Kufotokozera za banja la mabulosi a mabulosi

Ndani sakonda kudya mabulosi amtengo wapatali, yesani nkhuyu? Aliyense amadziwa kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi chida. Ambiri amvapo za chipatso chodabwitsa cha mkate, ndipo ena ngakhale za ng'ombe yamtengo wapatali. "

Za nsalu za silika ndipo simukusowa kunena, aliyense amadziwa khalidwe lake, mosavuta ndi kukongola kwake. Zonsezi, osati zokha, zimapatsa munthu mitengo ya mabulosi.

Mawu akuti "apa" ndi ochokera ku Turkki, zomwe sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa zomera za banja ili makamaka kumwera, otentha zachilengedwe, koma zakhala zothandiza kwa munthu kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo sizinawonongeke masiku ano.

Zamkatimu:

• Mitundu ya mabanja
• Artokarpovye
• Broshimovye
• Dorsteniye
• Ficus
• Olmedic
• Mabulosi
• Kugwiritsa ntchito kamera

Malongosoledwe a zomera

Gululo limaphatikizapo mitundu 1,700 m'zipinda zoposa 65. Banja ili liri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zina mwazo ndizosawoneka:

• mitengo yobiriwira yobiriwira;
• masamba omaliza;
• chiwonongeko;
• zitsamba;
• herbaceous perennials ndi chaka;
• kukwera mipesa.

Zili zovuta kupereka zofanana zomwe zimakhala zokha za banja la mabulosi, zomwe zingawasiyanitse ndi mabanja ena omwe ali nawo.

Mwachitsanzo, mazira a milky ndi mazira - zizindikiro zomwe zimatengedwa ngati mulberries, zimapezedwanso mu zomera zina za banja la nettle. Zizindikiro za banja la mbeu ya mabulosi:

• makonzedwe a masamba otsutsana kapena otsatira;
• masambawo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana: osakanizidwa ndi okwanira, otentha ndi ozungulira, angaperekedwe ndi timitengo tating'ono;
• dioecious maluwa akhoza kukhala mono- ndi dioecious, kawirikawiri ndikumangirira korona ya nondescript;
• Maluwa a mabulosi ali m'malo osadziwika: osakhala ndi corolla kapena kugonana komweko, chiwerengero cha stamens chimasiyana, manyazi ndi imodzi kapena ziwiri, ndi ovule imodzi yokha;
• Nyongolotsi imawoneka ndi mphepo komanso mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo, nthawi zina mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo timapanga zomera zina;
• ovary ali pamwamba komanso pansi;
• mtedza kapena drupe ndi chipatso.

Mitundu ya mabanja

Zimakhala zovuta kugawa banja lomwe lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo komanso zosaoneka zomwe zingathe kuzipatula kwa ena.

Banja la amabulosi mwachikhalidwe limagawidwa mu mafuko 6:

• chodabwitsa;
• kupweteka;
• dorstenia;
• ficus;
• olmedic;
• mabulosi

Talingalirani mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa iwo.

Artokarpovye

Gawo la Artokarpovyh kapena Artokarpovyh (latchedwa Artoearpeae) limaphatikizapo genera 15, kuphatikizapo mitundu 100. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Artokarpus, womwe zipatso za mkate ndizo, komanso mtengo wotchedwa jackfruit.

Zipatso zawo zimadyetsedwa ndi anthu okhala m'mayiko otentha - malo omwe mitengo iyi imakula.

Mukudziwa? Zomera za mtundu wa Artokarpovykh zakhala zikulimbidwa ndi munthu kuti azipeza chakudya, kutchula zomwe zinatifikitsa ife mu zolembedwa za Theophrastus zolembedwa kale, ndi Pliny, omwe makalata ake amayamba kuyambira pachiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano.

Artokarpus onse ali ofiirira komanso osowa. Masamba awo amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mosiyana ngakhale mumtengo womwewo.

Mitundu ya zomera ya mtundu uwu ndi yamphongo ndi yaikazi, maluwawo ndi ochepa, samasiyana mozizwitsa ndi kukongola. Mu amuna, stamen imodzi yokha.

Mitundu yosiyana ndi mungu wochokera mu njira zosiyanasiyana: Mwachitsanzo, chipatso cha mkate sichidavutitsa kupereka maluwa ake ndi fungo; mwachiwonekere, sikufunikira kukopa tizilombo komwe mphepo imatha. Mitengo ina monga jackfruit imayendetsa mungu wofiira ndi zonunkhira.

Mukudziwa? Ngakhalenso abuluzi amathandiza pollination of artocarpus, kufunafuna mwakhama chakudya maluwa awo.

Mtundu uwu umakhala wolemera kwambiri, womwe umakhala wolemera kuposa 10 kilograms. Amadya zamkati ndi mbewu zawo.

Artokarpus amakula ku India, Indochina, Papua ndi New Guinea, Fiji ndi Malay Archipelago - m'mawu ena, m'dera lotchedwa Indo-Malesian floristic sub-kingdom mu sayansi, kumbali ya kummawa kumene kuli achibale ena atatu: parartokarpus, prainea, holletiya. Mitengo mwa iwo, makamaka masamba obiriwira. Other genera yokhudzana ndi artokarpov:

• Trekuliya - imakula mumvula yamvula ya ku Afrika.
• Maclura - mumtunduwu mumaphatikizapo mitundu yoimiridwa ndi zitsamba zaminga, mitengo, kukwera liana. Malo okula: Asia, Africa, America, amalimidwa m'madera akummwera a dziko lathu monga chomera chokongola, chotchedwa "zilombo zakutchire" chifukwa cha zipatso zake, zomwe zimakhalabe zovuta.
• Broussea, kapena mabulosi, amakula kum'mwera chakumwera ndi kummawa kwa Asia, amafanana ndi maonekedwe a mabulosi, koma ali ndi zipatso zosadziwika.

Broshimovye

Fuko la Quarim (lat. Brosimeae) limaphatikizapo pafupifupi 8 genera, malo apamwamba ndi a mtundu wa Quariate. Malo omwe akugawidwa: Mexico ndi Greater Antilles - South Brazil.

Zisokonezo zimakhala zovuta, mitengo yambiri yomwe imakhala yobiriwira, imakonda kukula pamtunda wina, osati kupitirira, ngakhale mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa mitengo nthawi zina kumafika mamita 35. Iwo asungunuka kapena masamba onse, mizu yotulukira, yaikulu. Mtengo uli ndi juke ngati madzi - latex - woyera kapena wachikasu.

Maluwa a zomera zamtundu uwu ndi abambo omwewo, chiwerengero cha stamens chimasiyanasiyana ndi chimodzi kapena chinayi, inflorescence ndi discoid kapena capitate. Kubwezeretsa, cholandiracho chikupeza minofu yamtundu wa chikasu kapena wofiira, zomwe nyama zimadya. Ndi madontho akufalikira mbewu za zomera.

Fuko lina ndilo fuko ili, mwachitsanzo:

• trimatococcus, wobadwira ku South America;
• Heliantostilis, komanso wokhala ku South America;
• chipwirikiti chomwe chinapezeka ku Africa;
• Zithunzi ndi zina.

Dorsteniye

Tribe dorsteniyevy (lat. Dorstenia) ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 200. Oimira ake makamaka ndiwo zomera zoumba, kuphatikizapo zamasamba, mosiyana ndi mafuko ena a banja la mabulosi. Chinthu chokhacho chimene chimapanga fukoli ndi dorstenia, chili pafupi ndi ficus ndi nsomba.

Succulents amakhalanso ndi: aihrizone, zamiokulkas, agave, alowe, kalanchoe, echeveria, nolin, nyama ya mafuta, hatiora, epiphyllum, havortia, stapelia, lithops.

Zomera zimayambira ndizochepa, pafupifupi masentimita imodzi, kutalika kwake kumapangidwa ndi masamba aatali kwambiri - onse kapena operewera.

Dorstenia yapanga makina a rhizomes, chifukwa cha kubereka kwa zomera. The inflorescences ndi lathyathyathya, ali ndi mawonekedwe mawonekedwe greenish. Kumbali yake yapamwamba ndi maluwa onse awiri.

Zipatso zikapsa, minofu yotupa yomwe ili pansi pawo imapangitsa kuti iwo azikhala mumlengalenga ndi mphamvu zokwanira.

Mukudziwa? Ngakhale kukula m'nkhalango zam'madera otentha, komwe kumakhala chinyezi, dorstenia imasankha malo ambiri. Amakonda kukhala m'mabwato, m'madzi, m'matanthwe a miyala, kumene madzi amatha, koma "samakwera" pamwamba pa mamita 2000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Ambiri a nthumwi za mtundu umenewu amakhala m'madera otentha a ku Africa ndi America, ndipo mitundu itatu yokha imapezeka ku Asia.

Ficus

Pa genera lonse la banja la amamuberi, ficus amayamba poyambira pa chiwerengero cha mitundu, chiwerengero cha kufalitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. M'gulu lalikulu la ficus (latice Ficeae), ndilo lalikulu kwambiri, komanso, mtundu wina wapadera, kuphatikizapo mitundu yokwana 1,000.

Ndikofunikira! Ficus - mtundu wakale, womwe unasunga malo ambiri a chitukuko, chodabwitsa cha zomera.

Ngakhale kuti mkati mwake muli chiwerengero chachikulu cha makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, pali ziwiri, zosiyana ndi zake:

1. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha inflorescences.
2. Ubwenzi wapadera ndi tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa mungu, zomwe ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

Ficus - omwe amakhala okhala m'nkhalango zazitentha, mbali yawo yofunikira ndi moyo. Iwo ali ndi korona wobiriwira, masamba amawoneka kapena amatsindikizira, mitengo ikuluikulu ili ndi mphamvu, imakhala ndi mizu pansi pake, nthawizina imafika mamita 2-3 mu msinkhu. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitengo ya ficus yomwe imakhala yamtunda komanso mitengo yovuta kwambiri, kukwera mipesa.

Ficus inflorescences amatchedwa syconia, amawoneka ngati mabulosi owoneka ngati mapeyala kapena amitundu yozungulira, mkati mwake komanso kunja kwake. Ndi m'munsi mwa "mabulosi" awa ndipo duwa ili, losafikirika ndi diso. Chokha ndi kuwononga inflorescence, mukhoza kuchipeza.

Sikony iwowo amatha kukulira mwachindunji pa nthambi ndi zimayambira, mitundu ina imabweretsa zokolola zawo m'nthaka, ndipo zina zimapanga mbande, ngakhale kuti njira yawo yowunikira imadziwikabe, komanso cholinga cha fruiting.

Mukudziwa? Mtengo wamkuyu, kapena nkhuyu, ndi umodzi wa zomera zowiririka kale. Archaeology ili ndi deta yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Stone Age - Paleolithic, pafupi zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Agiriki akale ankagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo ngakhale mitengo ina iliyonse inalandira mayina awo, monga momwe anatchulidwira ndi Odyssey.

Ficus ali ndi zinthu zomwe ziri mu zomera kupatula zozizwitsa sizingakhoze kutchedwa.

• Ficus-epiphyte Iwo akhoza kuyamba njira yawo ya moyo monga mawonekedwe a epiphytes okhala pa zomera zina ndi kumasula mizu ya mlengalenga - chinthu chodabwitsa chomwe chimapezeka m'mitengo yotentha.

• "Ficus akugwedeza".Imodzi mwa mitundu yapadera ya moyo wa ficus. Ficus, yomwe yayendetsedwa pa thunthu la chomera, imayamba kukula monga epiphyte, kumasula mizu yake, yakukwaza pansi pa mtengo wa mtengo womwe unabisala.

  Phunzirani zambiri za mitundu yambiri ya rabara ficus ndi Benjamin ficus.

  Akafika ku nthaka ndikuzika mizu, amayamba kukula. Pa nthawi yomweyi, akalumikizana, amakula pamodzi ndi wina ndi mzake, ndipo atenga thunthu la mtengo lomwe linawakulira, amafinyani, lomwe limatsogolera ku imfa ya chomeracho.

  Koma panthawiyo, "ficus-strangler" imayambitsa kale, mothandizidwa ndi mizu yake ya mpweya, chimango cholimba chomwe chimagwira ntchito ya thunthu, mtengo umene uli pamwamba pake.

Mukudziwa? Choncho, kuchita kuchokera pamwamba, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoopsya ya mtengo wokhalapo, ficus amatha kuika korona yake mwamsanga pamlingo woyamba, kulandira kuchuluka kwa kuwala. Pachigawo ichi m'madera a Caribbean, ficus imatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kusakhulupirika ndi kusayamika.

• Ficus-banyan. Atakwanira kukhwima, "ficus choke" amatha kukhala mtengo wa banyan. Fomu ya moyo imeneyi imapangidwanso mu zotsekemera za ficus.

  Banyan ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yofalitsa zomera, momwe ubale wa kholo ndi mwana wamkazi umasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma imfa ya mtengo wa kholo sichitengera zotsatira zoyipa pamtengo wa mbeu.

  Mbalame ya banyan yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku mizu ya mlengalenga, yomwe imapangidwa mowonjezereka m'magulu osakanikirana. Ambiri mwa iwo amauma popanda kugwa pansi, koma akwaniritsa ntchito yawo - kupanga mapangidwe a amino acid, omwe amapereka kukula kwakukulu kwa mtengo.

  Maselo omwe amatha kufika kumtunda ndikuzika mizu mwawo, amawombera pamtengo wapatali, womwe umakhala ngati thunthu lomwe limapanga ntchito ndi kuthandizira.

Ndikofunikira! M'mapiri otentha, ma ficus ambiri amatha kusintha mobwerezabwereza mawonekedwe a moyo wawo, kuwamasulira kukhala ena, ofunikira kwambiri: kuyamba moyo ndi mawonekedwe a epiphyte, kutembenukira ku strangler, ndiyeno nkupita ku mtengo wa banyan. Komabe, zonsezi sizingamuchitikire, ndipo chomeracho chiyamba ndi kutha moyo wake, mwachitsanzo, ngati mtengo wamba wobiriwira.

Olmedic

Pafupifupi 13 genera, kuphatikizapo mitundu 60 ya zomera, ndi a fuko la Olmedievic (lat. Olmedieae): zitsamba ndi mitengo. Awa ndi anthu a ku America, Africa ndi Asia.

Mitengoyi imakhala dioecious. Magetsi awo ofanana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi mawonekedwe a mpira kapena ofanana. Makungwa, masamba ndi masamba a zomera ali ndi latex kwambiri.

Nthenda yotchedwa olmedia imasiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya fuko ili chifukwa cha zenizeni za nkhuni. Gulu lotsalira la fuko ili liri pafupi kwambiri.

Mitundu ina ya mtundu wa Olmedic ndi yotchuka monga mphira wa chilengedwe chifukwa cha latex m'matumbo awo, mwachitsanzo, mphira ndi elastic castilla. Izi ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri yomwe imakhala yaitali mamita 40. Zimatuluka chaka chonse ndipo nthawi imodzi ndizobiriwira. Mitundu yonseyi ndi "mphepo", ndiko kuti, nthawi zina, imasiya nthambi zing'onozing'ono ndi masamba.

Anthu ena a fukoli amapanga madzi owopsa. Mlingo wa poizoni wa chinthu ichi sichinafotokozedwe. Zikuganiza kuti zinthu zotsatirazi zingakhudze izi:

• makhalidwe amtundu uliwonse;
• siteji ya chitukuko cha zomera;
• zikhalidwe zomwe zimakhalamo;
• nthawi ya chaka ndi zina zotero.

Ndikofunikira! Komabe, palibe kukayikira kuti mitengo ya makira yokonda zachikopa, yomwe imakula ku South America, ili ndi poizoni wakupha.

Mabulosi

Mbali yapadera ya mtundu wamamera (Lat. Moreae) kapena mabulosi ndi mtundu wa inflorescences. Amawoneka ngati panicle, khutu kapena phokoso, kugonana komweko. Mosiyana ndi oimira mafuko ena, mazimayi operewera azimayi alibe mawonekedwe a disk kapena mutu.

Fukoli liri ndi genera 10, kuphatikizapo mitundu 70 ya zomera, zomwe zimakhala monoecious ndi dioecious. Nthawi zambiri zimakula kumadera otentha kupatulapo mabulosi ambiri, omwe amapezeka, kuphatikizapo m'dera lotentha.

Fungo la Fauth limaphatikizapo mitundu yobiriwira yomwe imakonda nyengo zozizira; galasi yotsalayo imaphatikizapo mitengo ndi zitsamba. M'mbuyomu yakale, Streblus ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu, malo achiwiri akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mu mtundu wa mitengo ya mabulosi yamtengo wapatali. Masamba awo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, inflorescences amafanana ndi ndolo. Pakukonza kusamba kwawo ma perianths akuphulika, kuwonjezera minofu ya minofu.

Chipatso chokhwima chimawoneka ngati maonekedwe a mchere wobiriwira, womwe umatchedwa mabulosi m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Amakula m'madera otentha ndi ofunda.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kamera

Oimira banja la mulberry, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyana siyana ndi mitundu yawo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano:

• zofunikira;
• chakudya cha ziweto;
• kupanga nsalu za silika;
• mtengo wamtengo wapatali;
• mankhwala;
• kukonza mapepala;
• gwero la mphira wachilengedwe;
• kubzala zokongoletsera.

Mabulosi

Wodziwika bwino komanso wamba wamba wa banja la mabulosi.

• Zipatso zake zimakhala ndi zakudya zabwino komanso zabwino, zimasiyana ndi fruiting pachaka, ndipo ndi mbewu yopindulitsa.
• Mabulosi amtengo wapatali pa bizinesi ya njuchi: maluwa ake amapereka mungu kwa njuchi, ndipo chipatso - madzi okoma.
• Mitundu ina ya mabulosi ndi chakudya cha silika, zomwe zimapatsa ulusi wa silika. Pofuna kupanga silika, anthu a ku China akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mtengo umenewu kwa zaka pafupifupi zikwi zitatu, mwambo wa ku Ulaya wa silika ndi wochepa kwambiri, komanso uli ndi zaka zikwizikwi.
• Mabulosi amtengo wapatali ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito popanga nyumba ndi zokongoletsera.
• Mabulosi a silika amabala zingwe, chingwe, makatoni ndi pepala.
• Masamba ndi matabwa amapereka utoto wachikasu.
• Muzu wa makungwa mwa mawonekedwe a kulowetsedwa amachitira bronchitis, matenda oopsa, matenda a m'mimba.

Zomera monga calendula, dodder, yucca, princeling, salage (salvia) meadow udzu, viburnum buldenezh, gooseberries, ndi biloba zimathandizanso pa tsamba la kudya.

• Korona wandiweyani wa mabulosi ndi makhalidwe ake okongoletsera amalola kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wokhala ndi zobiriwira m'madera a anthu, ndipo chifukwa cha kukula ndi kudzichepetsa kwa mabulosi n'kofunika kwambiri m'minda yodzitetezera.

Chipatso cha mkate Mtengo wamtali kwambiri mpaka mamita 25 wamtali, umawoneka chinachake ngati thundu. Ndi a fuko artokarpusovye. Zipatso zake zikuluzikulu, zimayambira, zofanana ndi mavwende, ndi kulemera kwake kwa kilogalamu 3-4, koma zitsanzo zina zimatha kufika ma kilogalamu 40.

Ankadyera pachimake chawo chofewa, olemera mu wowuma. Mkate ndi zakudya zina zimachotsedwa, koma zilibe kanthu ndi mkate, mofanana ndi mapira. Zipatso za zipatso zosapsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka, zokoma zimakhala zosangalatsa.

Mukudziwa? Chomeracho chafalitsidwa m'mayiko otentha kuchokera ku New Guinea ndipo zilumba za Oceania ndizochepa mtengo wa chakudya kwa akapolo.

Ficus Ambiri mwa ficus ali ndi katundu wothandiza. Pothawirapo potsirizira pake anapangidwa kuchokera ku nkhuni zawo za m'mmies - makokosi omwe adayesedwa nthawi ndipo adatifikira zaka mazana ambiri.

Nkhuyu - woimira ficus fuko. Zipatso zake zimakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino ndipo zimakhala ndi machiritso apadera, zomwe zimakupangitsani kuti muzitha kuchira mwamsanga. Zimakhudza kwambiri machitidwe ambiri a thupi. Kuchokera ku nkhuyu kupanga jam, zipatso zouma, komanso kudya zakudya zosaphika. Zipatso zimakhala zosavuta kwambiri, choncho zimakhala zovuta kuyenda.

Ndikofunikira! M'mapiri otentha, mitengo ya ficus imakhala ndi zipatso zochuluka ndipo imakhala ngati chakudya chochuluka cha nyama.

Каучуконосный фикус до изобретения синтетического каучука имел громадное промышленное значение.

Broussexia pepala Mtengo wochepa kwambiri wa mtengo wamtengo wapatali, womwe umakumbukira mabulosi, uli wa fuko la Artocarpous. Kale kumapeto kwa nyengo ya mtengowu, a ku China ankadziwa kupanga mapepala ndi manja, lusoli lafika masiku athu ano.

Ndikofunikira! Mapepala abwino kwambiri a ku Japan amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zochokera ku bussonation.

Maclura Genus wa fuko Artocarpus. Amayimiridwa ndi zitsamba zamakono ndi kukwera mipesa yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamphepete mwazitsulo, monga kuponyedwa kumaphatikizidwa ndi kukongoletsa kwakukulu.

Mizu ya macalara imapatsa utoto wachikasu. Brosimumy, "ng'ombe ya mtengo" Broimama amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ammudzi kuti adye chakudya. Kumwa mowa kwambiri kumapereka mbewu, zomwe Aborigines amazitcha nati. Zophikidwa kapena zophika zophikidwa. Masamba, mphukira ndi zipatso amadyetsedwa ng'ombe.

Otsatira a lateate a kumwa mowa, wathanzi ndi kumwa, amamwa ngati mkaka. Dzina labwino kwambiri ndi "ng'ombe yamtengo", komanso "mtengo wa mkaka". Mafuta monga latex, okhala ndi fungo lokoma ndi kulawa, amachokera ku incision mu thunthu lake.

Mukudziwa? Nthaŵi zambiri, kuyamwa kwa mandimu kumakhala kowawa kwambiri, makamaka - poizoni, kotero chodyera chake chimakhala chogwirizana ndi zochepa zomwe zimapezeka mumabanja a mulberry, kusonyeza njira zosiyana siyana za chitukuko mu njira yokhazikika.

Brewimum pointa amapereka juzi, yomwe imakhala ndi zinthu zakuthupi, imapangitsa kuti chidziwitso chizikhala bwino komanso chimayambitsa zokhazokha.

Dorstenia Oimirira a fuko lino ali ndi makhalidwe okongoletsera ndipo amalimidwa m'munda, wowonjezera kutentha maluwa, komanso monga zomera zamkati. Mankhwala a Dorstenia akuchiritsa katundu, omwe amawonetsedwa ku antipyretic, diaphoretic ndi diuretic properties.

Ndikofunikira! Dorstenia ya Brazil imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zilonda za njoka.

Kastile yotsekemera ndi castilla mphira Zomera ndi za mtundu wa olmediyevyh. Chokhachokha chotchedwa rabala chimachotsedwa pamagome awo. Masiku ano, iwo alibe chiwerengero cha mafakitale chomwe iwo anali otchuka m'zaka zapitazi, popeza mphira wothandizira wapitanso mphira wachilengedwe.

Oimira a mabulosi am'mudzi amawoneka mosiyana, amatha kusonyeza njira zambiri zomwe zotsatila zotsatila zimatsatira, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera moyo ndi kubereka. Ambiri mwa mamembalawo ndi opindulitsa kwa anthu, ndipo ena ndi ofunika kwambiri.