Chifuwa cha mbalame chimawoneka ngati matenda aakulu, pomwe panthawiyi mafupa amatha kupweteka m'matumbo ndipo matumbo amayamba.
Matendawa anayamba kufotokozedwa mu 1884 pamodzi ndi diphtheria, ndipo kale mu 1980 iwo adadziwika ngati matenda odziimira.
Matenda opatsiranawa omwe Mycobacteriumavium amachititsa amakhala aakulu. Chifuwa chachikulu chimayambitsa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame.
Izi ndi nkhuku, abakha oweta ndi abusa, nkhuku, swans, flamingos, pheasants, atse. Zimadziwika kuti matendawa amapezeka pamitundu pafupifupi 80 ya mbalame. Otsitsimutsa amakhala m'minda, zovuta kwambiri kulekerera chifuwa chachikulu. Koma pakati pa nkhuku zambiri anthu amadwala oposa miyezi 12.
Kodi mbalame ya chifuwa chachikulu ndi chiyani?
Poyamba, chifuwa cha TB chinatengedwa kuti chikhale ndi diphtheria, koma kenako chinadziwika ngati matenda odziimira.
Panthaŵi ina, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti chifuwa chachikulu cha mbalame chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mycobacteria. Kenaka anapeza kuti anthu ndi mbalame amawona mitundu yosiyana ya matenda, omwe sangathe kudziwika.
Chifuwa cha mbalame chimapezeka m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo Uruguay, Venezuela, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Russia, ndi zina zotero. Nthaŵi zambiri zimapezeka kumpoto, kumene kuli nyengo yozizira.
Chifukwa cha zovuta za matendawa zimakhala zovuta kudziwa molondola mlingo wa matenda. Kuchepetsa kufala kwa matendawa kukhoza kokha mwa kusintha njira ya mbalame. Choncho, chifukwa cha chisankho ichi ku Canada, chiŵerengero cha chiwongoladzanja chafika ku 1-26%.
Popeza kuti matendawa amayamba kukula m'magulu akuluakulu a mbalame, izi zimabweretsa mavuto azachuma. Kuwonongeka kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kufa kwa mbalame komanso kuchepa kwa dzira. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mbalame kumalo osungirako, ndalama zimatha kuchepa.
Zinthu zovuta kwambiri zimawonetsedwa mu zojambula. Choncho, chifuwa chachikulu ndi choopsa kwambiri kwa mitundu yosawerengeka ya mbalame. Ndizosatheka kuthetseratu matendawa, chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapulumuka m'nthaka, pokhapokha ngati malowo sakuyeretsedwa mokwanira.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Wothandizira causative chifuwa cha TB ndi Mycobacteriumavium. Ikhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali pansi kapena pa zinyalala.
Zimadziwika kuti bakiteriya ndi tizilombo toza nkhumba, nkhumba ndi akavalo. Nkhuku, zomwe ndi nkhuku, zili ndi kachilombo ka HIV.
Zimadziwika kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakula pa kutentha kwa + 47 ° C pa zakudya zam'madzi. Pa madzi osakaniza omwe ali ndi glycerin, bacilli akufutukula mawonekedwe a filimu yowumitsa.
M'matupi a mbalame omwe adwala matenda a chifuwa chachikulu, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapitirizabe kwa chaka chimodzi, ndi manyowa kwa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri.
Mycobacteriumavium imasiyanitsidwa ndi asidi, mowa, ndi antiformal resistance. Zinthu zoterezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakukhazikitsa kachilombo koyambitsa matenda.
Zochitika ndi zizindikiro
Chithandizo cha matenda ndi zizindikiro zazikulu zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa mbalame.
Choncho, nkhuku nthawi yotulutsira imakhala pafupifupi zaka khumi.
Zizindikiro zoyamba ndi zofooka komanso zosatheka, malungo, komanso kupanga dzira. Pamene ndondomekoyi ikuchitika, pallor ndi ridge wrinkling, kusowa kwa njala, ndi kutopa kwakukulu.
Nthawi zina, ziwalo za miyendo, kutsekula m'mimba, kupweteka kwa chiwindi ndi nthata. Zizindikiro za m'mimba zamatumbo zimasiyana. Choncho, nkhuku zimakhala ndi kutsekula m'mimba komanso kufooka. Kuonjezerapo, kupyolera mu khoma la m'mimba, mukhoza kufufuza nodes.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ndi kuyenda moyenera ndi kudyetsa bwino nkhuku zodwala, zizindikiro za matendawa ndizosavuta. Mbalame zimakhala ndi thupi labwino kwa nthawi ndithu.
46-86% mazira oikidwa ndi anthu odwala ndi osapangidwira. Nkhuku zomwe zimagwedezeka zimapanga mankhwala a causative, ngakhale kuti yankho la tuberculin likhoza kukhala loipa.
Nkhuku yoyera ya Moscow ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha nkhuku zamba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'midzi ya Russia.Tetezani nkhuku zanu ku hemophilia. Zonsezi zikupezeka pa: //selo.guru/ptitsa/kury/bolezni/k-virusnye/gemofilez.html.
Zizindikiro za chifuwa chachikulu mu mbalame zina:
- Mabakha ndi turkeys kwa nthawi yayitali amakhalabe mafoni ndi mafuta. Anthu amawonetsa ziphuphu komanso zofooka. Mazira a mbalame zomwe zili ndi kachilombo sakhala ndi thanzi labwino.
- Mu pheasants nthawi yotulutsira imatenga nthawi yaitali. Pa gawo lotsatirali, kutopa, kusowa kudya, kusowa manja ndi kutsekula m'mimba kumawonedwa.
- Mbalame zokongoletsera, kuphatikizapo mayary ndi mapulothi, zimatopa chifukwa cha kutopa, kuchepa magazi m'thupi, ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Kutsika kwa dzira yopanga dzira kumadziwikanso.
Malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka, matendawa amatha ngakhale zaka zingapo. Kawirikawiri mbalame imamwalira chifukwa cha kutaya kwa magazi, chifukwa cha kupweteka kwa chiwindi kapena chiwindi.
Zosokoneza
Choyambitsa matendawa chimapangidwa pambuyo powerenga chithunzi chachikulu ndi zizindikiro zamankhwala. Pofuna kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa chifuwa chachikulu, m'pofunika kupanga smears ndikuzindikira maselo osagonjetsedwa pamenepo. Kuonjezerapo, kukula kwa magulu a mycobacterial kuyenera kuwonetsedwa pa zakudya zowonjezera.
Alipo njira zambiri zochizira matenda chifuwa chachikulu:
- Kuyeza kwa tuberculin chofunika kwambiri pa matenda aakulu. Mayesero onse amachitika kumalo a thupi kumene kulibe ziphuphu. Allergen ikuperekedwa zonse mkati ndi- pansi. Chofunika kwambiri ndicho njira yoyamba.
Kuphunzira za zomwe zimachitidwa kumachitika masiku awiri. Kutupa kwa m'deralo kumaonedwa kuti ndibwino, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zoipa zabodza ndi zabodza zimapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mayesowa a khungu amasonyeza kuti panali kukhudzana ndi mycobacteria. Kuti mudziwe bwinobwino, m'pofunika kubwereza mayeso pamwezi.
- Njira yowonongeka yotchedwa immunosorbent test enzyme amalola kuti azindikire ma antibodies mu sera. Popeza kuchuluka kwake sikuyenera kukhala kochepa, njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa matenda a chifuwa chachikulu m'thupi mwa mbalame zopanda kanthu popanda ziwalo za thupi.
- Zomwe zimawathandiza amawona kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuyesedwa khungu. Komabe, njira iyi ingaperekenso zotsatira zabwino zabodza.
- Kusiyanitsa mitundu. Tikukamba za kutsegula mtembo. Chifuwa cha TB chingasokonezedwe ndi typhoid, njira za oncologic, enterohepatitis kapena kolera chifukwa cha kuvulala kofanana. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chifuwa chachikulu ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha bacilli.
Chithandizo
Pofuna kulandira nkhuku, mankhwala osokoneza bongo samagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa ndi osauka.
Mankhwala opha tizilombo ndi okwera mtengo, chifukwa amapatsidwa mitundu yodabwitsa yokha. Kotero, kuphatikiza nthawi zambiri kumaperekedwa. isoniazid, rifampicin ndi ethambutol.
Pali njira ina yothandizira mankhwala:
- Pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, kuphatikizapo pyrazinamide, isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin ndi ethambutol ziyenera kuperekedwa kwa mbalame zodwala.
- Ngati bacteriocarrier ikupitirira, ndiye miyezi 3-4 tsiku lililonse, kapena rifampicin ndi isoniazid ayenera kupatsidwa tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kawirikawiri, anthu odwala samatemera katemera, chifukwa amathandiza kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa chifuwa chachikulu cha TB. Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, pali njira zambiri zomwe zingatengedwe, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kufufuza bwino kwa mbalame kuti zikhalepo chifukwa cha chifuwa chachikulu cha TB.
Pakapita nthawi, mankhwala amaonedwa ngati osagwira ntchito. Mbalame yodwalayo imangowonongeka, chifukwa imaimira ngozi ngakhale ku thanzi laumunthu.
Kupewa
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri choteteza matendawa ndi kuchotsa mbalame zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino poyeza TB.
Ngati munthu mmodzi yemwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV amakhalabe m'gululi, chitukuko chotheka cha matendawa n'chotheka. Kuti mudziwe kuti ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.
Ziri zosavuta kuti zithetse matendawa popha mbalame pambuyo pa nthawi yopatula.. Chifukwa cha izi, n'zotheka kuchepetsa chitetezo cha mycobacteria. Ngati chitukuko cha ziweto chikukonzekera, ndiye kuti ndikofunika kusintha malo ogwidwa.
Zina zothandizira:
- Kuyika zipangizo zatsopano, popeza kuti matenda ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito;
- Kuika mipanda, kuti mbalame zowola zisathe kufalitsa matenda;
- chiwonongeko cha mbalame zomwe zimatulutsa zilonda zopweteka;
- kulengedwa mu malo atsopano a phukusi latsopano.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri omwe angathe kuvulaza thupi la munthu. Choncho, nkoyenera kukhala ndi mtima wokhudzidwa ndi zomwe nkhuku zimadya komanso osanyalanyaza chitetezo.
