Palibenso wina aliyense wamkulu kapena mwana yemwe alibe chidwi ndi yamatcheri. Kuyamba kwa chilimwe kuli kuyembekezera mopepuka, pang'onopang'ono chifukwa nthawi ino ya chaka imabweretsa zipatso zokoma ndi zokometsera. Mwinamwake alimi aliyense, wamaluwa angakonde kukhala ndi chitumbuwa chake chokoma m'munda kuti akondweretse yekha ndi okondedwa ake ndi zipatso zabwino ndi zokoma.
Komabe, kawirikawiri kulima kwa mtengo umenewu kukuphimbidwa ndi mavuto, omwe, poyamba, akugwirizana ndi kulimbana ndi tizilombo towononga. Matenda a chitumbuwa chokoma, kupewa ndi kuchiza kwawo kudzafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi.
Bacteriosis (chilonda kapena khansa ya chitumbuwa)
Monga dzina limatanthawuzira, bacteriosis ndi matenda a bakiteriya. Mitengo yomwe ili ndi zaka zitatu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu imayenderana nayo. Mabakiteriya amatengedwa ndi mvula ndi mphepo. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala mu masamba ndi ziwiya za mtengo.
Mvula yamkuntho ndi yozizira yomwe imagwa mvula kawirikawiri komanso nyengo yamphepo imathandizira kufalikira kwa ziwalo zonse za zomera.
Nthambi za mtengo wodwalayo zili ndi zilonda zam'mimba, chingamu chimachokera kwa iwo. Pa masamba ndi zipatso, mawanga a osasintha mtundu wofiira kapena wakuda ndi malire a chikasu akuwonekera. Mankhwalawa amakhala ndi zilonda zofiira.
Mitengo pamitengo iyi ifa, masamba amafa. Nthawi zina chitumbuwa chimaphedwa. Bacteriosis sizingatheke ngati chilimwe chiri chofunda komanso chouma.
Chithandizo. Pakalipano, njira zothana ndi matendawa sizipezeka, osati chifukwa chomwe chimatchedwanso chitumbuwa cha chitumbuwa. Mtundu uliwonse wa chitumbuwa chokoma umadziwika ndi zosiyana ndi matendawa.
Mitengo yomwe imalandira zakudya zofunikira za nayitrogeni ndi kuthirira moyenera sizitha kutenga matendawa.
Brown spotting (phyllostiktosis)
Kawirikawiri mukhoza kudziwa ngati mtengo wanu uli wathanzi kapena osayang'anitsitsa masamba ake. Ndiwo oyamba kupereka zomera zowononga.
Ngati mwadzidzidzi mutayang'anitsitsa mumawona madontho aang'ono ofiira pa masambawo, ndiye kuti matendawa adzakhumudwitse - chitumbuwa chanu chimadwala ndi phyllostikosis kapena bulauni malo.
Izi ndi matenda a fungal omwe amadziwonetsera okha ngati madontho wakuda pamasamba, spores wa bowa tizilombo. Patapita nthawi, masamba a mtengo wodwala amauma ndi kugwa.
Chithandizo. Masamba okhudzidwa ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuwotchedwa nthawi. Musanaphuke, chithandizo ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi, 1% mkuwa sulphate ndi nitrafen akulimbikitsidwa. Kukonzanso kukwaniritsidwa pambuyo pa maluwa Bordeaux madzi (masabata awiri kapena atatu).
Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri, ndizofunikira kupopera "Home" ya fungicide. Pankhani ya matenda aakulu, mankhwala ena amachitika m'dzinja, pambuyo pa tsamba lakugwa. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala a 3% a Bordeaux zamadzimadzi.
Ndikofunikira! Musanayambe kupopera mbewu yamatcheri, muyenera kudziŵa bwinobwino malamulo otetezeka. Zopambana ndizo: chithandizochi chiyenera kuchitika mu nyengo youma, bata, maso ayenera kutetezedwa ndi magalasi, ndi pakamwa pamphuno - ndi maski.
Kuchokera ku spores za bowa, zomwe zimapangitsa malo a bulauni, zowonongeka mu masamba otsala pansi pa mtengo, m'dzinja nkofunikira kuchotsa mosamala masamba owuma ndi kukumba pansi pambali yozungulira.
Holey malo (klyasterosporioz)
Matenda ena a fungal - perforated spotting kapena klyasterosporioz - amapezeka masika ndi mabala ochepa a bulauni (mdima wofiira, wofiira) m'mphepete mwa masamba, nthambi, masamba, maluwa.
Chifukwa cha kutayika kwa matendawa atatha kamodzi kapena milungu iwiri pamalo awo pamasamba amapangidwa mabowo. Zipatso zoyamba ndizoyamba ndi zofiira zofiira ndipo pakukula kumakhala mitundu yoipa.
Mnofu pamalo ano umasiya kukula ndikuwumitsa mpaka fupa. Ngati nthendayi imafalikira ku mtengo wonse, imakhala yofooka pakapita nthawi ndikubala chipatso choipa.
Chithandizo. Nthambi ndi masamba omwe amakhudzidwa ndi perforated spotting amadulidwa ndi kuwotchedwa. Mabalawo amathandizidwa ndi 1% yothetsera mkuwa wa sulphate, kuzitikita ndi sorelo (katatu pamphindi pa mphindi khumi) ndikutsekedwa ndi munda wamoto kapena utoto wa mafuta.
Pa "pinking" ya masamba, mwamsanga mutatha maluwa ndi masabata awiri kapena atatu pambuyo pake, yamatcheri amapangidwa ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi kapena mkuwa wabwino (25 g pa 10 l madzi). Komanso mankhwala ochotsedwa pambuyo pochotsa nthambi zodwala amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala "Chorus".
Zosokoneza zabodza
Zobisala zabodza zimatanthauzira matenda a fungal ya tsinde la chitumbuwa. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha matenda - chovunda choyera mu nkhuni. Kawirikawiri zimagwera pansi pa thunthu - chikasu, chofiirira, chakuda chakuda chimapangidwa kumeneko.
Miphika ya tizilombo ta tizilombo timayambitsa mabala pa makungwa a mitengo chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dzuwa, kutentha kwa chisanu, kapena kuwonongeka ndi tizirombo. Mtengo wodwala umakhala wofewa mosavuta ndi mphepo.
Chithandizo. Pofuna kuthana ndi chinyengo, kubvunda ndi kuyaka yamatcheri zidzakhala njira zabwino zothetsera nkhondo. Ngati izi sizingatheke, ndiye kuti nthawi zonse muyenera kuyang'ana mtengo ndikuchotsa kukula komwe kwawonekera.
Mabala omwe adzapangidwe chifukwa cha njirayi adzafunika kutsukidwa, kuchitidwa ndi mkuwa sulphate komanso kuphimba ndi munda wamaluwa. Pofuna kupewa, zitsulo zonse ziyenera kuthandizidwa kuti musamawononge makina. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tipewe thunthu ndi nthambi za chigoba.
Sulfure chikasu
Matenda ena a fungalesi a tsinde la chitumbuwa chokoma ndi sulfure-chikasu. Zimayambitsa kuvunda kwa mtima wa brownwood ndi mycelium.
Mitengo imakhala yopota ndipo imaphwanyaphwanya. Zizindikiro za matendawa ndi bowa lomwe limapangidwa ndi makungwa a makungwa ndi zipewa za orange kapena zobiriwira.
Chithandizo. Pofuna kuteteza matendawa kuti asapitirire pa yamatcheri, m'pofunika kutenga njira zothandizira kuti mapangidwe a chisanu akhudze. M'dzinja ndifunika kuti whiten mitengo ikuluikulu ndi zigoba nthambi. Kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira kwambiri kuti azivala.
Ngati sizikanatheka kupewa kupewa kuzizira ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa, malowa ayenera kuyeretsedwa, kusungidwa bwino komanso kujambulidwa. Pamene bowa atakhazikitsidwa, mtengo uyenera kuwonongedwa kapena kuchotsedwa mwamuyaya ndikupiritsa mabala.
Coccomycosis
Mvula yambiri ingayambitse coccomycosis mu yamatcheri. Zizindikiro zake zimakhala ndi mawanga ofiira ofiira pa masamba. Masamba okhudzidwa amakhala achikasu poyamba, kenako amawunikira, ndipo pamapeto pake amatha. M'zaka zoyambirira za matendawa, chitumbuwa chokoma chimataya zipatso zake, ndiyeno imadzifa yokha.
Chithandizo. Kuteteza chitumbuwa chokoma kuchokera ku coccomycosis kumachitika mu nthawi ya kutupa kwa impso. Kupopera mbewu yoyamba kumachita bwino ndi mkuwa sulphate (300 g pa 10 malita a madzi).
Pamene masamba ayamba kuphuka, muyenera kupopera Bordeaux osakaniza. Ndikofunika kuti muzitsatira malamulo agrotechnical akukula mitengo ya zipatso, yomwe ili nthawi yowonongeka kwa masamba okhudzidwa, zipatso ndi kukumba pansi pansi pa korona wa chitumbuwa chokoma.
Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, mungagwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa kuchokera ku coccomycosis monga "Hom", "Zorus", "Topaz", "Horus". Kotero kuti zosakaniza sizikusambidwa, sopo yotsuka ndi yowonjezeredwa ku zothetsera.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati matendawa afalikira ndi kupopera mbewu katatu m'nthawi ya chilimwe, kuti mupewe kutentha kwa masamba, gwiritsani ntchito nthambi imodzi yoyamba ndi Bordeaux madzi. Popanda kutentha pamasiku ochepa mukhoza kuthana ndi mtengo wonse wa mtengo.
Kugwira Cherry
Matenda ofala kwambiri ndi gummy chitumbuwa. Zimapezeka pamitengo yowonongeka chifukwa cha chisanu kapena moniliasis, mitsempha kapena matenda ena.
Amasonyezedwa mwachinsinsi pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya gamu (glue) mitengo, pamene kuzizira kumapanga maonekedwe oonekera.
Chithandizo. Pofuna kuteteza matenda, m'pofunika kuonjezera kukana kwa mtengo, kuzimitsa bwino ndi kuthirira madzi. Matani ozizira ayenera kuyeretsedwa, zilonda ziyenera kukhala zotetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zokutidwa ndi munda wamtengo wapatali kapena nigrol putty (70% ya nigrol + 30% yosweka phulusa). M'madera a gum excretion, kutsetsereka kosavuta kwa makungwa kukulimbikitsidwa.
Matenda a Sweet Cherry a Mose
Matenda a Mose ndi matenda a tizilombo omwe amachititsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitetezeke kwambiri mu yamatcheri. Zizindikiro za matenda: Zoyamba, mikwingwirima yachikasu imawonekera pamtunda pamasamba, kenako masamba otukuka, otembenukira bulauni ndi kufa.
Vutoli limafalikira ndi tizilombo, panthawi ya katemera wa cuttings ndi kudulira mitengo yathanzi komanso yathanzi ndi zipangizo zopanda mankhwala.
Chithandizo. Palibe mankhwala. Zingatetezedwe - kuchitira mitengo kuchokera ku tizilombo, kuyang'ana njira zodzipatula, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowyala bwino. Kuchokera kwa odwala ndi yamatcheri, mwatsoka, muyenera kuchotsa.
Kulira kwa Mose
Zizindikiro za kulira kwa maonekedwe zimapezeka pamasamba a chitumbuwa - mphete zobiriwira kapena zoyera zimapangidwa pa iwo, zomwe zimatuluka, mabowo amakhala m'malo awo.
Chithandizo. Chimodzimodzi ndi matenda a mosai.
Mukudziwa? Matenda a Mose amatha kupezeka pamtunda kwa chaka, ndipo kumveka kwapakati kwa zaka ziwiri.
Mame a Mealy
Matendawa ndi owopsa kwa mbande zazing'ono komanso panthawi yocheka. Matendawa amadzaza ndi kuchepa kwa kukula kwa mbewu komanso kufa kwa tsamba la msanga.
Chizindikiro chachikulu cha powdery mildew ndi choyera (ndipo pamapeto pake amavala imvi) powdery deposit pamapepala ndi mphukira. Matenda odwala amadwala, owuma ndi kufa.
Chithandizo. Pofuna kuthana ndi powdery mildew, mankhwala ochulukirapo ambiri apangidwa: Topaz, Phytodoctor, Strob, etc. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito katatu mankhwalawa ndi 2% colloidal sulfure kapena 2% laimu-sulfure decoction pa masiku 15, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa aqueous njira ya potaziyamu permanganate ndi kulowetsedwa wa refractory udzu.
Chokoma chokoma
Tsamba limawononga masamba a yamatcheri, mawanga a bulauni amawoneka pa iwo. Patapita kanthawi, amawongolera mu chubu ndikuuma. Zipatso zobiriwira zimayambanso.
Chithandizo. Kulima, kuwonongeka kwa zipatso ndi masamba, kachilombo katatu (pokhapokha mutatulutsa maluwa, mutatha kukolola) kupopera chlorine dioxide (40 g / 10 l madzi) kapena 1% Bordeaux madzi.
Grey kuvunda (monilioz)
Zizindikiro za moniliosis zimasinthidwa ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa mphukira ndi nthambi za mtengo - zimakhala bulauni. Pamene matendawa amakula kwambiri, nthambi zimakhala zovuta, ngati kuti zatenthedwa. Kenaka, kukula kwakukulu kumaoneka pamakungwa a mtengo.
Mwachiwawa, kukula kukuwonekera pa zipatso za chitumbuwa chokoma, zipatso zimayamba kuvunda, zimauma. Pa nthambi zakale, m'malo omwe zowola zimakhala zakhazikika, ming'alu imapangidwanso.
Chithandizo. Popeza bowa ndi omwe amachititsa kuti michere ya Monilla cinerea isangalale pa zipatso ndi nthambi zam'madzi, kuwonongeka kwa zipatso za masamba, masamba ndi masamba ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi imvi.
Kukula kwa moniliosis kumatetezedwa ndi yoyera yoyera yoyera ya mitengo ndi zigoba. Mofanana ndi matenda ambiri, imvi yovunda imatha kumenyedwa ndi mankhwala opopera. Ndifunikanso kuchita njira zothandizira kuthetsa tizilombo towononga.
Mukudziwa? Mitengo ya yamatcheri yowonongeka ndi tizilombo timayambitsa matenda.
Tsilindrosporioz (white dzimbiri)
Ndi matenda aakulu a dzimbiri, chitumbuwa chimadumpha masamba pakati pa chilimwe. Bowa limayambitsa nkhuni za nthambi; zilonda zimayambira pazimene zimayambira.
Makungwawo amakhala ofiira-bulauni kapena bulauni. Mitengo imafooketsa ndipo ikhoza, popanda kupulumuka chisanu chowopsa, imatha kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Chithandizo. Kuchotsa ndi kuwotcha nthambi za matenda. Popeza kuti matendawa salowa mkati mwa makungwa abwino, m'pofunika kutsatira ndondomeko zoyenera kuzisamalira ndipo mwamsanga muzitsatira ming'alu ndi mabala omwe amapangidwa ndi kuvulaza, kupiritsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kusinthanitsa. Komanso muyenera kuthana ndi tizilombo towononga makungwa.
Kudya nthambi
Mliriwu wa fungal, kukula kosaoneka kapena gulu kamene kakuphulika kumaoneka pamakungwa a nthambi zakufa.
Chithandizo. Kudulira ndi kuwononga nthambi zokhudzana ndi bowa. Kuchiza mabala ndi munda wamaluwa.
Kupewa ndi kuteteza chitumbuwa ku matenda
Ife tafotokoza mtundu wanji wa yamatcheri ndi matenda ndi momwe mungawachitire. Dziwani izi zidzakuthandizani kupeza mavuto ndi kukula kwa yamatcheri kuti muwadziwe ndipo mwamsanga mukuyamba kuwathetsa, kuti musataye mbewu.
Komabe, zowonongeka zimayambika pokonza mavuto. Kuteteza chitetezo cha yamatcheri okoma, mofanana, ndi chimodzimodzi ndi mitengo yonse ya zipatso. Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- kukonza nthawi ndi kuyatsa masamba osagwa ndi zipatso zovunda;
- kupukuta korona wokhuthala;
- kukumba mozama nthaka nthaka ziwembu;
- Kupewa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa musanayambe madzi excretion: urea (700 g / 10 l madzi), Bordeaux madzi (100 g / 10 l madzi), mkuwa sulphate (100 g / 10 l madzi),
- mobwerezabwereza kupewa kupopera mankhwala pambuyo pa kuyamba kwa maluwa;
- zowononga yophukira kupopera mbewu pambuyo pa kutola zipatso;
- mankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kukhazikika kwa chitumbuwa chokoma kuti chisokoneze mikhalidwe ndi zochitika, monga "Zircon", "Ecoberin".
Choncho, mankhwala othandiza kwambiri pa matenda ndi kugwirizana ndi agrotechnical malamulo ndi mwachangu pa nthawi yake chisamaliro, amene yamatcheri adzakuthokozani chifukwa cha mowolowa manja kukolola zokoma zipatso.
