Zakudya zamakono zamakono zimatha kupitirizabe muzinthu zina kuti zithera nthawi yaitali. Izi zinatheka chifukwa cha zinthu zapadera zomwe zimatchedwa conservatives, zomwe tsopano zowonjezera pafupifupi mankhwala onse ogulitsa chakudya. Komabe, pali gawo lina lazinthu zomwe sizilekerera kusakanizikana ndi zotetezera ndipo moyo wawo wa alumali sungakhale wochepa. Nkhaniyi ikugogomezera chimodzi mwa zinthuzi - mkaka, ndi ndondomeko yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha kusakhoza kufotokozera izo pa mlingo woyenera wa kusungidwa - kupukuta.
Kodi mkaka wosakanizidwa ndi chiyani?
Kuti mumvetse bwino njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkaka ukhale wovuta, muyenera choyamba kuthana ndi vuto la chipangizo cha mapuloteni omwe amapanga misala yambiri ya mankhwalawa.
Pezani zomwe mkaka wa ng'ombe umapangidwa, momwe umathandizira, momwe umakonzedwera, momwe umasiyanirana ndi mkaka wa mbuzi.
Mapuloteni akuluakulu atatu aliwonse a mkaka ndi lactoglobulin, lactalbumin ndi casein. Mofanana ndi mamolekyu a mapuloteni ena alionse, mu mawonekedwe awo iwo amafanana ndi mndandanda wa masinthidwe ozungulira.
Pali njira ziwiri zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha puloteni - kutentha ndi kuwonongeka. Pachifukwa ichi, kutsutsa kumatsogola ndikutsogolera njira yowonongeka.
Panthawi yamatsenga mapuloteni amasintha zizindikiro zake zachilengedwe. Zimasintha kukoma kwake, kununkhira, mtundu, zingayambe kusonyeza zinthu zosiyana siyana, koma maonekedwe a miyululekiyo sakhala yosasinthika.
Pa chiwonongeko kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa kachitidwe kaŵirikaŵiri ka ma molekyulu kumachitika, komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe atsopano a mankhwala omwe amapanga. Njira yowonongeka imasinthidwa nthawi zina, pamene chiwonongeko ndi njira yomaliza komanso yosasinthika.
Mukudziwa? Mkaka wopangidwa ndi zisindikizo zazimayi ndi mahatchi amapanga mafuta ochuluka kwambiri (45-50%), pamene abulu ndi akavalo amapereka mkaka wochepa kwambiri (1-1.5%).Ngati titumizira zonse zomwe takambirana pamwambapa, ndiye kuti mkaka umatulutsa mankhwala osakaniza, ndipo mkaka wosakanizidwa ndi mankhwala omwe mapuloteni awo adutsa kupyolera mu chiwonongeko.
Ndi ziwalo zake za organoleptic ndi madzi ndi magulu angapo osiyana. Chapamwamba, yomwe imakhala yowonjezera komanso yowonongeka, imatchedwa whey: makamaka madzi ndi mapuloteni ochepa omwe amasunga maziko apamwamba. Pansi pazomwe zimakhala zandiweyani komanso zandiweyani - izi ndi amino acid, komanso mafuta ndi zakudya. 
Kodi zimachokera pa kutentha kotani?
Kawirikawiri, njira yowononga mamolekyu aliwonse a mapuloteni, makamaka omwe ayamba kutaya katundu wawo, akhoza kukhumudwa ndi pafupifupi chilichonse chothandizira mankhwala kapena thupi.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutaya vinyo wosasa kapena citric acid mumkaka, umayamba kupota. Komabe, njira yachizolowezi komanso yowonjezera ya kukwaniritsa chigwirizano cha mankhwala m'thupi ndikutentha.
Mukudziwa? Chaka chonse, padziko lonse, ng'ombe zoweta zimapanga matani 400 miliyoni.Kutentha kofunikira kuti tiyambe ndi kukwaniritsa bwinobwino mapuloteni owonongeka amasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi magawo ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pamtundu wa zowonongeka, zizindikiro zowonjezera za mapuloteni m'madzi oyambirira, kupezeka kapena kupezeka kwa zinthu zina zosawonongeka (makamaka zotetezera) mu mankhwala, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, chizoloŵezi chimasonyeza kuti pafupipafupi, kutentha kwa + 95-100 ° C, mkaka umagwirizanitsa mkati mwa masekondi 30-40.
Mkaka ukhoza kupota ngati mutayamwa ndi citric acid kapena viniga.N'kuthekanso kuti mkaka wanu udzathetsedwa pamtunda wotsika (kuchokera ku +50 ° C), koma pakadali pano padzakhala kofunikira kuti mapuloteni omwe ali mmenemo ayambe kale pamtunda wina. Komanso, mapuloteni a mkaka amataya kapangidwe kawo komanso chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri (kuyambira -60 ° C).
Fufuzani zomwe nkhungu zofiira ndi kefir.
Mkaka umagwidwa ndi kuwira
Kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika kuti mkaka wogulitsidwa m'sitolo kapena pamsika umachepetsedwa panthawi ya chithandizo chake cha kutentha. Komabe, musathamangitse kutaya katunduyo, chifukwa, ngakhale kuti maonekedwe ake osaoneka bwino ndi owoneka ngati opanda pake, angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosamalitsa mukhitchini yanu.
Pansipa tikambirane zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimapangidwira mkaka panthawi yotentha, komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito.
Chifukwa
Chifukwa chachikulu chakuti zilizonse zomwe zili ndi mapuloteni, kuphatikizapo mkaka, amasintha kayendedwe kawo pa nthawi, ndizomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni. Mwa chikhalidwe chawo cha mankhwala, mosiyana ndi mafuta kapena chakudya, sangathe kusunga malo awo kwa nthawi yaitali. 
Ndipo ndondomeko yotulutsa kutentha kwa chilengedwe kumene imakhala imangowonjezera kayendedwe kake ka zinthu. Komabe, palinso zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimapangidwira pang'onopang'ono kutentha kapena nthawi yochepa yomwe imawonetsa kutentha kwakukulu.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mukufuna kuteteza kukonza mkaka pamene wophika, timalimbikitsa kuti muyang'ane mosamala ndondomekoyi kuti muiwononge nthawi yomwe ingoyamba kuwira.
Izi ndizifukwa:
- Zomwe mkaka wanu unatulutsa kale, ndiko kuti, njira yowonongeka yayamba kale (nthawi zina pamakhala okhutira kotero kuti sangathe kudziwika ndi mphamvu za umunthu);
- Muli ndi mkaka wosakanikirana ndi zokolola zosiyana siyana, zomwe zina mwazinthu zakhala zikuyamba kufotokoza;
- Ng'ombe yomwe idapatsa mkaka umene munagula yaphimba mastitis kapena matenda ena;
- mkaka sunapangidwe pasteurisation okwanira;
- Zokometsera (zinthu zomwe zimasintha kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka mankhwala), mwachitsanzo, soda, viniga kapena citric asidi, amapezeka mu mankhwala anu.
Kodi mungatani kuti muziphika?
Chakudya chabwino kwambiri chomwe chingapangidwe kuchokera pansi, chimbudzi chokwanira cha mkaka wambiri ndi kanyumba tchizi. Pofuna kukonzekera, ndikofunikira kusonkhanitsa mchere pansi pa chidebecho ndi mankhwala, ndiyeno, kuziyika kale mu gauze kapena nsalu ina yomwe ili ndi nambala yokwanira yowonjezera (mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito njerwa kapena choyimira pamwamba).
Misa wandiweyani angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko okonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tchizi, koma izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mavuto ochuluka a zamakono, kotero sizingakhale zosavuta kukonza pakhomo.
Pezani chifukwa chake mkaka umalawa, uli ndi magazi mkaka, mkaka uli ndi fungo losasangalatsa.Seramu, yomwe imakhala yothira madzi ndi mkaka wambiri, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chogwiritsira ntchito popanga zakudya zosiyanasiyana - charlotte, zikondamoyo, fritters, pies ndi zina zotere. Mkate wokonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito whey nthawi zambiri umakhala wosavuta komanso wosangalatsa kuposa mkaka, chifukwa mulibe mafuta ndi mkaka wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mavitamini ena asakonzedwe bwino.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, yogurts zokometsera, kefir ndi mkaka wa mkaka zimapezeka kuchokera kumtundu wambiri wa mkaka. Pofuna kukonzekera, m'pofunika kuwonjezera kuyika kwa lactic asidi kwa mankhwala omwe amagawidwa, omwe apangidwa kuti apangitse kuchuluka kwa lactobacilli yomwe ili mu misala ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo. Nthawi zina seramu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera zakumwa zofewa pogwiritsira ntchito zitsamba ndi madzi otsekemera, monga airan.
Video: Zomwe mungachite mukamapaka mkaka phala
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mukufuna kupanga mkaka wokhala ndi cholinga, ndiye kuti simukuyenera kuwiritsa - ponyani madontho pang'ono a citric acid mu chidebe ndi mankhwala atsopano.
Chifukwa chiyani mkaka sungatheke pamene tikuphika tchizi
Pofuna kupanga tchizi kapena kanyumba tchizi, nthawi zina vuto likhoza kuchitika pamene mkaka umene mwagula sudzafuna kuti ugule. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amakhala amtundu wa mkaka.
Chofotokozedwacho chingapezedwe tsatanetsatane wazinthu, mndandanda wa zowonjezera zomwe timapereka:
- Mwagula mkaka umene uli ndi mapuloteni ochepa kwambiri. Zingatheke kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi.
- Mkaka umene unagula unali wozizira kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti maselo ake a mapuloteni anawonongeka pamene anali ndi zinthu zakuthupi zakunja.
- Zakudya zamtengo wapatali zowonongeka bwino chifukwa cha kuchepa kokwanira.
- Mudagula zosowa zanu ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi zakudya zambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana, ndipo motero kumayambitsa njira yoyamba yowonetsera, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonekera.
- Mkaka umene unagula unali wosakanizidwa ndi kutentha kapena kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumasokoneza chilengedwe cha ma puloteni puloteni pamene kusungirako zakuthupi zakunja ndikumachepetsa mwayi wopitilirapo.
- Mukuyesa kupanga tchizi pansi pa malo osayenera. Mwachitsanzo, musabweretse kutentha kwa chidziwitso chofunikira, musagwiritse ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonongeka, yesetsani kukwaniritsa njira yobweretsera mu chidebe cholakwika (zotengera zitsulo zotayidwa, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri).
Chifukwa chiyani mkaka wosasaka umagulidwa mu sitolo: kanema
Chimene chingawonjezere mkaka, kotero chimapindika, osati chowawa
Monga tanenera kale, n'zotheka kukwaniritsa kuyambika kwa mazira a mapuloteni a mkaka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwakukulu, makamaka mothandizidwa ndi zowonjezera, makamaka za chilengedwe.
Njira zina zopangira mkaka wamakono ndi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri kwa nthawi yochepa, komanso kuyembekezera kwa nthawi yayitali, pamene chiwonongeko chidzachitika mwachilengedwe.
Pakati pa mankhwala omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popeza mkaka wothandizira, ndikofunikira kugawa makamaka citric acid ndi chofufumitsa. Zonsezi ndi zabwino chifukwa zimakhala zosakhudza kukoma, fungo ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe athandizidwa atagwiritsa ntchito.
Phunzirani za mafuta ndi kuchuluka kwa mkaka, tanthauzo la madzi mkaka.Vinyo wosasa, soda ndi zina zilizonse zamchere ndi alkali zingathe kuwonjezeranso mkaka, koma mankhwala omwe athandizidwa atagwiritsa ntchito adzakhala osangalatsa pang'ono kapenaganoleptic katundu.
Choncho, tikuyembekeza kuti nkhani yathu yakuthandizani kuyankha mafunso onse okhudza mkaka wambiri. Akatswiri ambiri ophika padziko lonse amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa pamakina awo, kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zodabwitsa.
Ndemanga
Ndiyenera kusintha kasupe, ndikupaka mkaka nthawi ndi nthawi, sindinayambe kuyamwa mkaka, ndimagwiritsa ntchito ku barre ndi ng'ombe zopangidwa ndi nyumba komanso phukusi zofewa, ndikuyesera kuti ndisatengeko mu tetrapack, ndizophatikizidwa, zomwe zimatanthauza "wakufa."
