Owonjezeka, wamaluwa amakonda kupanga organic feteleza monga chakudya. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi peat. Komabe, dziwani kuti sizolumikiza dothi lonse. Inde, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito feterezayi ayenera kukhala mwanzeru, kuti asawononge zomera kapena nthaka.
Zomwe zimakhala ndi peat, momwe zimakhalira komanso momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito moyenera ngati feteleza m'munda wamunda, werengani magawo otsatirawa.
Mukudziwa? Peat yapeza ntchito zambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mafuta m'ntchito zapagulu, monga mankhwala otsekemera kutentha, monga feteleza mu ulimi, zipangizo zamakina, mankhwala ogulitsa nyama. Zopindulitsa za peat zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala.
Kodi peat amapangidwa bwanji m'chilengedwe, mitundu ya peat
Peat - Ndizomwe zimayaka zowonjezera zachilengedwe. Chimaimira mtundu waukulu wa mtundu wakuda kapena wofiira, womwe umagawanika pang'onopang'ono mumtsinje wa zitsamba zosakanikirana ndi nthaka.
Pachifukwa ichi, kutentha kwakukulu komanso kutuluka kwa mpweya sikulepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa zomera zam'madzi. Pali lingaliro lakuti peat ndi gawo loyamba la maonekedwe a malasha.
Monga zokhala pansi, peat imapangidwa pa zikopa za peat, m'mitsinje ya mitsinje, pamphepete mwa madzi. Kuwonjezeka kwa izo zikhoza kuchitika zaka mazana ambiri. Peat ili pamtunda pamwamba kapena pang'onopang'ono (mpaka mamita 10) pansi pa mchere wa mineral deposits.
Mukudziwa? Asayansi akuganiza kuti peat ya dziko lapansi imakhala matani 250 mpaka 500 biliyoni. Mabala a Peatlands amapanga 3% pa nthaka.Malingana ndi momwe zinthu zikukula komanso kusungunuka kwa zomera zomwe zimapanga zinthu zachilengedwe, peat yagawanika kukhala mitundu itatu:
- kukwera pa akavalo;
- pansi;
- kusintha.
Pafupi peat Sayansi ya sayansi imanena kuti ili ndi mineral, yomwe ili ndi 95% ya zotsalira za zomera zapamwamba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pine, larch, thonje udzu, mtsinje wa marsge, ndi zina zotero.
Amapangika m'madera okwera - otsetsereka, m'mitsinje, ndi zina zotero. Ali ndi acid acid (pH = 3.5-4.5) komanso kutsika kochepa.
Mu ulimi makamaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga manyowa, zosakaniza zitsulo, monga mulch, gawo lapansi la greenhouses.
Lowland peat ali ndi 95% ya zomera zopanda zomera. Mbalame yam'mimba, alder, birch, msondodzi, fern, bango, ndi zina zotere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mtundu umenewu. Zimapangidwa mumitsinje ndi mitsinje yamadzi.
Lowland peat ili ndi gawo lopanda ndale kapena lopanda mphamvu (pH = 5.5-7.0), chifukwa chagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa acidity ya nthaka. Ndilofunika kwambiri komanso lolemera mchere (lili ndi nayitrogeni 3, 1 phosphorous). Mwa mitundu yonse, yowonjezera thanzi komanso yowonongeka.
Mtundu wa kusintha Ili ndi zomera 10 mpaka 90% zazing'ono zomwe zawonongeka, zonse zimapangidwa ndi zomera za mtundu wotsika.
Anapanga mawonekedwe apakati. Lili ndi acid acid (pH = 4.5-5.5).
Kutembenuza nsomba komanso lowland peat amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga fetereza kwa munda wa ndiwo zamasamba, chifukwa umapindulitsa kwambiri nthaka.
Mtundu uliwonse, womwewo, umagawidwa mu magawo atatu, powonetsera zomera zomwe zinapangidwa ndi peat iyi. Ma subtypes awa amasiyanitsa:
- nkhalango;
- nkhalango yamapiri;
- mvula.
- zokhala (zili ndi zosachepera 40% zazitsamba);
- mitengo yazitsamba (ili ndi 15-35% ya zitsamba zamatabwa, pakati pa ena - zitsamba zam'mimba);
- nkhuni-moss (ili ndi 13-35% ya zitsalira zamatabwa, pakati pa ena - moss-olamulira);
- udzu (uli ndi zosachepera 10% za zitsamba zamatabwa, mpaka 30 peresenti ya mosses, zina ndi zotsalira za udzu);
- udzu-moss (wopangidwa ndi: zotsalira zamatabwa - 10%, mosses - 35-65%, zatsalira za udzu);
- moss (muli 10% zotsalira mitengo, 70% ya moss).
Mu ulimi, peat yagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
- kuwala (kuwala);
- zolemetsa (mdima).
Zizindikiro za peat, mineral properties
Pofuna kuthana ndi chikhalidwe cha peat, ganizirani zolemba ndi katundu wa zinthu zakale izi. Choncho, peat ili ndi:
- humus (mankhwala osakaniza ochepa);
- mchere;
- madzi.
- carbon - 40-60%;
- hydrogen - 5%;
- mpweya - 2-3%;
- sulfure, phosphorous, potaziyamu - mu pang'ono.
Mukudziwa? Anthu ena ali ndi funso: "Kodi amathira mchere kapena ayi?". Iyenera kuganiziridwa ngati thanthwe lonyozeka.Chifukwa cha mpweya wabwino, kutenthedwa kwa peat kumakhala 21-25 MJ / makilogalamu, omwe angathe kuwonjezeka ndi kuwonongeka ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala - bitume.
Maonekedwe, makonzedwe ndi katundu wa mawonekedwe achilengedwe amasintha pamene magawo a kuwonongeka akusintha. Choncho, mtundu umasintha kuchokera ku chikasu choyera mpaka wakuda. Kusiyana kwa kuwonongeka kwake kudzakhala chikhalidwe - chingwe kapena mapuloteni, komanso porosity.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa peat, sikudzasungunuka madzi ndi zinthu zosavuta kuzimitsa madzi, ndipo zotsikazo zidzakhala zokhudzana ndi humic acids komanso zosakhala hydrolyzed.
Mukudziwa? Za katundu wa peat wodziwika kuyambira kale. Kulankhulidwa koyamba kwa iye kumapezeka mu zolembedwa za katswiri wa Chiroma Pliny the Elder, cha m'ma 77 AD. Pali magwero omwe amasonyeza kuti peat amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za m'ma XII ndi XIII ku Scotland ndi Holland. Ku Russia, kufufuza kwa zakale kunayamba m'zaka za zana la XVII.
Malo enieni a peat ndi kusungunuka kwa carbon and photosynthesis.Kuyika mu nthaka kumathandiza kusintha chinyezi ndi kupuma, chifuwa, microbiological ndi zakudya zowonjezera.
Kuwonjezera apo, peat amatha kuchiza dothi, kuchepetsa mlingo wa nitrates mmenemo, kuchepetsa zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chifukwa cha ma humic ndi amino acid, amathandiza kukula ndi kukula. Izi zimatha kufotokoza chifukwa chake peat ndi yothandiza kwambiri m'munda.
Mtengo wa peat umayesedwa malinga ndi magawo a nitrogen, potaziyamu, phosphorous. Iyenso imavotera molingana ndi zofunikira monga phulusa, chinyezi, phindu la calorific, digiri ya kuwonongeka.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito peat monga feteleza
Kugwiritsira ntchito phokoso lachitsamba ndi lachitsulo pa dacha monga feteleza kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lopangidwa ndi nthaka, kuti likhale ndi mpweya wabwino komanso zowonjezereka. Ndiponso, peat ili ndi phindu pa chitukuko cha mizu ya zomera.
Ndibwino kuigwiritsa ntchito pa dothi ladothi ndi dongo. Kudyetsa feteleza pamaziko a nthaka yachonde ndi mbeu ya 4-5% ndi yopanda nzeru. Koma kodi ndizothandiza kupanga loam, funso lotseguka, zokambirana pa nkhaniyi zidakalipobe.
Popeza high-moor peat ingayambitse acidification ya nthaka, siigwiritsidwe ntchito monga feteleza, ntchito yokhayokha nthaka. Komabe, ndibwino kupanga malo oti pali zomera zingapo zomwe zimafuna nthaka yowonongeka kapena yochepa pamene imabzala. Izi zimaphatikizapo blueberries, heather, rhododendron, hydrangea. Mitengo yotere imamera ndi mulch ndi mtundu wapamwamba wa peat.
Kuti zotsatira za peat zizidyetsa, ndizofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito peat, yomwe ili ndi chiwerengero cha kutaya kwa 30-40%. Komanso, mukalowa m'nthaka muyenera kumvetsera mfundo zofunika izi:
- Phiri la peat musanagwiritsidwe ntchito limakhala lopuma mpweya ndikupera;
- Kuvala zovala sikuyenera kusamalidwa (chonchi chinyezi - 50-70%).
Ndikofunikira! Mu horticulture ndi floriculture, peat ndi mawonekedwe ake osagwiritsidwa ntchito; amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza zomera mu zosakaniza ndi zina ndi mineral feteleza kapena kompositi. Kugwiritsa ntchito koyenera kungakhale kovulaza kubzala mbewu ndikuvulaza nthaka.Pofuna kuti asawononge zovala zosayenera, choyamba muyenera kudziwa kuwonongeka kwa mapeyala. Pali njira yodziwira mwamsanga.
Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kutenga peat wambiri, fanizani nkhonya, kenako mugwire pepala loyera.
Ngati njira yofooka ikhala kapena yosayika nkomwe, mlingo wa kuwonongeka sikuposa 10%.
Njira yowirira, yofiira kapena yofiira imasonyeza kuti 10% peresenti yawonongeka.
Brown, imvi-bulauni mtundu umasonyeza kuti peat ili ndi biomass inafalikira ndi 20-35%.
Ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu - 35-50% - peat imayipitsa pepala lolemera imvi, bulauni kapena lakuda, pamene smear adzakhala osalala. Komanso adzasokoneza dzanja lanu.
Ngati peat ili ndi zinthu zomwe zafa ndi 50% kapena kuposerapo, mzere umene uli pa pepalawo udzapaka pepala.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa peat pa munda ndondomeko ndi kotheka ndi:
- ntchito ya nthaka kukonza mapangidwe ake;
- Kukonzekera gawo lapansi lodzala;
- monga zopangira zokonza feteleza;
- ngati mulch wa malo osungiramo zomera nyengo isanafike;
- chifukwa chopanga mapeyala a mbande, kulimbikitsa mapiri, makonzedwe a udzu.
Cholinga chachikulu, chifukwa chake muyenera kupanga peat, ndiko kukonza malo a nthaka. Pochita zimenezi, peat nthawi iliyonse perekani 2-3 ndowa pa 1 mita mita. Izi zidzakhala zokwanira kuwonjezera mlingo wothandiza organic matter ndi 1%. Zovala zapamwamba zoterezi zikhoza kuchitika chaka ndi chaka, pang'onopang'ono zimabweretsa kukula kwa nthaka.
Pamene mulching amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati peat yoyera, ndikusakaniza ndi utuchi, singano za pinini, makungwa, udzu, manyowa.
Ndikofunikira! Musanayambe mulching, kuchepetsa acidity wa peat powonjezera nkhuni phulusa, laimu kapena ufa wa dolomite.Komabe, ndizothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito peat monga feteleza monga mawonekedwe a kompositi.
Peat kompositi: momwe mungapangire komanso momwe mungameretse zomera
Pali njira zingapo zopangira manyowa kuchokera ku peat.
Peat kompositi. Madzi otentha otentha 70% amaika masentimita 45 pansi pa denga kapena filimu. Amapanga mpweya umene amawathira pansi, amawawaza ndi peat kuti adziwe bwino. Kumbali iliyonse, kompositi imalimbikitsidwa ndi dziko lapansi kuti apange microclimate yapadera. Pamene kompositiyo yauma, imathirira madzi. Zidzakhala zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito patapita chaka. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito kumapeto. Kugwiritsa ntchito - 2-3 kg / 1 lalikulu. m
Kompositi kuchokera ku peat ndi manyowa. Pakukonzekera kwa feteleza izi zidzakwanira manyowa alionse: kavalo, nkhuku, ng'ombe. Cholinga chake ndi kuika peat (50 cm) ndi wosanjikiza. Kutalika kwa bukhuli sikuyenera kupitirira 1.5 m. Peat amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pamwamba. Pakatha miyezi 1.5-2 iliyonse, kompositi iyenera kusakanizidwa, kusintha zigawo m'malo.
Muyeneranso nthawi zonse kumwa madzi azitsamba, infesions yothetsera fetereza feteleza, slurry.
Kompositi kuchokera ku peat, manyowa, utuchi. Chinsinsi ichi chidzakuuzani momwe mungapezere chopangira chovala chofunika kwambiri chozikidwa pa peat. Ikonzedwa ngati keke yosanjikiza. Katemera wa peat amatsanuliridwa pansi, utuchi wazitali ndi masentimita 10, namsongole, nsonga, ndi zowonongeka kwa zakudya 20 cm. Kenaka, ngati zilipo, madzi okwanira 20 masentimita amatsanulira.
Mzere wambiri wa peat waikidwa pamwamba. Mulu wonse suyenera kupitirira mamita 1.5 Kuchokera kumbali yomwe uli ndi dziko lapansi. Ikani kompositi iyi patatha zaka 1-1.5. Nthawi yonseyi ndikofunikira kusakaniza, kutsanulira ndi yankho la superphosphate, slurry. Pangani kasupe pa mlingo wa 1-2 kg / 1 lalikulu. m
Ndikofunikira! Makungwa a kompositi ayenera kutetezedwa ku dzuwa, akumanga awnings kwa iwo. M'dzinja iwo aphimbidwa ndi masamba ogwa.
Kompositi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi manyowa - imangowambalala ndi fosholo yoyandikana ndi malowa kapena kuwaza nthaka kuzungulira mitengo ikuluikulu ya zomera, kenaka kukumba, kumalowa m'mitsitsi musanadzalemo. Muyenera kutsata ndondomeko zotsatirazi:
- chifukwa kukumba - 30-40 kg / 1 lalikulu. m;
- mu bwalo lozungulira, dzenje - wosanjikiza 5-6 masentimita wandiweyani.
Peat ngati feteleza: ubwino ndi chisokonezo
Tinaganizira zofunikira ndi zida za peat ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'gawo lino tiyesa kumvetsetsa momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito fetelezayi, komanso kuyerekezera zothandiza zake ndi zinthu zina.
Kugwiritsa ntchito peat imodzi yokha monga feteleza sikungathe kubweretsa zotsatira zoyenera - ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya kuvala monga mawonekedwe a organic ndi mchere.
Lero, pamene feteleza zokhala ndi feteleza zakhala zikuwoneka bwino, ogulitsa wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa ali ndi chisankho chovuta posankha zovala zapamwamba zomwe angapereke. Ngati mukudabwa: peat kapena humus - zomwe ziri bwino, ndiye timazindikira kuti onse ndi abwino komanso osachepera wina ndi mzake m'thupi lawo. Komabe, peat idzasowa kwambiri kuposa humus. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, pa chiwembu cha masentimita khumi. mamita amafunika peat - makilogalamu 20, humus - 70 makilogalamu.
Komanso, muyenera kumvetsa cholinga chomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza. Ngati dothi liri losauka, ndiye kuti choyamba muyenera kukonza mapangidwe ake ndi chithandizo cha peat, ndipo kenako mubwerere ku chonde chake, kupanga humus. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito peat kukumba, ndi kuphimba ndi wosanjikiza humus pamwamba kuti zotsatira zabwino.
Kawirikawiri pali vuto pamaso pa eni a badlands: peat kapena nthaka yakuda - zomwe ziri bwino. Nkhuku komanso chernozem munthawi yambiri ya humus - gawo lachilengedwe, lomwe ndilofunika kuti mbewu zikule.
Komabe, nthaka yakuda iyi ndi yodwala kwambiri matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, zomwe zimayambitsa zokolola zam'tsogolo.
Peat imakhalanso ndi humus muyeso nthawi zina kuposa yomwe ili mu nthaka yakuda. Ngati imasakanizidwa ndi mchenga, perlite (vermiculite), humus, ndiye gawo ili lidzaposa nthaka yakuda.
Tsopano mumadziwa zambiri za peat, zomwe zili ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito molondola. Ngati feteleza a peat amasonyezedwa bwino m'dera lanu, ndiye kuti muzichita bwino komanso mosamala, kuti mupewe zotsatira zoipa.
