"Makorka ndi mabwenzi okhulupirika, amachititsa kuti mitsempha ikhale yotsekemera," nthawi ina asilikali ankanena za kusuta fodya, yomwe inapangidwa kuchokera ku dzina lomwelo la banja la Solanaceae, lomwe lili ndi nicotine. Ndipo ngati poyamba mthunziwo unali ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi cha azimayi ambiri a Asilavo, lero chomera ichi chimawoneka ngati chachilendo. Kodi shag, momwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi momwe ingakulire kunyumba - tidzakuuzani zambiri zapafupi.
Kodi shag ndi chiyani?
Chomera cha fodya chimatchedwa chomera cha herbaceous cha mtundu wa Fodya (womwe uli ndi mankhwala a nicotine), ndi fodya wosuta fodya wopangidwa kuchokera ku chomera chomwe tatchulapo. Mosiyana ndi zomera zina za fodya, shag imakhala yochepa kwambiri ku zinthu zomwe zikukula komanso zosagonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Kugawidwa kwa fodya ndi kwakukulu kwambiri: kungapezeke pafupifupi pafupifupi makontinenti onse, koma koposa zonse zimakonda kumpoto ndi nyengo yozizira. 
Dongosolo la kunja kwa zomera silopadera: ilo ndilo losaoneka bwino pachaka chomera ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono achikasu ndi aakulu, ovuta, ndi masamba odzola. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi chikonga, koma izi sizilepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mbewuyi kuzinthu zina zachuma ndi mafakitale - mwachitsanzo, popanga citric acid kapena poizoni kuti azilamulira tizirombo.
Mukudziwa? Mawu akuti "shag" amachokera ku dzina la mzinda wa Amersfoort The NetherlandsM'zaka za zana la 18, lomwe linadzitchuka chifukwa cha mafakitale a fodya, inali kumeneko komwe minda yoyamba inkaonekera kumene iwo ankakula.Fodya yopangidwa kuchokera ku fodya idaonedwa kuti ndi yopweteka kwambiri, monga fodya, ndipo idapangidwa mu mitundu iwiri: fodya ndi kusuta. Ngati kale, kudera la kale lomwe la USSR, kulima ndi kupanga chikhalidwe ichi kunakhazikitsidwa pa mafakitale, lero chomerachi chimakula pokhapokha ndi makampani ena.
Phunzirani momwe mungakhalire fodya wonunkhira, komanso kusuta fodya, fodya komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito fodya.
Kumene ndi momwe mungakulire shag
Makampani ambiri omwe ali ndi malonda omwe amalima ulimiwu tsopano ali ku Tatarstan ndi ku Western Siberia, komwe malo onse a mbewuyi ali pafupifupi mahekitala 10,000. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya shag, yomwe ingatheke kukula, ndi mitundu ya "Local pehlets" ndi "Datura 4". Nthaka yabwino kwambiri ya mbewu imeneyi ndi loamy nthaka (makamaka, loamy chernozem), ndipo kutentha kumakhala kosavuta, mpaka 22 ° C. 
Pofuna kutsimikizira mbande zambiri, mundawu umayesedwa kale ndi chimanga kapena mikate yozizira - pambuyo pa mbeu izi, nthaka imakhala yoyenera kukula kukula. Koma mbatata ndi mpendadzuwa ndizoyipa zoyipa, monga momwe zilili ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chili pamwambapa sikuti ndi tizirombo wamba, komanso matenda omwewo. Pamene akukula shag, amayang'anitsitsa bwino nthaka: nthawi zonse imamera feteleza ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, ndipo imaperekanso mchere wokwanira.
Zopindulitsa za shag
Kupindula kwakukulu kwa shag, komanso kuvulaza, kumakhala ndi zomwe zili ndi chikonga mu chomera - chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito osati mu fodya, komanso mu mankhwala. Nicotinic acid imachokera ku masamba, omwe amachiza bwino matenda ena a khungu ndi matenda a mtima - mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa masamba a chikhalidwe ichi ndi mbali yokonzekera mankhwala ovomerezeka a Latin America.
Kuwonjezera pa shag, matenda a mtima wamagetsi amagwiritsanso ntchito zomera monga: kaloti, radishes, hawthorn, basil, biringanya, aconite, hazelnut ndi khumi.
Mankhwala ena a chikonga amachititsa kuti anthu azichita zinthu mwanzeru ndipo amateteza matenda monga schizophrenia ndi matenda a Parkinson, omwe amawoneka ngati abwino pa chikhalidwe ichi. Chomerachi chimathandizanso bwino kumapeto kwa msana ndi zizindikiro za ARVI: Ndikokwanira kufotokozera fungo la masamba ophwanyika 5-6 pa tsiku, ndi mavitamini obiriwira omwe amawoneka amaonetsetsa chikhalidwe cha mucous membranes ndi kuchepetsa kutupa.
Ndikofunikira! Kuti lifulumize kuchira, lembani masamba owuma a shag kuti mbeu zapakati zisagwedezeke pamphuno. Kumbukirani kuti njira iyi ya mankhwala si yoyenera kwa ana.
Komanso fodya wa fodya ukhoza kuchiza matenda osapweteka a khungu ngati nkhono.Izi zidzafuna:
- madzi - 5 l;
- mchere - 1 tbsp. supuni;
- Masamba a fodya owuma - 800 g.
Kuphika:
- Wiritsani madzi, onjezerani mchere ndikuwonjezera masamba owuma.
- Wiritsani tincture 2 mphindi, chotsani kutentha.
- Phizani mphika ndi chivindikiro, kukulunga pa thaulo ndikuchoka kwa maola awiri osachepera awiri.
Fumbi la fodya. Kuwonjezera apo, zonyansa za ndudu za fodya ndi chida chabwino kwambiri chothandizira kuwononga tizilombo za mbewu zaulimi: fumbi la fodya limateteza mdima wakuda, nkhanza ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Ndipo ngati mutabzala zitsamba zingapo pakati pa mabedi, simungakhoze kupulumutsa zomera kuchokera ku zowonongeka, komanso kupewa kutulukira kwa matenda onse odziwika.Zowononga katundu wa shag
Zoipa zonse za fodya pa thupi zimayanjananso ndi nikotini: mlingo wawung'ono wa mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala, ndipo mlingo waukulu umakhala poizoni. Nicotine zambiri zimabweretsa ntchito yowononga ndipo imayimitsa kwambiri kapena imasiya kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo zofunika. Kusuta fodya kapena fodya wina, choyamba, zimakhudza kwambiri mapewa ndi mapapo - utsi wa fodya kwenikweni umatentha ziwalo zaziwalozi.
Samalani za kutenga chinjo, chamba, dope ndi foxglove.
Kuwonjezera apo, shag akuledzera, akhoza kuchepetsa kugonana, kumakhudza tsitsi ndi mtundu wa khungu, komanso kumawonjezera chiwindi. Komabe, zotsatira zovulaza za zomera izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, kotero kuti tipindule ndi shag, muyenera kudziwa momwe, ndi chiani komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito. 
Mukudziwa? Makhorka amaonongeka molakwika kuti ndisakaniza kusuta fodya ku Russia. Ndipotu, zikhalidwe zonse za fodya, monga shag, zalowa mu Ulaya nthawi ya Great Geographical Discoveries, pamene oyendetsa sitima ku Columbus wabweretsa ku Ulaya osati chomera chokhacho, koma ndi chizoloŵezi chowombera utsi wa fodya.
Ntchito zamakampani
Cholinga chachikulu cha shag pansi pa mafakitale ndizolima pofuna zofunikira. Kotero, kuchokera masamba ndi zimayambira za zomera izi zimapanga alkaloid amphamvu kwambiri (chikonga), chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zonse mankhwala ndi poizoni. Phytomass imachokera ku malic ndi citric acid - zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nsalu (monga mankhwala odzola poyeretsa a polyester) komanso m'makampani ogulitsa (sweetener of zakumwa zofewa, ayisikilimu, ndi zinthu zovuta kupanga monga mayonesi kapena vinyo).
Pogwiritsa ntchito sopo, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito maluwa, mandimu, kakale, timbewu tonunkhira, fennel, anise, snakehead, ndi immortelle.
Nthanga za chikhalidwe ichi ndi gwero la mafuta kwambiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sopo, komanso kuwonjezeredwa ku mapangidwe ena. Kawirikawiri, fodya amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa makampani opanga fodya - pafupifupi 5 peresenti ya fodya masiku ano ali ndi fodya.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwawo
Ngati makampaniwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale angapo akuluakulu, pakhomoli ndi othandiza kuti athe kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo towononga mbewu. 
Polimbana ndi tizilombo
Msuzi kapena kupukuta masamba owuma a shag bwino kwambiri kuthandizira zomera m'deralo kuchokera kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi parasitic tizilombo. Kotero, motsutsana ndi ntchentche zowononga, mungagwiritse ntchito fumbi la shag, lomwe muyenera kulibalalitsa pamodzi ndi kaloti. Kulimbana ndi whitefly ndi nsabwe za m'masamba mwanjira yabwino ndiko kusuta fodya. Kukonzekera kwake kudzafunika:
- shag - 200 g;
- madzi - 10 l;
- sopo wamadzi.
Kuphika:
- Wiritsani madzi, tsitsani masamba atsopano a zomera.
- Wiritsani kwa mphindi zisanu ndikuwonjezera 1 tbsp. supuni ya sopo wamadzi.
- Kuzizira, kupsyinjika.
Kabichi ntchentche. Mpweya wapadera wobirira mungu (shag ndi phulusa mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1) udzakuthandizani kuchotsa mitengo ya ntchentche ndi ntchentche, komanso decoction ndi mankhwala onse owononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:- shag - 20 g;
- adyo - 200 g;
- peyi anyezi - 200 g;
- sopo wamadzi.
Kuphika:
- Peel ndi kuwaza mitu ya adyo.
- Lumikizani shag, adyo wodulidwa ndi peyi ya anyezi, kutsanulira 10 malita a madzi. Wiritsani.
- Kuphika kwa maola awiri pa moto wochepa, ozizira ndi mavuto.
- Onjezerani 80 g wa sopo wamadzi ndi kuwonjezera madzi oyera kwa malita 10 (panthawi yophika, madzi akutha).
Werengani momwe mungatulutsire nyerere mu wowonjezera kutentha, momwe mungasamalire nsabwe za m'masamba, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito misozi ndi zomwe mungayipse mimbulu mnyumbamo.
Kukula shag kunyumba
Kukula chomera ichi panyumba si ndalama zambiri kapena ndalama zothandizira - ngakhale agronomist a novice akhoza kuthana nazo.
Kukonzekera Mbewu
Gawo ili ndi lofunika kwambiri, chifukwa khalidwe la kukonzekera ndi kukonzekera mbewu, lidalira zokolola za mtsogolo. Musanadzalemo, mbewu zimayenera kutsogozedwa. Kuti muchite izi, mukusowa chidebe chokhala pansi pansi, momwe mbeu imathiridwa. Kenaka, nyembazo zimafalikira mofanana pamalo onse a chotengera (wosanjikiza sayenera kukhala oposa 3 masentimita) ndipo mudzaze ndi madzi ofunda. Ngati mbewu zina zimabwera, zimayenera kusankhidwa ndikuponyedwa kutali - sizili koyenera kufesa. 
Pambuyo pake, mbewu zimasungidwa m'madzi kwa maola 6-8. Kenaka, madzi ayenera kuthiridwa, ndipo mbewu zokha - zimafalikira pa nsalu yapadera ya kumera. Patatha masiku atatu mukhoza kuyang'ana mbeu: panthawiyi ayamba kumera. Mbewuyo ikangoyamba kuluma, mbewu zimayenera kupatukana ndi kutsanulira pa nsalu yoyera kuti mpweya uzikhala ndi kuyanika. Nthawi yopuma mpweya (mpaka maola 24) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera nthaka.
Zomwe zimayendera pansi
Pofesa shag, njira ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kubzala mbande ndi kubzala mwachindunji ndi mbewu. Njira iliyonseyi ili ndi ubwino wake ndi ubwino wake.
Mbewu
Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: ndi yabwino komanso, monga lamulo, amapereka zokolola zambiri. Komabe, ngati zofesedwa moyenera (ngati mbewu zalowa m'nthaka kuposa masentimita 3), mphukira sizingathetse pansi ndikufa. Kubzala bwino kwa mbewu ndi motere: Malo okonzedwa bwino akugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi masentimita 70 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kenaka, nyemba zouma zimasakanizidwa ndi mchenga wambiri, ndipo zimabzalidwa mu grooves. 
Kuchokera kumwamba (osapitirira 1-2 masentimita wandiweyani) mupange humphwa humus, ndiyeno nthaka iyenera kukhala yothira bwino ndi madzi. Pambuyo pake, pezani mbewu ndi filimu (ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa filimuyo siyuma, ndipo nthawi zonse imabzala kufesa). Mbewuyo itakula mpaka masentimita asanu, filimuyo ikhoza kuchotsedwa - tsopano chomera chimatha kukula kumunda.
Zochepa
Chosavuta cha njirayi ndi chakuti chomeracho sichikukula m'nthaka yake, ndipo pamene chimaikidwa mu nthaka yomaliza, sichitha kukhala ndi chitetezo. Chotsatira chake, chomera nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotheka ndi matenda. Kuyala mbande za shag ndi izi: Poyambirira kukonzekera zitsime - kuya kwake sikuyenera kupitirira 10 cm Mukati mwa dzenje mumapangitse kukhumudwa pang'ono, komwe kumadetsedwa kwambiri ndi madzi.
Ndikofunikira! Mafuta a Shag samafuna madzi okwanira - ndi okwanira kuwamwezera kamodzi pa sabata, koma panthawi yomweyo kuthirira kumakhala kochuluka.Kuthira kwakukulu kowonongeka ndi nthaka yonyowa, yomwe mmera umayikidwa - mizu yake iyenera kusungidwa bwino ndi nthaka youma. Chifukwa cha teknolojia iyi, mizu ya mbande imakula bwino, ndipo mizu yawo siimataya chinyezi. Pamene chomeracho chikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 10, ndizotheka kale kupanga mawonekedwe ndi mizere yochepa ngati kuli kofunikira.
Ndi nthaka yotani yomwe imabzala komanso manyowa
Mdani wamkulu wa shag - "wolimba" kapena "wouma" nthaka. Mmerawo umakula bwino pokhapokha mu nthaka yosakanikirana, choncho mchenga wochepa umalowa m'nthaka usanabzala, kenako nthaka imakumbidwa yunifolomu yosakaniza zojambula. Kukonzekera kwa malo okubzala shag sikuyamba kumapeto kwa kasupe, komanso m'dzinja: isanafike nthawi ya autumn chisanu, phulusa ndi manyowa zimabweretsedwa pansi, ndipo m'chaka - phosphate feteleza wapadera, pafupifupi mlingo wa 20 g wa feteleza pa 1 mita imodzi. m nthaka.
Pambuyo pa nthaka, phosphorous, nthaka iyenera kumasulidwa ndi matope - tsopano ndi yokonzeka kubzala mbewu kapena mbande. Ndizodabwitsa kuti feteleza akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito osati kubzala, komanso panthawi ya kukula ndi kusasitsa kwa mbeu (ngati, mwachitsanzo, kunali mvula yambiri ndipo gawo lina la nthaka linasambitsidwa pansi pa zomera). Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kukula kwa dothi kumakhala kovuta pa zokolola za shag, kotero musamanyalanyaze feteleza: mwachitsanzo, zimatenga pafupifupi 10 kg ya phosphorous ndi 30 kg ya potaziyamu kuti ikhale ndi tani imodzi ya masamba owuma a zomera.
Phunzirani momwe mungazindikire acidity ya dothi, mutenge feteleza, deoxidize, ndi chifukwa chake mukufunika kulima ndi kudula nthaka.
Ndi bwino kugwiritsira ntchito feteleza zokhala ngati fetereza, peat, zitosi za mbalame ndi phulusa la nkhuni. Izi zidzathandiza kuti mbewu yabwino, yomwe, mwa njira, ikhale yolemera matani 3-4 pamtundu umodzi wa dera. 
Mavuto otentha
Ngati kutentha kukuchitika, kulingalira koyeneranso kuyenera kutsatiridwa: mwachitsanzo, ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu (pamwamba pa 25 ° C), shag idzayamba mofulumira, koma zokolola zake ndi zokolola zichepa kwambiri. Ndipo kutentha kwakukulu (pansi pa 3 ° C) kumapangitsa kuti chomeracho chichepetse njira zonse, zomwe zimawopsyeza imfa yake. Zomwe zimakhala zotentha kutentha ndizomwe zimakhala zazikulu za 17-22 ° C - chitukuko chochedwa kukula ndi zizindikiro izi zidzakhala zosawerengeka, ndipo kukula kwa masamba ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi chomeracho chidzakhazikitsidwa m'njira yoyenera.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mbeuyi ili ndi nyengo yabwino yotentha, onetsetsani kuti ziphuphu sizili pansi pa dzuwa - ngati kuli koyenera, gwiritsani ntchito mbendera yapadera ya mbande. Mofananamo, chitetezeni mphukira ku nyengo yozizira: ngati pali chiopsezo cha chisanu, yikani mbande ndi bulangeti wowonjezera, komanso onjezerani zowonjezera za feteleza. 
Kukolola ndi kusungirako
Chikhalidwechi chimabala pamene mawanga achikasu amaonekera pamasamba ake (makamaka masamba apansi) ndi fungo la chikonga. Kololani mwa kudula ndi nkhwangwa lakuthwa: tsinde lililonse limadulidwa mosamala, osayesa kuwononga masamba. Chomera chodzala chogwiritsidwa ntchito mmiyendo ndikupita ku malo ouma pansi pa denga (ili ndi chipinda choyendetsa bwino). Pamatabwa a matabwa aikidwa pansi ndipo amasiyidwa kuti aziuma kwa maola 24. Pambuyo panthawiyi, kuyera pang'ono kudzachitika mukolola billet ("kuyang'ana").
Tsopano chomera chiri wokonzeka kuti chiwume. Tsinde lililonse la shag liyenera kudulidwa pamodzi ndi mpeni (pamwamba ndi pansi pa tsinde ayenera kukhala opanda). Ndondomeko yotereyi (kutsegula m'madzi) ikhoza kuchepetsa nthawi yowuma. Kenaka izi zimakhala zofiira pa ngale zochepa kapena ndodo. Mitengo imayikidwa kuti iume mumthunzi, koma pamalo pomwe pali ndondomeko (mwachitsanzo, chipinda cham'mwamba kapena carport). Tsopano kuyanika kumayambira mwachindunji - ikhoza kutha masiku 10 mpaka 24, malingana ndi mtundu wa mankhwala, nyengo, mpweya wambiri, ndi zina zotero. 
Pambuyo pazomera zonsezi, masamba ayenera kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi zimayambira ndikupangidwe mu thumba loyera, lopaka kapena galasi. Ndikofunika kusankha malo osungirako komwe chinyezi sichigwa (mwachitsanzo, kapu ya khitchini). Сушёную махорку, которая хранится в банке, обязательно нужно проветривать, в противном случае сушка попросту запреет и испортится.Mapesi owuma a chomera amangiriridwa m'magulu ndikusungidwa mu malo osungunuka mu chipinda chouma, chabwino podutsa mpweya (loft kapena khonde ndi yabwino kwa izi).
Makhorka lero siwowamba kwambiri, koma chikhalidwe cha fodya chochuluka, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chothandiza m'makampani monga chakudya, sopo, kupanga nsalu ndi mankhwala. Kudziwa malamulo ndi luso la kufesa, kusamalira ndi kusonkhanitsa bwino mbewu kumathandiza ngakhale katswiri wamaphunziro a sayansi ya ulimi kuti azikula chikhalidwechi ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
