Matenda a mphesa - amaopseza kwambiri chomera ichi. Mitundu yokoma ndi yayikulu kwambiri imakhala yowonongeka kwa iwo, ngakhale ntchito ya obereketsa. Choncho, kuti mupeze zokolola zabwino, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungachitire mphesa ku matenda.
Mukudziwa? Mphesa - chomera chokha mdziko lapansi chomwe chimafufuza sayansi yapadera - ampelography.
Necrosis ya zitsulo
Matendawa nthawi zambiri amawombera achinyamata. Kunja, imadziwonetsera ku browning ndi kupitirira pang'ono kwa maselo pafupi ndi ziwiya za nkhuni. Mphesa zokhudzidwa zimagwa pambuyo pa kukula ndipo zimakhala zowonongeka ndi nyengo yoipa (chilala, mphepo yamphamvu, chisanu, etc.). Chifukwa cha odwala matendawa amakhulupirira bowa, lomwe limalowa mu nkhuni m'nyengo yozizira. 
Pofuna kuteteza ndi kuchepetsa matendawa ndibwino kuti:
- Pakukonzekera ndi kusungidwa kwa mpesa sagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimateteza chinyezi, mwachitsanzo, polyethylene;
- Mphesa yamphesa yamphesa iyenera kukhala pa dothi lokhazikika ndi ngalande yabwino;
- Nthawi ndi nthawi yonjezerani feteleza feteleza pansi pa zomera zamasamba.
Kuphuka mphukira
Si matenda, chifukwa amayamba chifukwa cha matenda osokoneza bongo m'munsi mwa gululo. Amakhala ndi mvula yambiri kapena kusowa kwa chinyezi. Matendawa amakula mofulumira. Mawanga opangidwa ndi dotted and oblong a bulauni ndi mtundu wakuda akuwonekera. Chotupa chimakwirira zigawo zakuya za mphukira.
Kulimbana ndi kuyanika ndi:
- kupopera mankhwala ndi 0.75% magnesium chloride, 0.75% calcium chloride, kapena kusakaniza kwazikonzekerezi (ndondomeko - 0,5%);
- kupopera mankhwala a magnesium sulphate 3%.
Ndikofunikira! Pakuti mphesa, makamaka zovuta ku mankhwala, mankhwala osokoneza bongo si abwino. Pankhaniyi, pangani feteleza zovuta.
Alternaria
Imodzi mwa matenda omwe amafala kwambiri pa masamba a mphesa. Zimathandiza kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa mvula ndi kutentha. Choyamba, masambawo amawoneka ngati kuwala kwa zizindikiro za necrosis pakati. Kenaka pepalayo imakhala yakuda, nkhungu imayamba. Zipatso zimafalikira, zimatuluka ndipo zimakhala zopanda pake. 
Ndikofunikira! Nkhondo yolimbana ndi Alternaria iyenera kuyamba pamene masamba awiri oyambirira akuoneka pa mpesa m'chaka.
Akatswiri pankhani ya zilonda za matendawa amalimbikitsa:
- Chotsani mosamala masamba otsala a mphesa, mphukira zakufa, makungwa, ndi zina zotero, chifukwa chiri mu nyengo zachisanu za bowa;
- kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokula kukonzekera mphesa Bordeaux madzi, ndiye - ngati n'kofunikira, masiku khumi ndi awiri. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa "Kvadris", "Rapid Gold", "Skor", "Kolfugo Super."
Armillaria
Dzina lachiwiri la matenda a fungal ndi mizu zowola. Amadziwika ndi kuundana kwa mizu ya mphesa, amakhala otayirira ndi ofewa, masamba owuma. Bowa amatha kuoneka pansi pa chitsamba ndi maso. Chomeracho chimamwalira. 
Akatswiri amalangiza kuti:
- kukumba mizati pakati pa munda wamphesa ndi nkhalango ndi minda yamapiri pofuna kupewa matenda ndi fungal spores;
- kuwononga zomera zomwe zimadwalitsa ndi kuwonongera nthaka yomwe ili pansi pawo ndi mitsempha ya zitsulo zamkuwa.
Ndikofunikira! Pa tsamba lopatsirana, mphesa sizinabzalidwe kwa chaka chimodzi.
Aspergillus avunda
Fungal matenda a mphesa, kukhudza zipatso mu nyengo youma. Poyamba, mawanga oyera amapangidwa pa zipatso. Patapita nthawi, amdima. Malo amaphunziro amakhala ofewa, opsinjika. Kenaka zipatso zimayamba kuphulika, pachimake choyera chimawoneka pa iwo, ndiye_misala wakuda-bulauni wakuda. Masangowa amakhala osasamala. 
Njira zothana ndi matendawa ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza mphesa zabwino ndi izi:
- yokolola mwamsanga pamene yakucha, kuti asakhale ndi nthawi yolaola;
- Kusamba mosamala kwa masamba otsalira kumene bowa angakhale.
Vuto loyera
Chifukwa cha matenda ndi bowa. Kawirikawiri zimakhudza munda wamphesa mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, dzuwa litagwa kapena matalala. Ikuyenda mofulumira kwambiri. Mu maola angapo chabe, zipatsozo zimadetsedwa komanso zimatopa. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha zovunda zoyera mu nyengo yowuma ndi maonekedwe a madontho a pinki, ndi nyengo yamvula - zida zakuda. Zipatso za munthu aliyense, mbali ya gulu kapena gulu lonse likhoza kuonongeka. Kugwa pansi, zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimakhala malo obereketsera matenda. 
Pofuna kupewa ndi kulimbana ndi kuvunda koyera, njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- onetsetsani kuti mukugwira munda wamphesa "Kolfugo Super" kapena "Fundazol" mutatha matalala;
- simungathe kutenga cuttings ku matenda baka chifukwa chodzala;
- Mphepo zomwe zakhala zovunda zoyera m'mbuyomu zimatengedwa ndi fungicides 2-3 nthawi pa nyengo kuti zisawathandize.
Uvundi wa acid
Harbinger yoyamba ya matendawa ndi mawonekedwe a zipatso zobiriwira zovunda m'magulu a mphesa. Kawirikawiri, kuvuta kwa asidi kumakhudza mitundu ndi yowutsa mudyo wamkati komanso woonda khungu. Patangotha kanthawi kochepa, nambala yawo ikuwonjezeka, ntchentche za zipatso zimayamba kuwuluka kupita kununkhiza. 
Pozindikira kuti matendawa akulimbikitsidwa:
- pang'onopang'ono chotsani masango onse owonongeka;
- kuchitira munda wamphesa ndi tizilombo, mwachitsanzo, "Fitoverm", bordeaux madzi kapena spray munda sulfure.
Mukudziwa? Wasayansi wa ku France Pierre-Marie Alexis Milardé anapanga madzi a Bordeaux makamaka kuti amenyane ndi matenda a fungalomu a mphesa. Masiku ano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga fungicide ndi chikhalidwe china.
Grey kuvunda
Zimakhudza zipatso, zomwe zimayambira mdima, zimatuluka, kenako zimadzazidwa ndi imvi yamvula. Popeza palibe njira zothetsera matendawa, chithandizo chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa pofuna kupewa:
- nthawi ndi nthawi kumasula nthaka pansi pa chitsamba ndi kuwononga namsongole;
- nthawi yochotsa magulu odwala;
- chomera mphesa patali kwambiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake mpweya wokwanira ndi kutentha;
- spray zipatso 1% njira ya soda kapena mankhwala a ayodini (madontho 30-40 a ayodini amasungunuka mu chidebe cha madzi). Mankhwalawa amachitidwa kamodzi pa masiku khumi ndikukayikira pang'ono za kuvunda kwa imvi.
Black kuvunda
Matenda a fungal, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza minda yamphesa yomwe ili pafupi ndi madzi. Zipatso pang'onopang'ono zimafalikira ndi kutembenuka wakuda. Pamakhala chinyezi chakuda, mitundu yovunda yowola, ndipo nyengo yowuma imangouma. Pambuyo pa kugwa panthaka ndizo zonyamula matendawa. Ndi zowola zakuda, mawanga omwe ali ndi mdima wobiriwira amawonekera pa masamba, ndipo zimakhala zovuta zakuda zimayambira pa zimayambira. Popeza kuti matendawa sakhala ochiritsidwa, kulimbana nawo kumakhala koletsedwa:
- kuwonongeka kwa zipatso za matenda, zimayambira, masamba;
- kuchotsa minda yamphesa yakale.
Bacteriosis
Kutenga kumakhudza mphesa nthawi ya kukula. Amadziwika ndi maonekedwe a bulauni ndi pinki pa zipatso, zomwe zimakhala ndi makwinya. M'tsogolo, zipatsozo zimauma. Zimayambitsa chitukuko cha matendawa.
Pofuna kupewa ndi kuchiza, ndibwino kuti:
- chitetezo cha minda yamphesa kuchokera ku dzuwa;
- kuchotsedwa kwa zipatso zowonongeka;
- kulimbana ndi tizilombo towononga chipolopolo cha mphesa.
Khansa ya bakiteriya
Matenda a bakiteriya, chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe chimapanga zotupa pansi pa cortex. Pambuyo pachisanu cha chisanu, mphutsi zoterezi zimaphulika, kusokoneza umphumphu wa makungwa.
Kuti chithandizo ndi kuchepetsa khansa ya bakiteriya ya mphesa ikhale njira zotere:
- kuteteza mphukira zachangu ku chisanu;
- kupeŵa kuwonongeka kwa makina muzitsulo zilizonse;
- kuchotseratu nthawi yake nthambi za matenda; Pakadali pano mdulidwewu umakhala ndi mankhwala 3% a Bordeaux osakaniza kapena 5% yothetsera sulfate;
- Ngati matendawa atha kale mphesa, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza phosphorous, kuchotsa nayitrogeni kwa zaka zingapo. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito phulusa la nkhuni.
Rubella opatsirana
Matenda a bowa amapezeka mwachitsulo chilichonse cha masamba ndi nthambi. Nkhunda zopweteka zimasunthira ku kamera kakang'ono kamsongole ndi udzu. Poyamba, mabala a dzimbiri a mahatchi amaoneka pamapepala, ndipo posakhalitsa masambawo amagwera kwathunthu. Zotsalira zotsamba zotere zimakhala zonyamula matendawa. 
Kupewa ndi kuchiza matendawa:
- kuwonongeka kwa masamba okhudzidwa;
- kukumba nthawi zonse pansi pa tchire ndi kudulira mosamala za mphukira;
- kulandira mabala pa nthambi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
- Kusamba kwa masamba a masamba a mphesa ndi fungicides (Ridomil Gold, Bordeaux osakaniza, etc.); Zokonzekera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa masamba ndi pamunsi;
- mineral fetereza za nthaka (mwachitsanzo, potaziyamu nitrate) ndi organic feteleza, zomwe zimapangitsa kukana kwa matenda.
Kutchedwa necrosis
Mbewu yamphesa yotchedwa necrosis ndi matenda a fungal omwe amawonetseredwa ndi maonekedwe a minofu yakufa pansi pa khungu. Mdima womwewo umapangidwa nthawi ndi masamba. Kupewa ndi kuchiza matendawa ndi motere:
- chiwonongeko cha masamba akugwa;
- Kukumba kwakukulu kwa nthaka pansi pa chomera;
- Kudulira panthawi yake nthambi, zomwe zimapereka mpweya wabwino pakati pa mphukira;
- kusungirako zokolola m'madera ozungulira mpweya;
- chithandizo cha mbande ndi njira yothetsera ferrous sulfate (4%).
Oidium (powdery mildew)
Kugonjetsedwa kwa masamba a oidium kumayambidwa ndi maluwa oyera. Posakhalitsa mdima wandiweyani amaoneka pa mphukira, ndipo masamba akugwa. Kunja, mbali zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zomera zikuwoneka ngati zokonzedwa ndi phulusa. Pakukolola mphesa, mphesa ziphulika, imvi yambiri imakhala yochokera kwa iwo. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa chitukuko cha matendawa kungakhale nyengo yozizira kapena kusintha kwakukulu mu kutentha kwa mpweya.
Spring processing yamphesa kuchokera ku oidium ikuchitika ndi yankho la colloidal sulfure (1%). Amabwerezedwa masiku onse 10-12 mpaka zizindikiro za matendawa zikutha. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera "Acrobat MC", "Carbis Top". 
Ndikofunikira! Mulimonsemo sangathe kutenga kufalitsa kwa cuttings za zomera zomwe zakhudza.
Mildew (mildew)
Matendawa amakhudza mbali zonse za mphesa. Zimayambira ndi madontho aang'ono obiriwira pamwamba pa masamba, omwe amakula pang'onopang'ono. Pakapita nthawi tsamba limakhala lofiirira, limauma ndi kugwa. Zomwezo zimachitika ndi zokhudzidwa zimayambira, masamba ndi zipatso. Kaŵirikaŵiri matendawa amayamba mu theka lachiwiri la masika - theka lachilimwe la chilimwe. 
Chitetezo cha mphesa ku matenda ndi ofanana ndi chilengedwe ndi:
- kuwotcha masamba onse ogwa;
- kukumba kuzungulira chitsamba;
- nthawi yodulira mphesa zabwino mpweya wabwino;
- kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa tchire ndi mkuwa wochuluka (Bordeaux osakaniza, mkuwa oxychloride) mu magawo awiri (pamaso maluwa ndi masiku 14). Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa "Oxy", "Kurzat", "Hom", "Polyhom".
Septoria
Dzina lina la matendawa ndi malanosis. Makhalidwe abwino a chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yoyamba ya matendawa, nkhumba zing'onozing'ono zimatha kuoneka pa masamba. Pamakhala chinyezi, nkhungu yotentha imatha kukhazikanso pansi pa masamba. Posakhalitsa imadontho ndi kugwa, kukhalabe chonyamulira cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kuchitira mphesa mwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi ofooka njira Bordeaux osakaniza. (1%). Pakuti kupewa matendawa mosamala kuwononga masamba akugwa ndi kuwonongeka baka.
Mdima wakuda
Zimakhudza mbali zapamwamba za mbeu. Zizindikiro za matenda ndi:
masamba obiriwira pamasamba, pang'onopang'ono amasanduka mawanga wakuda;- kusintha mtundu wa zipatso kupita ku mdima wonyansa, wamba, kukoma kwawo kumachepa;
- kukula kwa zowola mu mphukira.
masamba obiriwira pamasamba, pang'onopang'ono amasanduka mawanga wakuda;- Kugwiritsa ntchito zotsalira zazomera mu kugwa;
- kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa Bordeaux madzi kapena "Euparenom" pa nyengo yokula.
Chlorosis
Chlorosis wamphesa akhoza kukhala opatsirana komanso osapatsirana. Ndipotu, panthawi ina, chomeracho chimasokoneza njira yowonongeka ya photosynthesis, chifukwa masambawo amatsekemera. Kukula kwa mphukira kumachepetsanso, ndipo masambawo amayamba kuuma ndi kugwa. Njira yayikulu yothandizira ikupopera tchire ndi zitsulo zophatikiza, monga vitriol kapena Brexil-chelate. Njirayi imabwerezedwa kangapo. 
Cercosporosis
M'chaka cha matendawa amatha kuwononga zonse pamwamba pa chitsamba. Gwero la matenda ndi mabwinja a zomera zodwala. Kumayambiriro koyamba, cercosporosis imapezeka ndi maonekedwe a kumbuyo kwa masamba a chikhomo cha maolivi ndi madontho a mdima, omwe pamapeto pake amauma. Zipatso zimakhazikika ndi kuzizira. Posakhalitsa mphesa ndi masamba akugwa. Mphesa msana amatengedwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa Bordeaux madzi. Ngati mphesa sizikhala zapadera, zimachotsedwa.
Matenda ambiri a mphesa akhoza kupewedwa mwa kuchotsa mosamala zotsalira zowonjezera mutatha kukolola ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira mankhwala a mphesa ndi fungicides.
