Nthawi zambiri amalima amayenera kuthana ndi makasitomala awo omwe amawunikira, zimakhudza matenda ndi tizirombo. Mkhalidwewu, womwe umayendetsedwa m'nyumba, umathandizira kukula kwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Kulimbana ndi mavutowa ndi gawo lalikulu la chisamaliro cha mbewu za masamba. Ganizirani za matenda a nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha ndi kufotokoza njira zothandizira, komanso kupereka zithunzi zomwe zingathandize mwamsanga kuzindikira "mdani". Mwamsanga mutapeza ndi kuzindikira matenda kapena tizilombo, mbeu zabwino ndi zosavuta zomwe mumalandira.
Zifukwa za
Mitengo yowonjezera kutentha amawoneka ngati fungal, mabakiteriya ndi matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo kusiyana ndi masamba omwe ali pamtunda. Zoperekera kuti chitukuko cha matenda ndi kufalikira kwa tizirombo ndi izi:
- kupanga ma microclimate (kusowa kwa zikhalidwe zabwino zomwe zimafunikira kuti chitukuko chitukulire ndi kukula);
- zikhalidwe zosasinthasintha (kutentha kwadzidzidzi ndi kutentha mwadzidzidzi kumakhala wowonjezera kutentha);
- mkulu chinyezi;
- madzi ozizira ulimi wothirira, kuthirira mopitirira muyeso, kupopera mbewu mankhwala mobwerezabwereza;
- kukhalapo kwazithunzi; kusowa kwauni; kusowa kwa zakudya m'nthaka;
- kunyalanyaza mfundo za kusintha kwa mbeu (malo osasintha malo ndi nthaka yobzala);
- kubzala mbande pansi, kumene oyambitsa oyipa a nkhaka (mavwende, vwende, zukini, sikwashi, dzungu) poyamba adakula;
- kuyeretsa kosayenera;
- kuchedwa mwamsanga kwa zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa.
Mukudziwa? Malo oyambirira obiriwira a greenhouse omwe ankamanga chaka chonse kumanga nkhaka zinkamangidwa ku Roma wakale. Mfumu ya Roma ya Tiberius (42 BC AD AD 37 AD) idakhumba kudya masamba awa tsiku ndi tsiku.
Matenda akuluakulu a nkhaka zowonongeka ndi mankhwala
Matenda ambiri omwe amakhudza chikhalidwe pa malo otentha ndiwo: anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew, imvi ndi yovunda, bacteriosis, mizu yovunda. Matendawa ndi ena ena a nkhaka, tsopano timalingalira mwatsatanetsatane, komanso timapereka chithunzi cha masamba omwe ali ndi kachilombo.
Anthracnose
Anthracnose - matenda omwe amakhudzidwa ndi bowa Colletotrichum lagenarium. Mafangayi amachulukitsa nthawi zonse. Dziwani kuti matendawa ali ndi mabala achizungu omwe amawoneka achikasu pamapepala ndi mabala. Pang'onopang'ono, mbali zokhudzana ndi masambazo zimakhala zowonongeka ndi kutha. Pa mphukira muwone mawanga omwe ali ndi pinki-mkuwa. Ngati nthendayi imakhudza chipatso, ndiye kuti amapanga zizindikiro monga zilonda zam'mimba. Pakati pa mvula yambiri, izi zimapangidwa ndi nkhungu ya pinki, kenako zimatembenuka zakuda. 
Kukoma kwa ndiwo zamasamba kumakhala kowawa, ndipo nthawi yosungirako ndi kayendedwe amavunda. Kudya ndiwo zamasamba ndizosafunika.
Pozindikiritsa zizindikiro izi, chipatso chokhudzidwa ndibwino kuchotsa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo mipesa iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 0,4% ya chlorine dioxide. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito 1% yankho la Bordeaux osakaniza. Njirayi ikuchitika kamodzi pa masiku khumi.
Mame a Mealy
Powdery mildew (The mycelium ndi causative agent wa Erysiples) ndi imodzi mwa matenda omwe amakhudza kwambiri nkhaka. Mu zomera zowononga, kumayambiriro kufa kwa masamba kumatchulidwa, ndipo zokolola zachepa. Pa nthawi yoyamba ya matendawa amatha kudziwika ndi kuwala koyera pa masamba. Pang'onopang'ono, mawangawo amakula, powdery mildew imafalikira ku mapesi ndi mapesi, ndipo masamba amasanduka bulauni ndi kufa. 
Ngati mupeza zizindikiro za powdery mildew, chotsani mbali zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zomera kuchokera pazomwe zimayambitsa matenda, kenaka chitani tchire ndi sulfur-based fungicides (Topsin, Bayleton, Tiovit Jet, Caratan, colloidal sulfure). Zotsatira zabwino zimaperekanso mullein kulowetsedwa. Kukonzanso kachiwiri kumachitika patatha masabata awiri.
Ndikofunikira! Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a fungal ayenera kufufuzidwa pafupi ndi mawindo, mapaipi otentha ndi zitseko zowonjezera.
Perinosporosis (downy mildew)
Downy mildew kapena perinosporosis- matenda owopsa owopsa chifukwa cha bowa Plasmopara ndipo amadwala makamaka masamba. Kamodzi pa chomera, perinospora mycelium imakula mofulumira, kutseka zakudya zopatsa thanzi. The mycelium akhoza kupitirizabe mu nkhaka kwa zaka zambiri. Pamwamba pa pepala, mawanga achikasu mawonekedwe oyambirira. Patapita nthawi, zilondazi zimakula ndikukula palimodzi. Pa mbali ya tsambali pali wakuda-imvi wofiira. Masamba amauma, makwinya ndi kugwa. 
Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, lekani kuthirira, kuwaza dothi ndi phulusa. Phimbani mipesa usiku ndikuwawombera masana. Kuthetsa yankho la Phytosporin. Masamba kumbali zonse mosamala njira Bordeaux osakaniza kapena mkuwa-sopo emulsion.
Monga njira zambiri zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kefir ndi ayodini kapena mkaka wowawasa.
Grey kuvunda
Grey kuvunda - Matenda chifukwa chogonjetsedwa ndi tchire ndi Botrytis cinerea mycelium. Mycelium amapweteka mazira ambiri, masamba, maluwa ndi zipatso za nkhaka. Matendawa amaoneka ngati maonekedwe a imvi pamapatso, omwe amatha kukula palimodzi. 
Mbali za zomera zowonongeka ndi zovunda zoyera ziyenera kuchotsedwa, kutenga mbali ya mphukira yathanzi. Malo odula ndi mandimu, mkuwa sulphate kapena wosweka makala.
Ndi matenda ofooka omwe angatengeke akhoza kukhala Bordeaux osakaniza. Pankhani ya mavunda pa zitsamba, akatswiri amachita kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa fungicides. Mankhwalawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito: "Rovral", "Khom", "Phindu", "Learnzol", "Ditan M-45", "Ordan", "Skor".
Vuto loyera
Vuto loyera kapena sclerotinia (Botrytis cinerea mycelium ndi causative agent) ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kuti mbewu zamasamba zikhale zobiriwira. Zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi mycelium, ziwononge maselo a zomera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti tchire tating'ono tife. Matendawa amakhudza kwambiri nkhaka: zamasamba, mphukira, masamba ndi zipatso za nkhaka zowonongeka. 
Chizindikiro cha sclerotinia ndi patina yoyera ndi yofiira, yofanana ndi ubweya wa thonje. Chidutswacho chimasinthasintha m'kupita kwanthawi ndikusanduka manyowa. Mitundu yomwe imakhudzidwa imatembenuka wakuda ndi kuvunda.
Miyezo yoyendetsa ikufanana ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa zowola imvi. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, kuwonjezera apo, kufukula kwa mphukira ndi kusiya ndi mkuwa-choko ufa ayenera kuchitidwa. Chochitikacho chikuchitika pachigawo choyamba cha chitukuko cha bowa.
Bacteriosis
Bacteriosis kapena zosavuta malo - Matenda owopsa chifukwa cha bowa woipa Pseudomonas lachrymans. Poyamba, zilonda zazing'ono zofiira zimapezeka pamatope, ndipo masambawo ali ndi mawanga amodzi. Mawanga amaoneka akuviikidwa ndi madzi kapena mafuta. Pambuyo pake, matendawa amatembenukira bulauni, amauma ndi kutha. Zipatso zimakhalanso kuwonetseratu kwazing'onoting'ono zamakono: nkhaka zimawoneka ngati zinakopedwa ndi mbalame. 
Pamene zizindikiro zoyambirira za bacteriosis zimaonekera pamagulu kapena cotyledons, choyamba muyenera kuchotsa zomera kapena mbande. Ndiye yomweyo kuthana ndi baka Bordeaux osakaniza kapena muyezo fungicides.
Mizu yovunda
Mizu yovunda - matenda owopsa a nkhaka, opanda chifundo kwa zomera zazing'ono ndi zakale. Kawirikawiri matendawa amakhudza zomera zofooka. Zikuwonekera kumalo osungira, bactriyitiyi imayambitsa kuyanika ndi kufa kwa mizu yonse. Zotsatira zake, masamba a m'munsi amatembenukira chikasu, kenako chitsamba chimamwalira.
Kuwombera kumasonyeza kukula kofooka. Pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha imfa ya ziphuphu. Mu mbande za kachilombo, mawanga a bulauni amaikidwa pa khola la mizu, lomwe limakula mofulumira. Patapita nthawi, mphukira imakhala yochepa, ndipo masamba aang'ono amauma. Zing'onozing'ono zimatha kutuluka m'nthaka. Matendawa ndi osavuta kuzindikira ngakhale pamasamba. Iwo ali opunduka ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi madontho aang'ono ofiira. 
Pofuna kuthana ndi zowola, zomera zimatengedwa ndi zotsatirazi: Trichodermin, Pseudobacterin-2, ndi Baktofit.
Ndikofunikira! Mankhwala onsewa akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe adalangizira.
Wowonjezera kutentha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Pamodzi ndi matenda, nkhaka zanu za wowonjezera kutentha zimatha kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nkhaka mipesa nthawi zambiri imakhudzidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, whitefly ndi akangaude. Polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ali ndi maonekedwe ake okha. Kenaka, tiphunzira tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ta nkhaka, tidziŵe zizindikiro, komanso zithunzi zazitsamba zazitsamba, ndikuwonanso njira zawo zothandizira.
Gulu la Aphid
Chipululu vwende aphidKudyetsa zomera zowonjezera, kuziwonongera komanso kufalitsa mavairasi osiyanasiyana. Thupi lautali la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi 2 mm. Mtundu wakuda kapena wobiriwira. Tizilombo tating'ono tingathe kudzaza tchire mwamsanga, ndikuwononga mbewu. Choyamba, zimayambira ndi masamba amafalikira, kenako amafa.
Mukhoza kuyang'ana nsabwe za m'masamba kumbuyo kwa masamba komanso pa mphukira za nkhaka mu July ndi August. Nsomba za nsabwe za m'masamba pa nkhaka mu nyengo yotentha ndi namsongole, kotero muyenera kuzichotsa nthawi yake. Kutsekemera kwa tsabola wofiira ndi fumbi la fodya (tsabola 30 g ndi 200 g fodya fodya kutsanulira 10 malita a madzi otentha) amawoneka kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba mu wowonjezera kutentha. Pitirizani kukonzekera za tsiku, mavuto, ndiye pangani 1 tbsp. l nyumba zamadzi sopo ndi 3 tbsp. l nkhuni zamatabwa. Patangotha mlungu umodzi, ndondomeko yoyamba kupopera mbewu iyenera kubwerezedwa. Yesetsani kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira pakati pa mizere yomwe ili mu wowonjezera kutentha. Pankhani yokonzekera mankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito Strela kapena Inter-virusi kumachitika.
Whitefly wowonjezera kutentha
Ntchentche yoyera - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nthawi zambiri timakhala pa zomera zotentha. Tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timakhala ndi mapiko a mtundu woyera, ndipo thupi lake liri ndi zokutira sera zoyera. Whitefly imatha kuwononga chomeracho kanthawi kochepa. Amakhazikika pamagulu a nkhaka, akuyamwa madzi kuchokera kwa iwo ndikuwonetsa mankhwala a sugari. Makamaka masango ambiri amapezeka pansi pa pepala. Ndiye mphukira ndi masamba amasanduka wakuda ndi kufa. 
Against whitefly, mankhwala othandiza ndi mankhwala a Akofit (0.2%). Ndondomekoyi ikuchitika 2-3 nthawi yonse ya zomera.
Ndikofunikira! Musawonjezere zitsamba zatsopano ku nthaka ya nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha. Chiwombankhanga chimatenga calcium m'nthaka ndikuchichotsera. Gwiritsani ntchito utuchi wokha umene umakhalapo kwa chaka chimodzi.Kuteteza wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku whitefly, kuphimba zitseko zonse ndi mawotolo mumphindi umodzi wa gauze. Kenaka tanizani misampha yapadera ya glue. Pamapeto pake, zidutswa za plywood zimayenera kuvala mtundu woyera kapena wachikasu wokongola kwa whitefly. Kenako perekani plywood ndi chisakanizo cha rosin, mafuta opangira mafuta ndi mafuta odzola.
Njira yosatsimikiziridwa yopopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi madzi oyera. Pambuyo kutsuka, utuchi, peat kapena humus ziyenera kuwonjezedwa kunthaka.
Kulimbana ndi whitefly pa nkhaka ntchito ng'ombe, nkhumba, nkhosa, hatchi ndi rabbit humus.
Kangaude mite
Makombero otentha amawopsa. kangaude. Ndi kuwonjezeka kulikonse kutentha kwa mpweya (kuyambira 20 ° C ndi pamwamba), nambala ya nkhupakupa imakula. Tizilombo timadya mbande ziwiri ndi mipesa ikuluikulu. Kufika kwa kangaude kumatsimikizirika mosavuta: pa masamba mungathe kuwona intaneti, yomwe nthata zimayenda.
Kulimbana ndi kangaude, pali mankhwala apadera otchedwa acaricides. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timakonda kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo, choncho ndalama zimayenera kusinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Clipper, Fitoverm, Bicol, Talstar, Akarin ndi ena ayenera kutchulidwa ngati othandiza.
Mukudziwa? Limbani ndi kangaude - palibe ntchito yosavuta. Choyamba muyenera kuchotsa chachikazi. Kutalika kwa moyo wake sikungapola mwezi, komabe, panthawi imeneyi mkazi ali ndi nthawi yoika mazira mazana angapo. Zimadziwikanso kuti mkazi wamtundu umodzi wa mite amatha kuika mazira 15-20,000 m'moyo wake wonse. Ndi ochepa chabe mwa zinyama zomwe zingadzitamande ndi zokolola zoterezi.
Kupewa
Pewani kuchita zowononga zomwe zidzateteza kutuluka ndi kufalikira kwa matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo pa nkhaka mu kutentha kwa nyengo. Njira zothandizira ndi izi:
- kuchotsa nthawi zonse ndikuwonongeka kwa kachilombo ka HIV, kachilomboka, komanso zipatso zovunda;
- kusuta kwa totentha, kuphatikizapo nthaka, zipangizo ndi zipangizo zina;
- Kukhala ndi microclimate yabwino (kutentha - 23-25 ° C, kutentha kwa mpweya - 80-85%);
- kuthirira moyenera nthaka;
- kusungirako zokolola (kusintha nyengo nthawi ndi nthawi);
- kubzala mitundu yopanda matenda ndi hybrids;
- Kutentha ndi kuvala mbewu (chifukwa cha disinfection, nyemba ziyenera kulowetsedwa mu 1% yothetsera potassium permanganate musanafese);
- Kufika kumtunda wokonzedweratu;
- kukonzanso nthawi zamakono;
- kuyendayenda nthawi zonse mu chipinda; Kusunga mabedi kukhala koyera.
Tikuyembekeza kuti nkhaniyi ikuthandizani kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana a nkhaka zotentha ndikupeza zokolola zambiri. Kusamalira bwino nkhaka, kupewa kanthawi kochepa kumachepetsa pafupifupi zero mwayi wa chiwonongeko cha nkhaka matenda ndi tizilombo toononga.
