Peyala ikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi "mfumukazi" ya minda yathu, monga momwe zilili pafupifupi ndondomeko iliyonse ya pakhomo. Kwa ana, amadziŵa bwino zomwe amakonda kuyambira khwando-caramel - duchess. Dzina ili limachokera ku dzina la zokoma ndi zokoma mitundu ya peyala.
Zipatso "mfumukazi" sizimayambitsa matenda m'thupi la munthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asawononge zakudya zina. Mavitamini ake ndi kufufuza zinthu zothandizira ndikupereka mlingo wa zakudya zamtundu uliwonse.
M'munsimu tikambirana za mitundu yomwe ikukula bwino m'midzi. Ndiponsotu, chilengedwe ndi nyengo zimapanga kusintha kwa ntchito ya wamaluwa. Choyamba, ndi bwino kulingalira chidziwitso chachidule chokhudza peyala.
Zojambula zazing'ono zamagetsi
Mtundu wa peyala ndi wa maluwa a pinki. Dzina la banja limachokera ku mtundu wa maluwa a mtengo umene umapezeka mu April ndi May. Dzina lachilatini limachokera ku mawu awiri: mtengo (pirus) ndi zipatso (piru).
Maluwa a mtengowo ndi amzawo. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Mu maluwa amodzimodzi, maluwawo ali ndi pistil ndi stamen, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munguwo ukhale ndi mungu ndi tizilombo tokha. Amathandizanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapeyala ngati mungu wochokera ku mitengo ina ya zipatso.
Peyala ikhoza kutchedwa chiwindi chenicheni cha dziko, chifukwa, pansi pa zinthu zabwino, zikhoza kukhala zaka 300. Malingana ndi zikhalidwe, "mfumukazi ya m'mundamo" ndi yopanda ulemu, kusagonjetsa chilala, kulekerera mchere, komabe sichimakonda pamene chinyezi chimatuluka m'nthaka.
Chomera chachikulu chikufika mamita 25-30 mu msinkhu, ali ndi korona ya pyramidal, ndipo kutalika kwa thunthu kumatha kufika pa masentimita 30 mpaka 80. Mizu ili pamtunda wa mamita 1-2, koma zambiri zimamera m'kati mwake, choncho pobzala mitengo ina pafupi ndi chinthuchi chiyenera kuganiziridwa.
Ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba, malingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: yonse, osati yowaka tsitsi ndi ovate. Mtengo wapatali wa peyala pa mitengo ina ya zipatso ndi kupindulitsa kwake. Iye amabala zipatso chaka ndi chaka, mosiyana ndi mtengo wa apulo, umene sungathe kubereka zipatso chaka chilichonse.
Kuonjezera zokolola za mapeyala n'kofunikira chomera mitundu yambiri pafupikuti pollination ipite. Pachifukwa ichi, chipatsocho chidzakhala cholimba kwambiri ku matenda opatsirana. Mitundu yoposa 200 ya mapeyala yatengedwa, koma pansipa tilongosola okha omwe akukula bwino m'dera la Moscow.
Kawirikawiri, mitundu ya peyala ingagawidwe m'magulu angapo: chilimwe, yophukira ndi yozizira. Kulekanitsa kwawo kumapita molingana ndi nthawi ya kucha.
Mitengo yoyamba ndi yachilimwe. Zipatso zimayamba kuphulika pafupi ndi August, koma zimasungidwa bwino kwambiri, choncho ndi bwino kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga mutatha kukolola. Pakati pa mapiri a mapeyala ambiri mumzinda wa Moscow nthawi zambiri amakula: Lada, Vidnaya, Chizhovskaya, Chikondi ndi Katolika.
Tsopano ife tikulongosola zazikulu zizindikiro za chilimwe mitundu.
Zofotokozera za mitundu ya chilimwe
Mapeyala osiyanasiyana "Lada"
Ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yoyambirira ya chilimwe, yomwe imalekerera nyengo yozizira bwino ndipo imatsutsana ndi chilala, komanso kugonjetsedwa kwa matenda a fungal. Mtengowo ndi wautali ndi korona pyramidal mawonekedwe.
Zipatso zifike 100-150 gr. Zolemera zimakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu ndi zofiira zofiira. Chokoma chokoma ndi chowawa chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zovuta zamkati zamapangidwe, zomwe zili ndi fructose ndi P-yogwira zinthu. Peyala imayamba kubala chipatso kwa zaka 3-4 mutabzala. Zimapereka zokolola zolimba chaka chilichonse ndipo zimagonjetsedwa ndi nkhanambo.
Za peyala "yooneka"
Kumapeto kwa nyengo yoziziraomwe zipatso zake zimapsa kwambiri mpaka kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September. Komanso nthawi yozizira ndi yosagonjetsedwa ndipo imakhala yovuta kwambiri ku matenda opatsirana. Zipatsozo zimakhala ndi zokongoletsera zachikasu, ndipo zikakhwima - mabala a lalanje amawoneka.
Pamwamba pa peyala ndi yovuta ndi yovuta, kuchokera pamene dzina lake lina, lopwetekedwa, limachokera. Mtengo umayamba kubereka zipatso kuzungulira chaka chachisanu, koma muyenera kuzindikira kuti zipatso sizimapsa nthawi yomweyo. Choncho, zokolola ndi bwino kuwombera m'magulu angapo.
Ndi bwino kusunga mapeyala okoma mumtengo, chifukwa samasinthasintha. Ngati mwawasonkhanitsa, ndi bwino kuwubweretsanso nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa iwo samatumizidwa bwino.
Mitundu ya peyala "Chizhovskaya"
Ndi chimodzi mwa mapeto a chilimwe omwe amadziwika ndi kukana kwambiri frosts ndi matenda ena. Mtengo uli wotsika, mpaka mamita atatu mu msinkhu, ndi korona yofalitsa. Iyo imayamba kubala chipatso patapita zaka zitatu ndikupereka zokolola zazikulu kwambiri.
Zipatso zili ndi chikasu chobiriwira, koma chili ndi mthunzi wa pinki kuposa 50% pamwamba. Kokoma ndi wowawasa kukoma kuphatikizapo zamkati zofiira zamkati, zomwe zili ndi chilema. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imeneyi ndi yachonde, kotero kukolola kwachifumu ndikofunika kudzala ndi mitundu yambiri ya mapeyala, mwachitsanzo, Lada.
Mapeyala osiyanasiyana "Chifundo"
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe zipatso zake zimatha kusungidwa pa zero kutentha. Anagwidwa ndi kudutsa mitundu iwiri iwiri: Mutu ndi Zokondedwa.
Mtengo ndi wamtali mokwanira zipatso pa izo Ndikumera pafupi ndi September. Pokolola, mapeyala ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira wofiira kwinakwake pa gawo lachitatu la chipatso.
Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti, ngakhale nthawi yoyamba ya fruiting, kwa chaka cha 3-4 Zipatso ndi zazikulu, mpaka 200 magalamu, ndi okoma kwambiri kulawa. Kupereka "Chikondi" ndizapamwamba kwambiri ndipo sikulimbana ndi kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumapangitsa kupirira nyengo yathu yachisanu.
Tsatanetsatane wa zosiyanasiyana "Cathedral"
Imodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya sredneletennyh yolima m'midzi. Wake zipatso zazikuluzikulu zolemera mpaka magalamu 100, yakucha kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa August, ndipo amadziwika ndi mtundu wobiriwira-wachikasu ndi mafuta ochepa pamwamba. Mafuta omwewo ndi ofanana ndi mnofu wa peyala, womwe umakhala wowawa kwambiri ndi zokoma.
Phindu la zosiyanasiyanazi ndizo chisanu chopinga, imakula msanga, imasungidwa bwino, imabzala mbewu pachaka ndipo ikhoza kutengedwa kutalika. Kukana kwa matenda opatsirana kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwambiri kumera m'minda yam'munda.
Sitiyenera kuiwala za mitundu yozizira ndi yozizira m'deralo lomwe tikufuna.
Pakati pa mitundu yambiri ya m'dzinja yomwe ili yopindulitsa kukula m'dera la Moscow, tikhoza kusiyanitsa zitatu zazikulu: Muscovite, Favorite Yakovlev ndi Tale.
Phindu lalikulu la mapiri a peyala ndilo Zipatso zingasungidwe nthawi yaitali ndipo amabala pakati ndi theka lachiwiri la mwezi wa September. Ngati mapeyala aikidwa mu udzu kapena pepala, amatha kukhala pamalo ozizira kwa nthawi yoposa mwezi.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuwerenga za mitundu yambiri ya mapeyala.
Malingaliro a mitundu ya autumn
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaperesi "Muscovite"
Iyi ndi mitundu yoyambirira yophukira, yomwe yosungidwa bwinoAmatengedwera ndipo sagwedezeka pamtengo ndi chimanga chachikulu. Mtengo wokha ndi wawung'ono, koma uli ndi nthambi zamagulu amphamvu.
Zipatso zili ndi chikasu chobiriwira chokhala ndi masamba obiriwira, ndipo mabala a lalanje osakanikirana amaoneka. Nyama ndi yowutsa mudyo, mafuta ochepa ndi mafuta onunkhira. Zopindulitsa zikuluzikulu ziri kukolola mwamsanga zipatso ndi kuyenerera kugawidwa kwakukulu.
Kalasi "Favorite Yakovlev"
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatchulidwa kulemekeza wobadwira PN Yakovlev, yemwe anabweretsa ndi chidziwitso pa maziko a Institute. Michurin.
Mitengo imayamba kubereka zipatso kwa zaka 5-6 ndikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Zipatso zimawoneka ndi zobiriwira ndi zachikasu, pambali yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi zizindikiro zofiira. Mnofu ndi wachikasu, wokoma-kukoma mu kukoma, ndi quince fungo, koma popanda astringency.
Ndiponso mu mapangidwe a zamkati ndi maselo akuluakulu a stony. Nthawi yokolola ili pakatikati pa September.
Za kalasi "Fairy"
Mitengo ya peyala iyi ndi yapamwamba kwambiri, yomwe imapangitsa kukolola kukhala kovuta, koma iwo okha Zipatso ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zitha kufika 250 magalamu. Iwo ali ndi mtundu wokongola wobiriwira wokhala ndi chikasu, ndipo amakhala ndi kukoma kokondweretsa kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga mutatha kusonkhanitsa, pamene amasungidwa osaposa masabata awiri atachotsedwa pamtengo.
Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga timadziti tapamwamba kapena mbatata yosenda. Ubwino waukulu ndi wabwino zipatso zoyambirirazoyenera kugulitsa zamalonda, kukana ndulu zamchere ndi nkhanambo, komanso kuti amatha kuchira msangamsanga pambuyo pozizira pang'ono.
M'nyengo yozizira mitundu yambiri ya mapeyala, mitundu iwiri yotsatirayi imakonda kwambiri kukolola: "Tsiku Limene" ndi "Petrova".
Palibe chifukwa chosiyanitsa kufotokoza kwawo, chifukwa ndi ofanana kwambiri, ngakhale kuti tidzatha kuzindikira kusiyana kwake. Zipatso za chisanu mitundumonga lamulo kuchotsedwa pakati pa mwezi wa October, ndipo ngati zisungidwa bwino, zidzakhalabe mpaka March chaka chotsatira.
Pokolola, zipatso zimakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, koma kenako zimakhala zachikasu kenako zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, apa mitundu yathu iwiri ndi yosiyana. Tsiku la May likutembenukira chikasu, ndipo thupi limakhala lofiira, koma Petrova samatero. Amakhala ndi chobiriwira chobiriwira ndi thupi lolimba kwambiri.
Kawirikawiri, m'chigawo cha Moscow, mitundu yozizira yamitundu yozizira siinali kufalikira, chifukwa kusintha kwa nyengo kunayambitsa kusintha kwa kutentha kwa chigawo. Zipatso zilibe nthawi yoti zipse asanakolole, ndi kuyamba kufungatira. Tinaphimba mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe ikukula bwino m'midzi - tsopano tikufunikira kufotokoza mwachidule zofunikira za kulima.
Tsopano za kukula kwa zinthu
Malo omwe ali pafupi ndi Moscow ali pakatikati, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuli nyengo yozizira ndi nyengo yotentha, ndipo pakati pawo pali nthawi zosintha: masika ndi autumn. Palinso madzi okwanira okwanira, omwe amachepetsa kuthirira.
Mfundo yofunikira kwambiri pakukula mapeyala ndi kubzala, makamaka kulondola kwa kusankha malo ndi nthawi. Thermophilic chomera, koma, malingana ndi mitundu yosiyana siyana, imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndi chisanu ndipo imakhala yosintha kwambiri m'munda, kotero kusankha malo abwino ndi kumvetsera mukamabzala kumatsimikizira kuti mbeu yanu ndi yamtunda komanso yosatha.
Zinyama zingabzalidwe panthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, koma, mwanzeru pogwiritsa ntchito zolima, zimalangizidwa kudzala mitengo yaying'ono m'dzinja. Pachifukwachi, nthawi imasankhidwa pamene masamba atha kale kugwedezeka pamitengo, koma akadali kutali ndi chisanu, ndiko kuti, nyengo ya zomera imatha.
Pakuti kubzala mbande nthawi zambiri amasankha ana a zaka zapakati pazaka ziwiri, akuyang'anitsitsa mkhalidwe wa mizu.
Nthambi za umoyo wathanzi, zimakhala zabwino ndipo zimakhala zolimba, zomwe siziwalola kuti azunzidwe kwambiri mvula yamkuntho. Pa nthawi ya kubzala, mtengo umakhala ndi nthawi yokhazikika pamalo atsopano chisanu chisanathe ndipo kumayambiriro kasupe amayamba kutaya masamba, omwe sangachitike mwamsanga nthawi yamasika.
Komanso, panthawi yopuma nyengo, pamakhala chiopsezo chachikulu kuti chisanu chikhoza kuwononga mtengo, chifukwa chakuti unalibe nthawi yakuzika mizu ndikuyendetsa chilengedwe. Musaiwale posankha malo abwino oti mubzala mtengo wamtsogolo. Peyala ndi chomera cha thermophilic, chotero ayenera kumvetsera mbali ya kumwera ndi kumwera-kumadzulo kwa malo awo.
Zotsatira zimabwera. Konzani dzenje pasadakhale kuti mutha kukhazikika. Popeza tidzakhala tikudzala, zonse ziyenera kukonzekera osachepera sabata musanadzalemo. Miyeso ya dzenje iyenera kukhala 60% 60 * 60 cm. Pokumba, nthaka yachonde ya dziko lapansi imayikidwa mbali imodzi, ndipo pansi, yopanda chonde - mumzake.
Pansi, nthaka imamasulidwa mosamalitsa ndipo imatsanulira mulu umodzi wa nthaka yachonde, kuphatikizapo manyowa owonongeka, fetereza phosphorous-potassium ndi phulusa la nkhuni. Samalirani kwambiri manyowa - sayenera kukhala atsopano. Pakuwonongeka, mpweya woipa umachotsedwa zomwe zingayambitse mmera umene sungathe kuuma.
Kenaka timagona sitima yomwe ili ndi nthaka yotsalayo ndipo imakhala yozungulira bwino kuti dziko lapansi lidzaze malo opanda pake pakati pa mizu. Pansi pa thunthu la mtengowo mumapanga dothi lozunguliraMotero, timapanga dzenje kuti titsirira.
Madzi 2-3 zidebe zamadzi, ndipo pamwamba pamakhala. Pochita izi, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito udzu, udzu, masamba kapena utuchi. Njira yophweka imeneyi siziteteza kokha zomera kuti zisinthe kutentha, koma sizilola kuti namsongole ayende.
