Omatembenuza: Mayina okhala ndi mafotokozedwe ndi zithunzi

Zitsamba zobiriwira nthawi zonse komanso mitengo m'khola lanyengo yotentha sichitha kukopa m'miyezi yachisanu. Omwe akumatembenukira chaka chonse amabweretsa zabwino ziwiri. Fungo latsabola limatsuka ndikuchiritsa mpweya mu kutentha ndi chisanu. Kuti musankhe chomera choti mubzale, muyenera kudziwana ndi dziko la mbewu zakale.

Makhalidwe a Softwood

Pafupifupi ma conifers onse amakhala obiriwira nthawi zonse. Ali ndi zina:

masamba osinthika mu mawonekedwe a singano;
kukokomeza kwakukulu m'makungwa ndi nkhuni;
kutalika kwa moyo woposa zaka zana.

Zofesedwa ndi mbewu zomangidwa m'miyala. Amangophimbidwa ndi mamba, koma osatetezedwa ndi khoma lotsekedwa. Izi zimatsimikizira kuyanjana kwa gulu la agaluwo - masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kusintha kwa mavuvu kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi mphepo.

Njira yobala zipatso sizigwira ntchito kwa iwo, okhawo amene ali ndi luso. Ma Gymnosperms - amodzi mwa magulu akale azomera. Malinga ndi asayansi, makolo awo akale sanaumbike.

Gawo momwe kufalikira kwa kalasiyo likuchokera ku Equator kupita kumalire a permafrost. Dera lililonse nyengo ilipo yodziwika ndi mtundu wake.

Kutalika kwa mitengo yambiri, makamaka kuthengo, nthawi zambiri kumapitirira 100 m, koma chifukwa cha nyumba zam'chilimwe kapena minda yolimidwa, obereketsa amabzala mitundu yambiri yamtunda komanso yaying'ono.

Kupatukana kwa conifers

Akatswiri azomera amagawa dipatimenti ya conifers m'magulu anayi a 4. Mwa izi, zitatu (cordaite, ngati nkhondo, voliyumu) ndizomera zosowa.

Lamulo lachinayi likuyimiridwa ndi mbewu zomwe zikugwirizanitsa mabanja 10, pafupifupi 70 genera ndi mitundu yopitilira 600. Pines, spruces, cypress, junipers - mabanja onse amawoneka bwino m'minda yamatawuni ndi mayiko, pokhapokha atasankhidwa bwino.

Pine

Mitengo yokhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yocheperapo, yopanda zipatso zambiri, imatalika mpaka 30 m, mitundu ina yamtchire - 80. Nthawi yayitali ndi zaka 150-200, ngakhale kuti zoyerekeza zakale zimadziwika kuti zimakondwerera chaka chawo cha 5000. Samakhala wopanda nkhawa, nthawi yozizira, osapirira chilala bwino, amafunikira chisamaliro chochepa. Chofunikira kwambiri pakukula bwino ndi ngalande yabwino kwambiri kuti muchotse chinyezi chambiri.

Mtengo wa paini

Amakonda malo okhala ndi malo owala bwino. Sichikukakamiza kuti nthaka ikhale ndi michere; imakonda loams ndi mchenga; nthawi zambiri imamva bwino m'malo amiyala omwe mulibe zakudya m'thupi. Mwa mitundu yambiri pakati pa okhala m'chilimwe, mitengo ya paini ndiyotchuka kwambiri. Ndi odzichepetsa, sikutanthauza chisamaliro chachikulu.

Mwa mitundu yambiri, mutha kusankha kambuku kamene kamayenererana ndi nyengo yomwe ilipo, kutalika kwake masentimita 60 mpaka 10-15. Mbewu ndizosangalatsa mosiyanasiyana: ndimawonekedwe apadera a korona, chapilala, ellipsoidal, chitsamba ngati. Mitengo yamapulogalamu imasiyananso ndi mitundu ya singano - kuchokera kubiriwira lakuda, ma monochrome nthawi iliyonse pachaka, mpaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana, pomwe singano zazing'ono zimapakidwa zowoneka bwino kuposa singano za chaka chatha.

Spruce

Mitundu imakhala ndi mitundu 40. Mitengo yofesa muubwana wawo imadyera pamizu. Popita nthawi, imamwalira, ntchito yake imachitidwa ndi nthambi zamtsogolo zomwe zili pafupi ndi dziko lapansi. Mbali iyi ya mizu imapangitsa spruce kukhala pachiwopsezo cha mphepo. Kutalika kwa mitengoyo kumafika pa 40 m, kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 300.

Spruce wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi amakula mu Fulufjellet National Park (Sweden) - zaka zake ndizoposa zaka 5.5 miliyoni. Mbande zibzalidwe kutali ndi nyumba - mizu yofalikira imatha kuyambitsa zowonongeka ngakhale pamiyala. Malowa amasankhidwa ndi kuunikira kwabwino, pakuwongolera korona amapangika asymmetric, ndipo mitundu yokhala ndi singano zamtundu imataya kukongoletsa kwawo kwapamwamba. Zomerazi sizimangotengera momwe dothi limapangidwira, koma limamera bwino nthaka yabwino.

Kuphatikiza pa spruce wamba, prickly wokhala ndi makaka ofiira, nyumba zam'chilimwe nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi spruce buluu ndi singano zobiriwira zobiriwira, nthawi zambiri zimasankha mitundu yaying'ono mpaka 2-3 m kutalika, komanso zina zosiyanasiyananso. Malingaliro ogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yamkati popanga mawonekedwe

Kedari

Mtengo wa mkungudza, kapena mtengo wa mkungudza waku Siberia, sapezeka kawirikawiri m'matumba a chilimwe: mtengo umafunika chisamaliro chapadera utali wachichepere, ngakhale m'malo a chilengedwe, mu taiga, umakula popanda mavuto. Chofunikira kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi nyengo yayifupi kwambiri, masiku 45 okha. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri imatchedwa mtengo wakulu, kukula pang'onopang'ono, komanso mitundu yatsopano yamitundu imalola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pakupanga kanyumba.

Malo obzala mmera amasankhidwa kuti chomera chachikulire chikhale ndi malo aulere pafupifupi mamita 10. Tsambalo liyenera kukhala lotseguka, koma kukula kwachinyamata kumafunikira shading mpaka wazaka 10, makamaka munthawi yamafunde.

Dothi limafunikira ndi pH yosalowerera ndale, yotayirira, yotsekedwa bwino. Zomera zimakonda kuthilira hydrate, kuthira feteleza.

Lebano, Himalayan, Atlas amadziwika kuti mitengo ya mkungudza yeniyeni. Mosiyana ndi congener ya Siberia, mbewu zawo sizoyenera kudya. Mtedza wotchuka wa paini - kunyada kwa Siberia - ndizofanana pakomedwe ka mbewu za pine iliyonse, yosiyana kukula kwake.

Ngati mungapirire m'matawuni am'madera osiyanasiyana, mutha kulima mitengo yamitengo ya ku Siberia, yomwe imakhala yolimba. Koma mitundu yokhayo imapereka zipatso za mtundu wofunikira, zina zonse zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokongoletsera, kuphatikiza kupanga nyimbo mwanjira ya bonsai.

Fir

Mtengo wachisomowo umakonda kuzungulira pakukula, koma mawonekedwe ake okongola ndi othandizira ndi oyenera kugwira ntchito yonse. Mwa mitundu yoposa 50 ya mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa munyumba yotentha yamkati, mitundu yazing'ono komanso zotsika kwambiri za balsamu, Koresi, ndi Caucasus, komanso mitundu yokwawa ya Fraser fir, imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Mitundu iyi ndi zomwe abala obereketsa amakumana nazo, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto pang'ono kwa okhala chilimwe.

Mawonedwewo ndioyenereradi madera ometa, koma samakonda mphepo. Chifukwa chake, obzalidwa mwanjira yoti akwaniritse izi zofunika, ndikofunikira makamaka pamitengo yaying'ono. Nthaka yabwino kwambiri ndi loam yosasunga chinyontho. Ndikofunika kungokumbukira: mafutawa onse amanyamula mopweteka mpweya wamzinda, koma ali oyenera muzinyumba zomwe zimakhala pamalo oyera.

Larch

Mtunduwu pachaka ndi kuyambika kwa masingano ozizira, nthawi zambiri umakongoletsedwa kanyumba ka chilimwe. Amapangidwa mwanjira ya bonsai, imakondanso kukongoletsa ngakhale popanda masamba a singano.

Okhala ndi moyo wambiri (amakhala zaka zoposa 500) ali ndi mitundu 20. Onse a iwo, kupatula achi Japan mwanjira samalekerera mthunzi. Nthaka imafunikira nthaka yachonde, yopanda madzi abwino komanso yankho la pH.

Kutalika kwa mtengowu nthawi zambiri kumafika mpaka 30 mpaka 40 m, koma mitunduyo imadzichotsera kudulira, chifukwa chake, mitengo yayitali yokhazikika imabzidwa bwino m'malo osankhidwa. Mitundu yamakono yochokera ku mitundu ya ku Europe popanga malo ang'onoang'ono yathandizira kukongoletsa katundu.

Chokuthira ndi korona wolira kapena chowoneka ngati pilo. Minda yanthete imabzalidwa m'mipangiri kuti ipange madera pomwe zinthu zachilengedwe sizimalola kuti mbewuyo izikhala poyera.

Keteleeria

Zowoneka zachilendo kuthengo zimapezeka kumapiri aku Southeast Asia. Keteleeria ndi thermophilic, chifukwa chake imakulidwa m'madera akumtunda kwa Russian Federation - pagombe lakuda la Krasnodar Territory ndi zigawo zakumwera kwa Crimea.

Mtengowo pawokha sunakongoletse kwambiri kapena kukhala wamtengo wapatali ngati gwero la zipatso. Nthawi zambiri imamera ngati chinthu chosiririka, pofuna kutsindika momwe idachokera.

Tsuga

Tsuga ndi malo enieni omwe amakhala ndi nyumba zazing'ono zamalimwe. Mitengo mwachilengedwe imakhala yaying'ono kukula, mitundu yazing'ono imatha kudziwika kuti yoteteza nthaka. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwamtunduwu ndikufalitsa nthambi zakugwa zomwe zimapereka chithumwa chapadera pakona iliyonse ya mundawo.

Bzalani mbewu m'malo osasinthika pamchenga wachonde kapena pamwala wamchenga.

Malo oyipa kwambiri ali pafupi ndi magalimoto omwe amatanganidwa: mitengo siyilekerera kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya.

Werengani zambiri munkhani yokhudza Tsugu.

Cypress

Banja limaphatikizapo genera 19 (mitundu yopitilira 130), yogawidwa makamaka kumadera otentha.

Mosiyana ndi achibale omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa, mitundu ina ndi yabwino. Cypress - imodzi mwa ma conifers ochepa omwe amakwanitsa kufalitsa ndi odulidwa.

Cypress

Mtengo "wokongola" kwambiri - korona ndi wandiweyani, wozungulira. Ngakhale zitsamba zamphesa zampweya wokwanira sizimeta, kongoletsani nthambi ndi mipira yayikulu-yayikulu ya mtundu wa bulauni. Cypress nthawi zambiri chimatsindika za mkulu wa eni nyumbayo.

Mtunda wakummwera kwambiri, wamtambo wobiriwira nthawi zonse, piramidi kapena Arizona, nyengo yotentha imagwiranso bwino ntchito ku Middle Band, ngati kutentha sikuchepera -20 ° С. Mitundu yotsika komanso yocheperako imawonedwa ngati yoyenera kwambiri - ndiyosavuta kuphimba nyengo yachisanu.

Malo abwino oti mubzalemo ndi osasinthika, ndi nthaka yachonde yomwe sinasungidwe chinyezi. Mitengo yonse ya cypress ikufuna kuthirira, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi kuyambitsa kwa michere m'nthaka.

Juniper

Shrub amakhudza mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachilengedwe, chimakula pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula mibulu ndi ayezi wamuyaya. Kufalikira kwapamwamba, kokhala ngati mitengo - kumadera otentha otentha, tchire tofewa - m'mapiri ndi kumapiri ozizira.

Ma juniperi onse amakonda dzuwa, dothi lotayirira komanso lopanda dolomite, lotha kumera pathanthwe. Amasiyana mumtundu wa korona - wamtchire, wopanda chitsamba, zokwawa, mtundu wa singano, mtundu wa zipatso zazing'ono. Sizofunika chidwi cha wokonza dimba, koma amafunitsitsa kubzala. Mitundu ya Juniper

Thuja

Chomera chimodzi chakale kwambiri chakhala chotchuka nthawi zonse ndi anthu okhala chilimwe. Kukongoletsa kwambiri, korona wopangidwa mosavuta, mpweya wathanzi mdzikoli, kuthekera kwa kufalitsa ndi zodulidwa ndizabwino zazikulu pamtengo. Ma turjas ambiri amalola chisanu bwino, chimangofunika malo okhala pokhapokha ngati kugwedezeka kwa chipale chofewa kunthambi.

Podzikongoletsa gwiritsani ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana - yokhala ndi chipilala kapena chozungulira, chofanana ndi spruce komanso zokwawa pansi.

Werengani werengani nkhani yodzala thuja komanso za mbewuyi kunyumba.

Mitundu yonse ndi mitundu yonse imalekerera mthunzi, chilala, ndi mvula yayitali, pokhapokha ngati pali madzi abwino.

Cypress

Mitengo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kukula kwake kwakukulu - mitundu yamayiko siimakula kupitilira mita imodzi ndi theka. Fomu yaying'ono imawalola kuti abzalidwe m'malo ang'onoang'ono.

Nyengo yovuta ku Russia imalekeredwa bwino ndi peyp cypress, imayendanso ndi kusaganiza bwino. Chovuta kwambiri kukula ndi mitundu ya Lavson, yomwe silivomereza nyengo yozizira. Mitundu yokonda kutentha imalolera kuyenda kulikonse ndi malo, imakulitsidwa m'matumba, ndikuyika m'chipinda chotentha cha dzinja.

Kallitris

Amtundu waung'ono ndi wa cypress. Mwa mitundu ya 36, 30 ndi yamtunda, yosasintha ngakhale madera a Russian Federation. Amalimidwa m'minda ya botanical mwanjira za sayansi.

Monga gawo lokongoletsa pang'onopang'ono, kallitris ilibe ntchito - mawonekedwe ake pafupifupi amabwereza ma cypress, koma kusiya kuli kovuta kwambiri.

Inde

Oimira amtunduwu amakhala makamaka ku North Hemisphere. Monga ma conifer onse, amasunga masamba obiriwira osinthika chaka chonse. Zomera ndizosangalatsa pa nthawi yake yokhala ndi moyo - zaka zopitilira 2000 ndi zipatso zawo - ndiwo zokhawo zomwe zimapanga zipatso osati zipatso.

Yew imapangidwanso bwino - mbewu zomwe zidagwa kuchokera ku mtengo wa mayi sizimamera konse. Cholinga chake ndikuti zinyalala zodziyankhira, zikavunda, zimapanga zinthu zomwe zimapha mbande.

Inde

Pazokongoletsa, ndi mitundu yocheperako yomwe imamera: mabulosi afupiafupi, mabulosi, spiky, Canada. Ngakhale poyamba kutalika kwa mitengo ya yew kupitilira chizindikiro cha mita 10, mitundu yaying'ono idaberekedwa ndi obereketsa. Zophatikiza kuchokera 30-100 masentimita okwera ndizodziwika.

Yew imalekerera chisanu, sakonda kuyatsa. Alimi odziwa bwino amalima pakati pa zitsamba zina ndi mitengo yabwino kwambiri kuti achepetse kuzizira. Yew sakonda kusayenda kwamadzi, nthaka yokhala ndi asidi, mphepo, chilala, fumbi, mpweya wamagetsi. Komanso, sizimatulutsa mafuta ofunikira amitundu yonse, chifukwa chake chimakhala ndi phindu lokongoletsa. Ma yew ambiri ali ndi magawo onse apamwamba ndi mizu yake poyizoni!

Torreya

Chomera sichimalimidwa pamtunda wa dziko lathu - ndiwotentha, choyenera kwambiri chifukwa ndi nyengo ya pagombe lakuda ku Caucasus. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi nutmeg ndi nutrei torrei.

Amawelenga pongogwiritsa ntchito pompopompo - mtedza ndiwosinthika, komanso umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto ndi ma varnish.

Torreya akufuna kwambiri chisamaliro, koma mitundu yatsopano yokhala ndi singano zamtundu pang'onopang'ono ikupambana mitima ya okonda chilimwe. Imakula bwino panthaka iliyonse, kupatula kuti inali ndi asidi wambiri. Sichikuwonetsa zofunikira pakuza chonde. Amakonda kuyatsa kwabwino, chitetezo chodalirika ku mphepo. Amalekerera chisanu chokhazikika, kuphatikiza kwa thunthu lokhalokha lomwe limakhala lofanana ndi loyera.

Araucariaceae

Banja lakale la ma conifers, malinga ndi asayansi amakono, zaka zawo zimaposa mamiliyoni a zaka. Ambiri mwa majini amakula ku Southern Hemisphere, ndipo amodzi okha - Kumpoto. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zam'malo otentha.

Agatis

Mitengo, yomwe kutalika kwake imafikira 70 m, kulekerera chilala modekha, imakula bwino pamthunzi. Nthaka yabwino loamy, kumasuka, chatsanulidwa. Yabzala m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo. Kutentha kotsika ndi -20 ° C.

Agatis ndiwosangalatsa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba - kuchokera kuzowonda zopendekera mpaka coniferous mpaka lanceolate.

Araucaria

Mosiyana ndi agatis, araucaria salekerera chisanu ndipo amapangidwira kuti azilimidwa kunyumba. Zitsanzo za "Arched" sizimakonda kukula kuposa 2 m kutalika.

M'mundamo, miphika yokhala ndi araucaria imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa mabedi amaluwa kapena nsanja, ma verandas okhala ndi magetsi abwino ophatikizika.

Werengani zambiri za araucaria ndi chisamaliro chake pano.

Sequoias

Mtengo wautali komanso wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi - sequoia umamera kuthengo kokha ku California (USA). Nthambi za korona wamakhola zimapezeka mozungulira, nthawi zina zimawerama, nthawi yokhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka chikwi chimodzi ndi theka.

Potseguka pamitunda yathu, mtengowo sunakulidwe, umafunika chinyezi chambiri pansi ndi mlengalenga. Njira zamkati zamnyumba za Bonsai ndizodziwika kwambiri. Amafuna kupirira komanso chisamaliro chambiri, koma kukongola kopikisanoko kumapangira zovuta zonse.

A Chilimwe wokhala

Atasankha kubzala conifers ndi tchire pa dacha, mbande zimasankhidwa mosamala. Zogula zitha kugwira ntchito ku malo azaka zapadera omwe ali pafupi. Izi zimathandizira chomera kupulumuka bwino kwa mbeuyo, kusintha kwake nyengo ndi nyengo. Kugula zinthu zobzala m'malo ogulitsira ambiri - kuti muwononge ndalama zomwe mwawononga. Nthawi zambiri, mbewuzo zimadzalidwa munthaka yotsika kwambiri, zopatsidwa feteleza ndi mahomoni, ziyenera kusamalidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, mwina osachita bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, sizoyenera kugula ma conifers kuchokera kwa ogulitsa mwachisawawa mumsika.Pamodzi ndi mmera, mutha kubweretsa tizirombo ku tsamba la matendawa.

Kuti mapangidwe aundawo asangalatse, phunzirani mosamala malamulo obzala ndi kukulira mtundu uliwonse kapena mitundu.

Ndi magawo ambiri ofanana, mbewu zamakono za hybrid nthawi zambiri zimasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi kapangidwe ka dothi, kuchuluka kwa kuwala ndi chinyezi.

Mukubzala kosakanizika, mbewu zoyandikana zimasankhidwa kuti zomwe zakula zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikufunika pa conifers - kuthirira ndi kuvala malamulo.