Popeza mutayika yamatcheri pa webusaiti yanu, simuyenera kumasuka. Mtengowu, ngakhale kuti ndi wovuta kukhazikika mu latitudes, umakhala ndi matenda osiyanasiyana komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Wamasamba aliyense akuwonekera posachedwa, chifukwa ndizosatheka kumupulumutsa ku zovuta izi. Zochitika zawo zimakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zonse (nyengo, teknoloji yaulimi) ndi zosadziwika (kuwonongeka mwangozi kwa nthambi, etc.). Choncho, mitengo iyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha matenda, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira matenda. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za matenda a chitumbuwa komanso kulimbana nawo.
Mukudziwa? Cherry (Prunus subg Cerasus) ndi a mtundu wa Pink Plum. Dzinalo la mtengo limagwirizanitsidwa ndi liwu lachilatini viscum, limene limatanthauza mbalame guluu, ndi German Weichsel, yomwe imatchedwa chitumbuwa. Choncho, chitumbuwa nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa mbalame chitumbuwa ndi zowonjezera madzi.
Matenda akuluakulu a Leaf
Mofanana ndi mtengo wina uliwonse wa zipatso, matenda osiyanasiyana amapezeka m'matcheri. Ena a iwo amatenga gawo losiyana la mtengo, ena amakhala pamakungwa, nthambi, masamba, zipatso. Momwe mungadziwire mtundu wa matenda a chitumbuwa ndi mankhwala awo?
Leaf Rust
Mawonetseredwe a matendawa amatha kupezeka mu mwezi wa July, pamene mawanga ngati dzimbiri akuwoneka pamtunda wa masamba. Malo okhudzidwawo akukula nthawi zonse, ndipo chifukwa chake, masamba amagwa msanga. Mitengo yokha imakhala yofooka chifukwa cha izi, imalola kutentha ndi chisanu moipa. Mwinamwake kuti chitumbuwa sichidzabala zipatso chaka chamawa chimawonjezeka kwambiri.
Kuti mugonjetse matendawa, muyenera kusonkhanitsa masamba onse omwe agwera pansi ndikuwawononga. Musanayambe maluwa, mtengowo uyenera kuchitidwa ndi chlorine dioxide yamkuwa pamtunda wa 40 g pa madzi asanu. Zomwezo zimalimbikitsa komanso pambuyo maluwa. Pamene zipatso zimasonkhana, mtengo womwe umakhudzidwa uyenera kuchitidwa ndi Bordeaux madzi 1%.
Mukudziwa? Momwe timayendera, mtengo wakhala ukukula kuyambira kale ndipo lero uli ndi mitundu yambiri ya mitundu. Mitundu imodzi yokha yolima ndi yosachepera 150. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi yotchedwa Chernokorka, Shokoladnitsa, Shpanka ndi ena. Monga lamulo, mitengo imagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, chilala, kudzichepetsa. Yambani kubala zipatso pambuyo pa zaka 3-4 za moyo.
Coccomycosis
Izi ndi matenda a fungal omwe amakhudza osati masamba okha a mbewu, komanso zipatso zake. Masamba amakhala ndi mawanga ofiira kapena ofiira owala kunja ndi oyera a pinki (fungal spores) pansi. Masamba amenewa mwamsanga amatembenukira chikasu ndikugwa, ndipo zipatso zimatha nthawi yopititsa patsogolo komanso zimatha.
Kutenga kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa maluwa a mtengo, pamene bowa amakhala mumasamba agwa akuponya kunja spores, omwe, pamtambo wambiri, amawopsya masamba. Patapita nthawi, mtengo umataya nthawi yozizira komanso imatha kufa.
Choncho, pofuna kuthana ndi mliriwu, m'pofunika kuchotsa ndi kutentha masamba otsala, komanso kukumba pansi pa mtengo. Amathanso kuwaza mtengo: Panthawi yomwe masamba obiriwira amasiyana, ndiye mutangotha maluwa komanso mutatha kukolola. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mofananamo ndi ngati dzimbiri pamatamba.
Ndikofunikira! Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi coccomycosis ndi moniliasis ndi yopanda phindu, chifukwa imabzalabe pamtengo. Ndibwino kuti tipeze ndi kudzala mitengo yaying'ono yomwe imagonjetsedwa ndi matendawa.
Klesterosporiosis
Ndi matenda a fungal, koma makamaka amakhudza zipatsozo. Amadziwika ndi zipsinjo zofiira, zomwe zimakula ndikukula. Patapita nthawi, chingamu chimayamba kuchoka kwa iwo. Komabe, ngati chipatsocho chakhala ndi matenda mochedwa, mawangawo sangawonongeke. M'madera awa, mabulosi amauma ku fupa.
Nkhumba zimatha kukhala pamphuno, zomwe zimayambika koyamba ndipo kenako zimagawanika, zomwe zimangoyamba kutha, kumasula chingamu. Mphukira yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi iye imakhala yakuda ndi kugwa, maluwa amangogwa.
Zimakhala zovuta kumenyana ndi bowa, chifukwa zimangowonjezera chisanu mumasamba ogwa kapena mabala pamtengo. M'chaka, kulankhula pamwamba pa khungwa, imafalikira ndi tizilombo, mphepo, ndi mvula. Mtengo umachepa, mochepa fruiting. Choncho, pofuna kupewa nthambi zowonongeka ndi zotentha, masamba osagwa. Mtengo umatulutsidwa ndi zosakaniza pamwambapa kapena Topsin-M 70% pambuyo pa maluwa. Muyenera kubwereza ndondomekoyi mu masabata awiri.
Scab
Matendawa amawonekera pa masamba a maolivi a maolivi kapena ming'alu ya zipatso zopsa. Kulimbana ndi matendawa kumayamba ndi kuchotsa zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala enaake pakutha kwa masamba, kenako patapita masabata atatu, mutatha kukolola zipatso, ndipo ngati nkofunikira, kachiwiri pakatha masabata awiri. Monga prophylaxis, thunthu la mtengo limapulitsidwa ndi nitrafen isanafike mphukira.
Kodi zipatso za chitumbuwa ndi makungwa ndi chiyani?
Cherry ndi matenda osati m'mphepete mwa tsamba. Zipatso ndi makungwa a mtengo amavutsidwanso ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, omwe angathe kuchepetsa zokolola ndi kuwononga mtengo. Choncho, ndikofunika kudziwa matendawa m'kupita kwa nthawi ndikusankha mankhwala abwino.
Anthracnose
Matenda a fungal, omwe amawonetsedwa ndi maonekedwe osakanikirana pa zipatso, zomwe zimasandulika kuti zikhale zotupa zofiira ndi pinki. Nthendayi ikamenyana ndi mwanayo, imakhala imodzi. Pa nyengo yamvula, matendawa amatha kugunda 80%.
Limbani ndi bowayi ndi yankho la 20 g la "Poliram" mu chidebe cha madzi (10 l). Anapopera mtengowo nthawi yomweyo asanayambe maluwa, kenako patapita kamphindi.
Gommozi
Amatchedwanso kuthamanga ndi kutonthozedwa mu mawonekedwe a madontho oonekera kuchokera ku thunthu ndi nthambi za chingamu. Ndicho chikhalidwe cha mitengo yozizira kapena yobiridwa kwambiri. Ngati simukulimbana ndi matendawa, izi zidzatsogolera ku imfa ya mtengo.
Pofuna kulimbitsa khama loyambitsa chitumbuwa m'chaka cha tizirombo ndi matenda. Mabala onse pamtengo amachiritsidwa mwamsanga ndi phula la munda kapena 1% yothetsera vitriol ya buluu, kenako amadzazidwa ndi petralatum. Ngati nthambi ikukhudzidwa kwambiri, ndi bwino kudula.
Monilioz
Musanasankhe momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito moniliasis, m'pofunika kumvetsa mtundu wa matenda ndi kukula kwa chiwonongeko chake. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa monilial, nthambi zonse za mtengo wa chitumbuwa ndi mtengo wonse ukhoza kuyuma. Pankhaniyi, malo okhudzidwa akuwoneka ngati akuwotchedwa ndi moto. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Kenaka, kukula kwake kumapanga pamakungwa, zipatso zimavunda ndi kugwa, nthambi zimatha, kumasula chingamu.
Kulimbana, nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa zimadulidwa, kutenga malo ena abwino, ndi kuwotchedwa. Zomwezo zimachitika ndi zipatso, masamba ogwa. Mtengo umatengedwa ndi fungicide: "Kuprozan", "Kaptan", "Olekuprit" kapena ena. Ndipo adzayenera kukonza mtengo koposa kamodzi. Choncho, kuti muteteze monilioz yamatcheri komanso osadandaula za momwe mungachitire, ndibwino kuti muteteze pasadakhale.
Ndikofunikira! Zizindikiro za matenda siziwoneka nthawi yomweyo. Kawirikawiri amadziwika pamene matendawa akuyenda bwino. Choncho, muyenera kuchenjezedwa ndi kugwa mwamsanga kwa masamba, chikasu, kunyezimira, ndi zina kusintha pa masamba, zipatso, makungwa. Fufuzani mosamala mtengo, pezani chifukwa cha zilonda ndikusankha mankhwala othandiza.
Mmene mungagwirire ndi tizirombo yamatcheri
Kuwonjezera pa matenda, yamatcheri amadikira tizirombo zosiyanasiyana. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana sitingathe kuvulaza masamba okha, komanso zipatso za mtengo, ndikunyalanyaza mbewu zonse. Kenaka, ganizirani zomwe tizirombo ta yamatcheri ndi zomwe tiyenera kulimbana nazo.
Cherry aphid
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri zimakhudza mbande za mtengo kumayambiriro kwa masika. Mphutsi zazing'ono zimawonekera pa mphukira ndi masamba a mtengo, kupanga mapiri ambiri. Okhala ndi akazi amakhala ndi mapiko ndipo, akuuluka pamunda, amayala nsabwe za m'masamba ku mbewu zina.
Mukhoza kumenyana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba powapopera mitengo ndi "Olekupkrit" kapena "Nitrafen" pamene mphutsi zikuwonekera. Nkofunika kuti kutentha kwa mpweya sikuchepetsere 5 ºC. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, mtengo umatulutsidwa ndi "Phosphamide", "Metaphos" kapena "Karbofos", koma isanayambe maluwa. Ngati ndi kotheka, m'chilimwe mungathe kubwereza mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Sawfly yamtengo wapatali
Tizilomboti timakhala ndi mdima wakuda ndipo timakonda kukwera pazitsamba ndi mitengo. Dzinali linali chifukwa chakuti mphutsi yobiriwira yomwe imakhala ngati chiwombankhanga ikuphimbidwa ndi ntchentche yakuda. Nyengo m'chisa cha kuya 5-15 masentimita, malinga ndi kutentha kwa nyengo. Kumapeto kwa nyengo, amapupates amabwera pamwamba pa mawonekedwe akuluakulu. Amaika mazira kumtunda kwa masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba, zomwe mphutsi zimadya, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September, zimapita pansi kukadzikitsira pansi.
Choncho, n'zotheka kumenyana ndi dzuŵa. Ngati kuwonongeka kwakukulu, nthaka imapulitsidwa ndi 10% Trichlormetaphos, 10% Karbofos, ndi 3.8% Chlorophos. Ngati mankhwala akugwidwa mu granules, 15-20 g ya mankhwala ayenera kusungunuka mu chidebe cha madzi.
Hawthorn
Gulugufe wamkulu, amene ali ndi mtundu woyera ndi wautali mapiko, samakonda yamatcheri okha, komanso zipatso zina za mbewu. Madzulo amawuluka maluwa ndi madzi. Mbozi yake ndi 45 mm yaitali, yofewa tsitsi kumbali ndi mimba ndi mikwingwirima yachikasu ndi yakuda kumbuyo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda 2 cm m'litali, imvi ndi mawanga wakuda.
Mbozi imapanga zisa m'maso owuma, ogwa. M'chaka amathamanga ndikudya masambawa atatha maluwa. Kenaka amaphunzira pa nthambi kapena mipanda, ndipo mu June, anthu akuluakulu oyambirira akuuluka, akuika mazira pambali pambali mwa masamba. Mbozi imadya gawo ili la masamba.
Mukhoza kumenyana nawo mwa kuchotsa masamba pansi pa mtengo m'nyengo yozizira, kuchotsa zisa, ndikuyika mazira. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa April kapena kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa May, pamene tizirombo timatuluka m'nyengo zawo zachisanu, zimatulutsa utsi. Poganizira momwe mungaperekerere chitumbuwa mumasika, samverani zapadera zokonzekera Actellic, Corsair, Ambush mu ndondomeko ya 0.1%.
Cherry ntchentche
Mbalame yaing'ono yonyezimira yofiirira yomwe imakhala ndi mizere yambiri ya kumapeto kwa 4mm m'litali. Lili ndi mapiko oonekera ndi mazira anayi a mdima kudutsa mapiko. Maso ake ali obiriwira, kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi ntchafu ndi zachikasu, thupi lonse liri lakuda. M'nyengo yozizira, imadzikongoletsera m'kati mwa mtundu wonyezimira wachikasu ndi woboola pakati pa nthaka yosanjikiza (mpaka 13 cm).
M'chaka chotsatira, ntchentche imadyetsa chitumbuwa cha aphid, ndipo pamene chipatso chimabala - madzi ake. Mazira amaikidwa mu zipatso zosakoma, kuzibaya. Mphutsi imakula kwa masiku pafupifupi 20, kudyetsa pa masamba a zipatso pafupi ndi mafupa. Nthawi ikafika, imatuluka mwadzidzidzi ndikugwera pansi, ikugwedezeka ndikugwedeza nkhuni m'nyengo yozizira. Idyani zipatso zowola ndi kutha.
Pofuna kuchotsa ntchentche, amayesa kubzala mitundu yamatcheri yamatcheri ndi yamatcheri, panthawi yonse yotentha ya chaka amamasula nthaka kuzungulira thunthu, kuwawaza ndi tizilombo kawiri pa nyengo. Kupopera mbewu kwachiwiri kumachitika pasanathe milungu iwiri isanafike nthawi yokolola. Sipangidwe kokha korona wa mtengo, koma nthaka yozungulira iyo. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe ndi kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, amafukula padziko lapansi pamtengo wamtengo mpaka masentimita 20.
Cherry weevil
Beetle 9 mm m'litali, mtundu wa golide wonyezimira, kapu. M'nyengo yozizira imakumba mumtunda, ndipo m'nyengo ya masika imabwera pamwamba ndikudyetsa masamba aang'ono ndi maluwa. Pamene chipatso chikaphuka, mkazi amalowa mkati mwa fupa, amakoka ndikuika mazira pamenepo. Mbozi imadyetsa mnofu wa mnofu, ndipo zitatha zipatso zimagwa, zimatsikira pansi, zimakumbamo ndi pupates. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala kachilomboka, kamene kali m'nyengo yamasika ndikufika pamwamba.
Choncho, mukhoza kulimbana ndi kukumba kapena kulima nthaka kuzungulira zitsamba ndi mitengo. M'chaka, nthawi imene masambawo akuphuka, misampha imayikidwa pamitengo, yomwe nthawi zonse imayeretsedwa ndi nyongolotsi, imagwedezeka pa pulasitiki, kufalikira pansi pa mtengo. Patatha masiku 11 kutha kwa maluwa, m'pofunika kukonza mtengo kapena shrub ndi njira ya Karbofos yokwana 0.3%.
Zitetezo, zoteteza chitetezo ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga
Njira zothandizira zimayamba ndi kudula zipatso zamatcheri, kuchiza mabala ndi mkuwa wa sulphate ndi mphika wamaluwa, kuphulika koyera kwa nthambi zamatenda ndi mitengo ya mandimu. Izi ziyenera kuyambika pamene madzi a chitumbuwa asanayambe kufika mwakhama.
Gawo lotsatira liri Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi njira yothetsera 700 g ya urea mu chidebe cha madzi. Sichidzangowononga tizilombo ndi bowa zomwe zimagwera m'nthaka ndi makungwa, komanso zimadzaza mtengo ndi nayitrogeni, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti apangidwe masamba obiriwira. Ndikofunika kuchita izi asanamve impso, apo ayi akhoza kuwotcha. Ngati mulibe nthawi yochita nthawi, gwiritsani ntchito "Agravertin", "Akarin", "Fitavarm", "Nitrafen". Ndiyeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito "Ecoberin" kapena "Zircon", zomwe zidzakuthandizira kuonjezera kukana kwa mtengo kuti zikhale ndi matenda ndi matenda.
Pambuyo potaya masamba pa kugwa, mtengo uyenera kudulidwa, kusamalira malo odulidwa ndi mkuwa sulphate ndi phula la munda. Nthambi zonse zodulidwa ndi kusonkhanitsa masamba ziyenera kutenthedwa. Mwamsanga pamene poyamba chisanu chimafika, ndibwino kuti muzitha kuchitira nthaka kuzungulira chitumbuwa ndi mtengo womwewo ndi njira yothetsera urea (5%).
Ponena za kupewa matenda, kumayambiriro kwa maonekedwe a mtengo kapena shrub amachizidwa ndi 1% yothetsera Bordeaux osakaniza kapena yankho la 35 g zamkuwa oxychloride kuyimitsidwa mu 10 malita a madzi. Chithandizo chachiwiri ndi zinthu izi zimangotha maluwa. Ngati mulibe nthawi yogwira mphindi ino ndipo masamba ayamba kuwonekera, kuti musawotche, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga Kaptan, Ftalan, Kuprozan. M'pofunikanso kuchita zina ziwiri zothandizira ndi njirazi - masabata atatu isanafike zipatsozo ndi nthawi yomweyo.
Chithandizo chachiwiri cha tizilombo chikuchitika musanafike masambawo. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kupopera mankhwala kwa prophylactic mwa kuwonjezera 60 g ya "Benzophosphate" kapena 80 g ya "Malathof" mu chidebe cha madzi mu njira.. Ndiye mankhwala omwewo amachitika patatha masabata atatu isanafike nthawi yokolola komanso mwamsanga.
Monga mukuonera, chitumbuwa chodziwika ndi chokondedwa ndi onse ndi chotheka ndi matenda ambiri ndi tizirombo. Koma ngati nthawi ikuchitapo njira zothandizira, mbeuyo ikhoza kupulumutsidwa.
