Mitundu yayikulu ya mbeu ndi makhalidwe awo

Kusintha kwa sayansi ndi luso, chabwino, sikuli koyenera. Zimapereka mphamvu yokonza ntchito ya anthu pomaliza ntchito mofulumira komanso bwino. Mapulogalamu apamwamba samatsutsa ndi mafakitale a zamagetsi. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, lero zimapanga kuchuluka kwa ulimi njira ndi mbeu - Ichi ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Kodi makina opangira mbewu ndi chiyani?

Zamkatimu:

• Kupanga ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito
• Mitundu
• Mwa kufesa njira
• Mwa mtundu wa traction
• Mwa chikhalidwe
• Mbali za ntchito

Kufotokozera ndi Cholinga

Mbeu ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofesa mbewu za zomera zosiyanasiyana pansi. Kawirikawiri, makinawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa feteleza kapena zinthu zina zam'madzi pamadera ambiri a mbewu.

Ndi zamakono Njira zina zofalitsa mbewu ndi dzanja kapena sieve, zomwe zingawonjezere kwambiri zokolola. Chofunika kwambiri pa njirayi ndi chakuti mbewu zimagawidwa mofanana ndi nthawi yomweyo pazomwe mukufunikira. Mtengo wa ndondomekoyi siimakhudzidwa ndi nyengo iliyonse ndi nyengo kapena mphepo ya mphepo, yomwe, pofesa ndi manja, imafalikira zokolola kumadera ozungulira. Mitundu yatsopano kwambiri imakhalanso ndi nyamayo yoyenera. Mndandanda wa zobowola, komanso katundu wawo ndi ntchito yake yonse, zidzasinthidwa.

Mukudziwa? Wopanga chitsulo choyamba anapangidwa ku China m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC, koma ku Ulaya chidachi chinali chovomerezeka pokhapokha m'zaka za m'ma 1600 AD ndipo chinapindulika pa nthawi ya kusintha kwa ulimi wa Britain.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa makina onse a mbeu ndi kukula kwa nsalu. Kawirikawiri mbali imeneyi idzadziwika mwamsanga, monga ikuwonetsedwa mu chizindikiro cha chipangizo (mwachitsanzo, C3 - 3.5). Izi zikutanthauza kuti mbewuyo ndi mbewu ndipo ili ndi mamita 3.5. Choncho, pokhapokha atawona chizindikiro cha njirayi, munthu amatha kuzindikira kuti cholinga chake ndi mbewu za tirigu ndipo nthawi iliyonse ndi zipangizo zake zidzakonza gawo la mamita 3.5 m'lifupi. Kuchokera pa izi ndi zosavuta kuwerengera malo omwe mukufesa angaphimbidwe poyendayenda kamodzi kuchokera kumapeto kwa munda mpaka kumalo ena. Choncho, ngati mukudziwa kukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka makina, zimakhala zosavuta kuwerengera nthawi yomwe imafunika kufesa.

Kupanga ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito

Kuti mumvetse zomwe mbewuyo imayenera, ndi bwino kuganizira momwe ipangidwe ndi ntchito yake. Ichi ndi makina omwe ali ndi zigawo zotsatirazi:

• chipangizo chokhala ndi mbewa yambewu yofesa mbewu, yomwe imayeza ndi kuidyetsa;
• mabokosi angapo, zitini kapena zitsulo zina zokhala ndi zitsulo (kuthandizira kuti mbeu ikhale yabwino) kusungirako zokolola;
• kachipangizo (mwachitsanzo, khama) kuti apange zobiriwira m'nthaka, kumene mbewu zidzalowa;
• Njira yokwanira kudzaza mbeu ndi nthaka pambuyo poti mbeuyo iwakhudza ndi kuyesa nthaka.

Mu makina opangidwa ndi mbewu ndi feteleza (tuk) panthawi imodzimodzi, mabokosi a tirigu amapezeka nthawi zambiri kutsogolo kwa makinawo, ndi tuk kumbuyo. Mbeu yamakono ikuyenda kudutsa pamunda ndi thirakita pa liwiro la 13 km / h.

Mukudziwa? M'mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union, osati mbewu yokhayo yomwe imatchuka, komanso mlimi wamaluwa, omwe amatha kufesa pa nthaka yopanda madzi (stubble).

Pambuyo pophunzira mapangidwe, ntchito yoyendetsera galimotoyo imakhala yomveka bwino: makina, kupanga kayendedwe pamunda, amapanga grooves, afesedwa kubzala zakuthupi kufunika kozama ndi mtunda, feteleza wamchere (ngati kuli kofunikira), ndipo motero, imayambitsa maluwa ndi dothi, ndikupanga yunifolomu. Mbewu imatsanulidwira mu chubu la mbewu chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa mithunzi, ndipo mapeto a mbewu za mbewu zimakumana ndi khasu. Njirayi imafuna kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi khama pa gawo la munthuyo. Mwini mundayo, pa nkhaniyi, amangolamulira thanzi la makina okha.

Chomera chomera mbewu Zingakhale zomangirira ndi nyumayi. Poyambirira izo zinatchulidwa molondola zapadera, zomwe zili ndi makope ena obzala. Ichi si kanthu koma chozizwitsa cha teknoloji, yomwe imatchedwa preccercer planter. Chipangizo choterechi ndi chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse; chimakhala ndi dongosolo la chibayo la mbeu. Ubwino wake:

1. Kusiyana kwabwino pakati pa kubzala.
2. Mtengo wamtundu waukulu.
3. Chotsani zowonongeka.
4. Limbikitsani kukolola kwa mtsogolo.

Chokhacho chokha cha zipangizo zomveka bwino ndizo mtengo wawo wamtengo wapatali, kotero sizimapezeka nthawi zonse kuti agwiritse ntchito payekha. Kawirikawiri makina oterewa amapezeka m'minda ndi minda, kumene kuli kofunikira kuti kulima kwakukulu: Zokola, oats, nandolo, chimanga, kabichi, mpendadzuwa, ndi ena.

Mitundu

Makina ofesa ali ndi zipangizo zamakono padziko lonse lapansi, kotero pali mitundu yambiri yamagetsi omwe ali ndi makhalidwe enaake. Kawirikawiri, njirazi zikhoza kugawidwa kukhala chilengedwe chonse. Mtundu woyamba ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa mbewu iliyonse: tirigu, nyemba, kapena chimanga. Mitengo ndi yapadera kwa mtundu uliwonse wa mbewu. Ganizirani mitundu yayikulu ya makina ndi ndondomeko yawo. Mbewu imatchulidwa mofanana ndi mtundu wamtundu wa mbeu, njira ya mbeu ndi chikhalidwe (malinga ndi maluso).

Mwa kufesa njira

Chodziwika kwambiri ndizofotokozera momwe mungabzalidwe (kubzala), kuphatikizapo mitundu yotsatira ya mbeu:

• Chisa chapafupi ndi mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika gulu la tirigu pamwamba pa mabwalo / mapulaneti;
• Padera - chida chofesa chikhalidwe pafupi / tepi popanda mipata;
• Kudula - njira yofalitsa chisa cha mbewu mumzere uliwonse / tepi;
• kubalalitsa - makina a mbewu zosokonezeka m'munda wonse (mwachitsanzo, udzu);
• Mitengo (yosagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi) ndi mitundu yomwe imapangidwira kuti mbeu ikhale yofanana, yomwe ili pakati pa mbewu.

Ndikofunikira! Njira yofesa makina imasankhidwa, kuganizira za chikhalidwe, kukula kwa malo ofesedwa ndi mtundu wa dothi (kupanga, kulera ndi kukonzekera kulima).

Mwa mtundu wa traction

Mndandanda wa makina monga mtundu wa traction umawalekanitsa iwo, malingana ndi njira yomwe imayendetsera mbewu kuti ipange:

• tekitala (yokwera / yowonongeka) - njira yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi thirakitala, motero imayendetsa msinkhu wopita mozungulira pamunda;
• Kuwongolera - makina omwe amamangiriridwa ku kavalo ka kavalo mothandizidwa ndi zingwe zodabwitsa;
• Bukuli - lomwe limayenda mothandizidwa ndi khama laumunthu.
• wodzimangirira yekhayo - chithunzi chokhazikika.

Kawirikawiri kufesa kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi thirakitala, nthawizina ku ngolo ya akavalo. Misa imatulutsa, ndithudi, mitundu ya matakitala. Masiku ano ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza zipangizo zamakono, izi ndizopangidwa ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale, chifukwa ntchito yawo ndi yovuta komanso yopanda ntchito.

Mwa chikhalidwe

Monga tanenera kale, malingana ndi mtundu wa chikhalidwe chofesedwa, zipangizo zoyenera zimasankhidwa. Makina awa amadziwika ndi zigawo zina za mapangidwe awo, omwe amasinthidwa ndi mtundu wina wa chikhalidwe, umene uyenera kukula. Izi zimapangidwa motere:

• tirigu;
• tirigu-zitsamba;
• mafuta;
• tirigu ndi masamba;
• chowuni;
• fayilo;

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mbeuzi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse malinga ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa. Kawirikawiri, pofuna kusunga, makina obzala mbewu amasankhidwa monga chilengedwe chonse. Komabe, kuyesera koteroko sikuli bwino nthawizonse. Chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa mbewu ndi zosiyana zofunikira kubzala, kugwiritsira ntchito pobowola chifukwa cholakwika sikukhoza kuwononga zokololazo, ndipo nthawi zina zimathyola chipangizocho.

Phunzirani zambiri za mwayi ndi ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito matrekita mu ulimi: MTZ-892, MTZ-80, MTZ-1221, T-150, Kirovets K-9000, T-25,

Mbali za ntchito

Njira zamakono za kufesa zimakhala zodziwika, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zadothi zokha, komanso "zoteteza". Mtundu woyamba wa processing ukulima. Mtundu wachiwiri, umene umatchedwanso kuti ndi wosachepera, umadziwika ndi kudzipereka kwathunthu ndi kumasula nthawi zonse nthaka. A mbeu zapadziko lonse ali ndi khalidwe lochititsa chidwi. Mbewu iliyonse yofesa tirigu ili mu bokosi losiyana. Pansi pake pamakhala valavu yotsanulira. Kutalika kwa valavuyi kumasinthika mosavuta ndi bolt, malingana ndi kukula kwa tirigu, zikhoza kukhala kuyambira 0 mpaka 53 centimita.

Ndikofunikira! Ngati wopanga amaika chizindikiro chake ngati mbeu yambewu, ndiye kuti mphamvu yambewu imayenera kukhala ndi valavu yosinthika, mwinamwake mbewuzo zidzakanikizidwa kapena, mosiyana ndizo, zimatuluka kwambiri.

Mizere yotsatirayi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, malingana ndi mbeu:

• ochepa - 0.5-2 mm;
• lalikulu - 7-10 mm.

Kutalika kwa dzenje la feteleza ayenera kukhala pakati pa 8-13 mm. Manyowa amchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabedi 30 mpaka 300 kg pa hekitala.

Kuzama kwa mbeu za m'nthaka kungasinthidwe ndi kuthandizidwa ndi akasupe apadera kapena njira zina, chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imasiyana ndi momwe mbeu ikuyendera. Ambiri mwa mbeuzi ali ndi chipangizo chodziwikiratu chomwe chimayang'anira ndondomekoyi. Alimi omwe akudziwa bwino ntchitoyi amafunsira kuti asankhe opanga mapuloteni ndi matanki a tirigu opangidwa ndi fiberglass. Zinthuzi zidzakutengerani nthawi yaitali kuposa polima, chifukwa saopa kuzizira ndi kuzizira, sizimapereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mtengo wa makina odzalawo umasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kotero ndibwino kusankha mbeuyo molingana ndi chiwerengero cha "mtengo wamtengo wapatali".