Woyimira wa dzungu wamakutu amakhala ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri. Inayamba kukula zaka 6000 zapitazo.
Mdziko la masamba awa, lomwe ndi chipatso cha sayansi, limaonedwa kuti ndi India. Koma, ngakhale izi, malo olima ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ndi ochuluka kwambiri.
Ngakhale kale, anthu ochokera ku Africa, Greece, Ufumu wa Roma adadzikuza ndi masamba awa, omwe dzina lawo linachokera ku Chigiriki chakale "aguros", kutanthauza "chosapsa ndi chosapsa."
Koma Agiriki anali olondola, chifukwa nkhaka ndizo zokhazo zamasamba zomwe anthu amadya chosapsa.
Masiku ano, ndi manja a akatswiri a agronomists ndi amateur breeders, mitundu yambiri ya nkhaka mitundu yapangidwa.
Mmodzi mwa ovomerezeka kwambiri a chikhalidwe ichi ndi zosiyanasiyana "Herman", zomwe zidzakambidwe.
Mitundu yosiyana "Herman" ndi yodulidwa yoyamba ya parthenocarpic, yomwe imabala zipatso masiku 35 - 40 mutatha mphukira za mbande. Izi zosiyanasiyana zodabwitsa zimagwirizanitsa zokolola zambiri ndi zosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa Herman zosiyanasiyana nkhaka kwambiri wotchuka pakati wamaluwa.
Izi zosiyanasiyana za nkhaka chikhalidwe chinalengedwa ndi obereketsa Dutch kwa nthaka iliyonse (yokutidwa ndi lotseguka).
Komanso zosangalatsa kuwerenga za mitundu ya nkhaka za mumtsinje
Mbalame zosiyanasiyanazi zimakhala zamphamvu, zamphamvu, ndi masamba omwe amachitira chikhalidwechi. Pamene garter kutalika ukutha akhoza kufika 4 - 5 mamita, pamene kulemera kwa zipatso zawo! Mazira a mazira amaikidwa m'magulu, ndipo chisamaliro chilichonse chimatha kupanga zipatso 6 mpaka 9. Nkhuka zokha zimakhala zangwiro, zotanthauza, molunjika, osati zophimbidwa, zowonongeka mozungulira, ndi chimwala pamwamba.
Nyama ndi rind wa mtundu wobiriwira wakuda, ma thomba oyera. Kutalika kwa chipatsocho kumafikira 10 - 12 masentimita, ndi kulemera kwa 70 - 90 g Zokolola ndipamwamba kwambiri komanso zimakhala zambiriPafupifupi 8.5 - 9 kg pa 1 mita imodzi ya bedi.
Masango awa adzawoneka bwino osati pamwamba pa mbale, koma sadzataya maonekedwe awo okoma ndi kulawa podziwa kapena kuthira. Kuonjezerapo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana siilimbana ndi mavairasi, claasosporia, zoona ndi downy mildew.
Koma pali lamulo losalembedwanso kuti "chida chilichonse cha uchi chimakhala ndi ntchentche." Mwatsoka, zosiyanasiyana nkhaka "Herman" zinali zosiyana.
Mbewu za zosiyanasiyanazi ndi zofooka kwambiri., amafunikira mikhalidwe yapadera. Nthaŵi zina zimachitika kuti anthu amafesa mbewu nthawi yomweyo mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena pansi pa chivundikiro cha kanema pamatseguka. Kotero ndi mtundu uwu wa izi sungakhoze kuchitika ndendende chifukwa cha kupulumuka kochepa kwa zomera.
Kuwonjezera apo, tchire cha zosiyanasiyanazi sikumvetsa bwino kutentha kwamasinthasintha. Usiku wa chisanu umapha zomera zonse, zomwe zimabweretsa zokolola zomwe simumazipeza.
Pali matenda a fungal omwe amatchedwa dzimbiri. Matendawa samakhudza nkhaka zokha, koma ndizo chikhalidwe chomwe chikhoza kuvulaza. Ngati nyengo m'nyengo yachisanu imakhala yozizira komanso yothira, ndiye kuti sitingapewe matendawa. Ndipo ngati simutenga nthawi, ndiye kuti tchire lanu silidzapulumutsa ngakhale mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri.
Potsirizira pake, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti wamaluwa ena amaganiza kuti izi sizingakhale zabwino zokha chifukwa zipatso siziri zokwanira. Koma izi ndi maganizo ogonjera, chifukwa, monga mukudziwa, "kukoma ndi mtundu ...".
Zinsinsi za mitundu yokula
Olima amaluwa amalimbikitsa mitengo yambiri yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mbande, kuti zomera zikhale zolimba.
Kwa mbewu, gawo lalikulu limasewera ndi kutentha kwa dothi kumene mbewuzi zimayikidwa. Nthaŵi yoyenera kwambiri yofesa mbewu ndi nthawi yomwe nthaka idzaphulika mpaka 20 - 22 ° С. Nthawi ino ikufika chakumapeto kwa April.
Musanafese kunyumba Nkhumba zimayenera kuzimitsidwa mwa kuthamanga kwa mphindi 30 pothetsa potassium permanganate. Ngati munagula mbewu, simukuyenera kuzimitsa.
Kenaka, makasitomala kapena mabokosi a mbande ayenera kudzazidwa ndi nthaka, kuthiriridwa ndi kuikidwa pambewu ku kuya kwa 1.5 - 2 masentimita Ngati mutaphimba chidebe ndi pulasitiki, mbande idzafulumira.
Mbande zokometsera zimafunika ali ndi zaka 20 mpaka 25. Masamba enieni 3 mpaka 4 awoneka pa mphukira, ndi nthawi yokwezera mbewu mu nthaka. Mphindi uwu uyenera kugwirizana mofanana ndi mapeto a May. Ngati mukukula nkhaka kuthengo, kuziika kumeneku kuyenera kusinthidwa kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June.
Pa gawo la unit akhoza kutenga 3 - 4 mbande. Malo otsetsereka ayenera kukhala a mdima pang'ono kuti mutangobzala masamba a tchire tating'ono musamawotchedwe. Ndibwino kuti chimanga chimere pafupi ndi munda wa nkhaka izi. Zomwe zimalowetsa ndi 30x70 cm.
Pang'ono pokhudza kusamalira "German"
Makomukata amadzi amafunika madzi otentha pafupipafupi 1 nthawi 5 - 6 masiku. Nthawi zambiri ulimi wothirira umadalira kuchuluka kwa mndandanda wa mvula.
Komanso ntchito yofunikira imasewera ndi kutentha. Pakati pa kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi m'nthaka chidzasungunuka mofulumira, kotero madzi okwanira adzafunika kuchitidwa.
Achinyamata zomera muyenera kumwa madzi nthawi zambirikoma pang'ono (kapu imodzi yosachepera 1 pa sq mita), baka wamkulu amafunika kuthirira mochepa, koma voliyumu iyenera kukhala yaikulu (1 chidebe cha chitsamba 1).
Sizowoneka kuti madzi amafika pa masamba kapena mphukira ya dzuwa kuti zomera zisatenthedwe. Choncho, kubwezeretsa chinyezi m'nthaka bwino madzulo.
Kutsegula kwa nthaka kumayenera kutsata pambuyo kuthirira kapena mvula kuti pasakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka yomwe ili pamwamba pa nthaka.
Feteleza m'nthaka imathandiza kwambiri pakukula ndi kukula kwa tchire. Chiwerengero cha feedings chikhoza kufika 5 mpaka 6 pa nyengo yonse yokula. Kupanda mchere m'nthaka kungayambitse kukula kwa zomera ndi matenda, komanso kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe la zipatso.
Izi 5 mpaka 6 ziyenera kuphatikizapo kudyetsa osati akulu akulu, komanso mbande. Pamene mbande zangobwera kumene, zimayenera kukhala ndi umuna wambiri ndi feteleza. Pamene zomera zimalowa mu gawo lolimbika la kukula, ndiko kuti, amayamba kubereka zipatso, zomera zimayenera amafunikira kudyetsa nayitrogeni ndi fetashi feteleza. Zakudya zonsezi ziyenera kuchitika pakapita masabata atatu ndipo pakufunika.
Ngakhale kulimbana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana "Herman" ku matenda ambiri, matenda a tchire saloledwa. Chizindikiro chakuti zomera zimakhudzidwa ndi peronospora ndi maonekedwe a chikasu pamwamba pa masamba. Pamene powdery mildew amakhudza tchire, koma pa masamba oyera mawanga amapanga, omwe pambuyo pake amafalikira kumtunda wonse wa tsamba mbale.
Mpweya ungawononge kwambiri nkhaka za nkhaka za mtundu umenewu. Chizindikiro cha kukhalapo kwa matendawa ndi maonekedwe a ma lalanje pa mphukira ndi masamba a chitsamba.
Malinga ndi matenda onse omwe alipo tsopano a nkhaka, pali mankhwala ambiri omwe amayenera kukonza zomera kuti asatayike mbewu. Mankhwalawa, otchedwa fungicides, apangidwa kuti azitha kulimbana ndi zomera.
Zokwanira kutsatira malamulo ophweka pamene mukukula nkhaka zosiyanasiyana "Herman" kuti mupeze mbewu zochuluka komanso zowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo, pachaka.
