoleri wa nkhosa. Ngakhale munthu wachikulire kapena wachinyamata angathe kuthana ndi ntchito ya catus.
Zomwe amangidwa
Nkhosa izi zimakhala zosasamala ku zakudya komanso moyo. Komabe, mwiniwakeyo ayenera kukonzekera gulu la ziweto m'nyengo yozizira, kupereka chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chopatsa thanzi m'nyengo yozizira komanso msipu wabwino m'chilimwe.
Zofuna zapanyumba
- Pofuna kusamalira nkhosa ya Katum m'nyengo yozizira, mlimi samayenera kumanga munda wa nkhosa. Kwa nthawi yozizira, makampu amakhala ndi denga lamphamvu komanso yokhazikika ndi malo okhalamo mphepo kuti chisanu ndi mvula zisagwe pa zinyama.
- Komanso, mlimi adzafunika kusamalira kupezeka kwa ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, madzi omwe nthawi zonse amakhala osakhala ozizira komanso otentha. Kutentha madzi m'nyengo yozizira ndi kofunikira kuti zitsamba zikhalebe bwino mu thupi, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wa chakudya panthawiyi ndi theka.
Ngati mumapereka zofunikira zowonjezera nyengo yozizira, mtundu uwu wa nkhosa udzapulumuka kwambiri ku chisanu popanda kuwonongeka.
Mukudziwa? Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, anthu abweretsa mitundu 600 ya nkhosa. Zogulitsa zawo zinali zosiyana ndi ntchito zawo ndi zosiyana: zobvala zofewa ndi zoonda za ubweya, ubweya wonyezimira ndi wandiweyani kuti apange ma carpets ndi ma carpets, zokopa zosavuta kwambiri kwa abambo ndi ubweya wa shaggy wa chikopa cha nkhosa. Komanso nyama yokoma, koumiss ndi tchizi. M'madera a steppe ngakhale udzu wouma wa zinyama zimenezi unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta.
Kudyetsa msipu
Mfundo yakuti makungu ndi osamvetsetseka mu chakudya chimapangitsa kuti kuswana kwawo kukhale bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri. Madyerero awa amapeza chakudya chomwe sitingathe kudyetsa nyama zina - ngakhale ku steppe kapena kumapiri. Nkhosa zofufuzira zitsamba zimaphimba kutali kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono zimasuntha mtsogoleri kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana.
Omwe Otum a Katum okhalamo sasowa chitsogozo cha m'busa kuti azidyetsa, ndizofunika kuti azisunga ndi kukonza njira ya kusamukira kumlandu. Izi zimakhudzanso kuchepetsa ndalama, chifukwa nkhosa za izi ndizoyenera kudzipangitsa kusankha komwe angadyetsedwe, nthawi yomwe amamwa ndi kupuma kochepa pakati pa kusintha. Ndi moyo wanyama umene umakhudza kukoma kwa nyama. 
Dyetsa ndi madzi
Pofuna kukwaniritsa zomwe zimachitika m'thupi, anthu a Katum amafunikira zakudya zabwino.
Zakudya za chilimwe
Inde, m'chilimwe, nkhosa zimadya msipu (msipu). Komabe, sikuti amangokhalira kulemetsa, komanso kuti aziziika m'tsogolomu, ndipo izi zimatheka podyetsa mafuta omwe ali ndi udzu wokwera ndi wamadzi wambiri. Ngati udzu ndi waung'ono, nkhosa imayenera kuwonjezera zakudyazo ngati chakudya chokhazikika. Zowonjezera chakudya pa nkhaniyi ziyenera kukhala ndi pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya chakudya chonse. M'chilimwe (monga m'nyengo yozizira), nyama zimadyetsedwa mchere wambiri.
Zimazizira
Kudyetsa nkhosa za Katumsky m'nyengo yozizira:
- chigawo chimadyetsa;
- zosakaniza za mbewu zosiyanasiyana;
- udzu wouma;
- zakudya zowutsa mudyo (beets, turnips, kaloti);
- mchere;
- silage yokolola kuyambira autumn.
Chakudya chokwanira - m'nyengo yozizira komanso m'chilimwe - ndi kofunika kuti ulimi ukhale wabwino komanso wopindulitsa. 
Mmene mungapiririre kuzizira
Pomwe nyengo ikuzizira, pamakhala yofiira ndi yosalala ya zinyama, mvula yambiri ikukula, yomwe imalola kuti mvula isagwe ndi mphepo yozizira kulowa mkati mwa thupi. Nthaŵi zonse zimakhala zotentha pansi pazovala zosaphika, koma ubweya waubweya wa Katum. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti panthawi yoyamba ya chilimwe ayambe kukhetsa ndipo nsalu yapansi ikugwedeza kwa kanthawi.
Ndikofunikira! Khalani katumskikh Ng'ombe yamphongo imakhala ngati woyang'anira thupi kutentha nthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Mlandu ndi kuswana kwa nyama zinyama
Nyama za mtundu uwu zimapsa msanga komanso zosakwana chaka chimodzi zokonzekera ana a nkhosa. Pa fukolo achoka zinyama ndi zizindikiro zodziwika kwambiri za mtundu (mtundu, mawu, komolostyu). Nyama zomwe zimakhala zosaoneka moonekera kuchokera ku mzere wobadwa (nyanga zikwapulidwa, pali mawanga akuda) zimangokhalira kudya nyama, ana awo sangakhale oyera. 
Utha msinkhu
Nkhosa zing'onozing'ono zimakonzekera kubereka pambuyo pofika miyezi isanu ndi iwiri kapena eyiti, kenako zimayamba kulola nkhosa kuyandikira mpaka kuyambira kwa mimba. Amuna ndi akazi samataya ntchito yawo yobereka kwa nthawi yaitali.
Mlandu
Chiweto cha mbuzi chimachitika podyetsa ziweto kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi ogwira ntchito zaulimi pakhomo lapadera komwe wofalitsa nkhosa wamtundu uwu amasungidwa. Mayi amene ali ndi mimba asanayambe kudya msipu wonse.
Mukudziwa? Malo otsegulidwa, osakhala ndi mpandawo amawopsya nkhosa, ndipo iwo amayamba kugwirana mwadzidzidzi ku gulu. Ngati malo odyetserako ziweto atazunguliridwa ponseponse, ndiye kuti zinyama zimabalalika kudera lonselo.
Kubadwa ndi ana angati amabadwa bwanji?
Nkhokwe Yarochka Katum ndi yopambana kwambiri. Nthawi ina nkhosa imabweretsa ana awiri kapena atatu. Fecundity (yosakhazikika polyestricity) inali imodzi mwa zolinga za kutsogozedwa kusankha mu kuswana kwa mtundu uwu. Choncho, kwa miyezi 48 nkhosa yathanzi ikhoza kubala katatu. 
Nkhosa imabereka ana kwa miyezi isanu, kawirikawiri kubereka ndi kophweka komanso kopanda mavuto. Mbeuyi ndi yamphamvu, ikukula mofulumira ndikupeza kulemera. Mwanawankhosa nthawi zambiri amafika kulemera kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu wachi Katumi ali ndi zaka chimodzi ndi theka. Yarechek nthawi zonse amakhala ndi lactation yabwino komanso mkaka wambiri, kotero ana a nkhosa amadya mokwanira.
Mukudziwa? Kumva kwa nkhosa kumakhala koonda kwambiri, mwina chifukwa chake nyama zimakhala zoopsa ndikumveka mokweza komanso mokweza. Ambiri mwa moyo wa madandaulowa "amasinkhasinkha", ndipo amasangalala ndi mtendere ndi bata. Kufalikira mwa mantha, nkhosa nthawi zina zimatembenukira kumbuyo kwawo kugwa ndikuwuka kokha ndi kuthandizidwa ndi abusa. Chinyama chosiyidwa popanda thandizo sichikhoza kuyenderera ndi kuima pa mapazi ake, chifukwa cha zomwe zingathe kufa ndi njala.
Kusamalira ana
Ana a nkhosa amayamba kulemera ndi kuphuka. Maola angapo atabadwa, mwanawankhosa akhoza kuyima ndi kuyenda. Mwanawankhosa ali m'gulu la chiberekero pafupi ndi chiberekero, akudyetsa pansi pa kuyang'anira kwa amayi ndi kuteteza nkhosa ku zoopsa zilizonse zomwe zimawapseza. Maola awiri aliwonse mwanawankhosa amamwa mkaka kuchokera ku udzu wa mayi, ndipo pakati pa gnaws udzu. Zinyama zing'onozing'ono zingaphedwe pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena miyezi isanu ndi itatu, panthawi yomwe iwo akhoza kulemera makilogalamu 35-45.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge za kusamalira bwino ana a nkhosa, ana amasiye.
Zizindikiro zokopa nyama zazing'ono pa fuko:
- kuwomba nyanga;
- ubweya wakuda kapena ubweya wa mdima wakuda.
Zizindikirozi sizinaphatikizidwe mu zikhalidwe za mtunduwu, zimachitika mu ana asanu a ana obadwa kumene. 
Zabwino ndi zamwano
Makhalidwe abwino a mtundu uwu:
- Nkhosa zimakula kwambiri: kulemera kwamuna kumafikira 110 kg, ndi yarochek mpaka 80 kg.
- Nyama ndi tsitsi lalifupi, ndiko kuti, palibe chifukwa chochita tsitsi kawiri pachaka.
- Ndi ochepa chabe amene ali ndi matenda - gawoli lachokera ku mtundu wa katadin wachi America.
- Kusakaniza msanga (mwana wamphongo mmodzi ndi theka wa chaka chimodzi akulemera makilogalamu 100).
- Mbuzi zamphongo (ana awiri kapena atatu pa mimba imodzi).
- Kulimbana ndi kutentha kwakukulu, kuthekera kwachisanu pansi pa pogona kuchokera ku chisanu ndi mphepo.
- Kutalika (zaka zoposa 10) kusunga kubereka.
- Wokhala wodekha, wamakhalidwe abwino.
Makhalidwe oipa:
- Genetic kusagwirizana kwa ziweto.
- Kukhoza kupatukana zizindikiro za mtunduwu.
- Kufunika kudyetsa m'malo ndi udzu wabwino.
Mukudziwa? Nkhosa za ana ali ndi kachilombo kosazolowereka kwa anthu onse okhala padziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza pa nkhosa, mbuzi, mongooses ndi octopuses akhoza kudzitamandira ophunzira ophatikiza.
Video: Mtundu wa nkhosa wa Katum
Maphunziro a nkhosa za Katum
Nthano yatsopano ya Katum yatsimikiziranso pazaka za kuyesa zopindulitsa kwambiri ndi zowonjezera zabwino ku minda. Ngakhale pali anthu osakayikira kwa iye, kusonyeza kuti akadali wosakhazikika pobereka. Mwina obereketsa amayenera kugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti adziwe zizindikiro za mtunduwu ku Catum, koma alimi akhoza kuyamba kubereka tsopano.
