Munthu aliyense amene ali ndi kanyumba ka chilimwe, munda, khonde ndi maluwa, kapena zenera zodzaza ndi zomera zimakhala zodabwitsa za momwe iwo amasamalirira. Ndipotu sikuti alimi onse amatha kudzitamandira chifukwa chodziletsa, kudyetsa, kutentha komanso kuwala kwa anzawo omwe amakula. Ndipo m'nkhani ino tiphunzira malamulo onse oyang'anira ndi kusamalira zomera zapanyumba ndi zamasamba kuti zithandize kwambiri kuti azikhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso lachilendo.
Kusamalira bwino zomera zamkati
Zipinda zapakhomo zimakhala zosowa zambiri kuposa zomera zomwe zimachokera ku munda wa kunja. Chowonadi ndi chakuti m'nyumba zovuta zapakhomo sizingatheke kusunga kusintha kwa nyengo kwa nyengo, kupereka maluwa mwayi wopita ku nyengo yozizira, kukonza kuwala ndi nyengo ya kutentha, komanso zochitika zambiri zomwe zinaphatikizidwa mu zomera zamasamba zokha. Maluwa akukula mwa njira yopangira mazenera, alimi ambiri amanyalanyaza malamulo omwe angasunge ndi kuwongolera ziweto zawo. Ndipo tsopano tidzamvetsa mfundo zazikulu zoyenera kusamalira zomera za m'nyumba.
Kusamalira bwino zomera zapanyumba ndikofunika kwa kukongola ndi thanzi la maluwa. Phunzirani momwe mungasamalire begonia elatior, beloperone, dizigoteka, rapis, solanum, liviston rotundifolia, fittonia mix, peresikoy, coral begonia, spatiphillum ya "Chopin" ndi malo ozungulira Wallis.
Kuthirira
Momwe nyumba zimakhalira zimasiyana malinga ndi nyengo ndi nyengo yokula. Choncho, m'nyengo yozizira, panthaŵi imene oimira zitsamba akupumula, sayenera kukhala madzi okwanira. Zabwino zidzakhala njira imodzi yokwezera m'masabata awiri. Ulamuliro wotero uyenera kusungidwa mu November - March. Koma pakubwera kwa kasupe, muyenera kukonzekera ziweto zanu kumayambiriro kwa moyo watsopano, pang'onopang'ono kuonjezera chiwerengero cha madzi. Pofika m'chilimwe ndi bwino kuwapatsa madzi awiri kapena katatu pa sabata.
Ndikofunikira! Chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe chomeracho chiyenera kuthiriridwa ndi zouma zouma pamwamba pake. Mukangomva kuti nthaka yapuma, omasuka kubweretsa madzi.Ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha kutentha. Kuchokera kumadzi ofunda, zomera zimatha kufota, ndi kuzizira - kuzifa. Komanso musamamwe maluwa ndi madzi owiritsa, chifukwa amasowa mpweya komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Video: momwe mungamwetse maluwa amkati
Kutentha
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kusinthasintha kwake masana ndi kofunikira kwambiri kuti ukhale wathanzi komanso woyenera bwino wa ziweto zako zamaluwa. Kawirikawiri, kutentha kwa chipinda cha madigiri 20-22 ndikofunikira kwambiri kukula maluwa pa windowsills. M'chilimwe, chiwerengerochi chikhoza kufika madigiri 23-25, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira chicheperachepe cha 16-18 madigiri. Zikatero, zomera zako sizidzasokoneza kutentha.
Ngati kutentha kwa firimu ndi kotsika kwambiri (zosachepera 16 madigiri), muyenera kusuntha mbewu kumalo ena kapena kugwirizana ndi kutentha. Ngati kutentha kumadutsa madigiri 25, ndiye kuti mukufunika kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa kuthirira kuti musayambe kuuma. 
Ndikofunikira! Ndipo ngakhale kutentha kwa m'nyumba zamasamba sizonyansa kwambiri, mdani wawo wamkulu ndiwongolera. Ayenera kusungidwa ndi munthu wotere, ndipo ndi bwino kuti asalole vutoli konse. Ngati sizingatheke kuchotseratu zolembazo (mwachitsanzo, ngati mphepo ikuwombera mkati mwazenera), nkoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pang'onopang'ono: ikani mphika ndi chiweto chanu pamtunda wapamwamba kuti mitsinje iwonongeke. Njira yosavuta imeneyi idzapulumutsa duwa.
Kuwala
Ulamuliro wowala ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti ukhale ndi njira zofunikira zedi m'nyumba zapanyumba. Choncho, oimira nyumba zapakhomo akunyumba amakonda kutentha kwambiri, choncho, ayenera kuyika pamalo okongola kwambiri m'nyumba: kumwera kwawindo lawindo. Mosakayikira, maluwa ndi ofunika kwambiri. Makamaka lamuloli likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa omwe akuyimira zomera, zomwe zimapezeka maluwa kapena masamba omwe amadziwika ndi zizindikiro zosiyana siyana. 
Komanso musaiwale za zotsatira zosasangalatsa za dzuwa, monga kutentha. Kuti ateteze ophunzira awo kutentha kwa chilimwe, munthu ayenera kuphimba mawindo ndi nsalu za nsalu kapena kutseka maso. Momwemo mumapeza kuwala kwakukulu, komwe kumateteza zowonongeka ndi masamba a maluwa kutentha kwa dzuwa.
Mukudziwa? Kukula chomera chokongola ndi cholinganizidwa, muyenera nthawi zonse kusinthasintha chidebecho ndi mbali zosiyana ndi zomwe zimayambira. Kotero mabowo a maluwa anu adzakhala olondola kwambiri ndi ergonomic mawonekedwe.
Kupaka pamwamba
Zovala zapamwamba pa mitundu yonse ya maluwa ziyenera kusankhidwa m'masitolo apadera, omwe alangizi odziwa bwino angathe kusankha mavitamini ndi mineral feteleza zovuta pamunda wanu wamaluwa. Malamulo akulu omwe akuyenera kutsatiridwa pakagwiritsira ntchito feteleza ndi kuti nthawi isanayambe nyengo yokolola m'chaka, feteleza azitsulo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo kukula ndi chitukuko cha mbeu, ndipo pamapeto pa nyengoyi, mu October - November, muyenera kupereka zinyama zanu phosphorous ndi potashi.
Mukhoza kukongoletsa chipinda chanu ndi zipangizo zokhalamo: achimenez, yaukuba (Japanese, Himalayan), ginura, codieum, hemantus (chinenero chakuda), tillandia, drimiopsis, euphorbia, crested chlorophytum ndi euphorbia.Monga chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha kudyetsa inu mungagwiritse ntchito tebulo, granulated ndi madzi feteleza. Mapiritsi ndi granules amwazikana mozungulira padziko lonse lapansi mozungulira duwa. Potsatira malangizo, amatsanulira ndi madzi ena kuti athandizidwe mofulumira.
Mankhwalawa amatha kulandira mofanana ndi madzi, ndipo IV ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Choncho, njira ya feteleza imayenda mofanana ndi mizu ndipo imayendetsedwa bwino ndi zomera.
Kudulira
Kudulira kuyenera kuchitidwa pamene mawotchi kapena masoka achilengedwe awonetsedwa, mwachitsanzo, ngati tsamba lauma kapena lopuma. Madera okhudzidwa ayenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga kuti asalepheretsedwe patsogolo. Muyeneranso kudula maluwa, kuti musalepheretse mapesi atsopano ndi kukula kwa mbewu yonse. Kudulira kwina kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene kuli kofunikira kukonza chodutswa chodutswa. 
Ndikofunikira! Nthawi zonse, kudulira kuyenera kuchitapo kanthu pang'onopang'ono magawo atsopano ndi makala (kawirikawiri yophikidwa mpweya idzachita). Iyenera kupasulidwa kuti ikhale powdery ndipo mowolowa manja ulonda pa thupi la maluwa. Kotero inu mumateteza chiweto chanu ku zotsatira zovuta za kukongoletsa.
Kutentha kwa mpweya
Kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wabwino umakhala wodalirika komanso kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale bwino zomera zamkati. Pofuna kusunga bwino mlengalenga, muyenera kuthirira nthawi zonse zomera ndi madzi kuchokera pakasupa kapena kutsuka masamba ndi nsalu yonyowa. Mwa njira, chinthu chotsatira chiyenera kuchitidwa mwanjira ina iliyonse kuti chichotse maluwa a fumbi lokhazikitsidwa, chifukwa muli ndi dothi lochuluka kwambiri mu duwa njira ya photosynthesis imasiya ndipo ikhoza kufa.
Ngati pali mvula yambiri mu chipinda, ndibwino kukonzekera mpweya wabwino, koma simukusowa kugwiritsa ntchito zojambula bwino. Tsegulani zenera mu chipinda chimodzi chokha ndikutsekera chitseko. Pakutha ola limodzi, mpweya mu chipinda chidzasintha, ndipo vuto la chinyezi chidzathetsedwa. 
Ngati mulibe chinyezi chokwanira ndi mpweya wouma m'chipinda, ndiye kuti nkofunika kuikamo. Izi zikhoza kuchitika m'njira zingapo:
- spray chipinda ndi madzi kuchokera mu botolo la kutsitsi;
- Ikani chakudya chophweka ndi chodzaza ndi madzi pafupi ndi maluwa;
- kuyeretsa konyowa;
- Pezani chipangizo chapadera chothandizira mpweya;
- kutsegula chipinda ndikusintha mpweya.
Kubwereza
Sikoyenera kuchita ntchito yobwezeretsanso nthawi zambiri. Zomera zilizonse zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, choncho zowonongeka sizingakonzedwe kuti zichitike nthawi zambiri kuposa kamodzi kamodzi kapena zaka ziwiri. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo chiweto kuchokera pamphika kupita ku chimzake, m'pofunika kukonzekera zipangizo zonse zofunika, ndizo:
- Poto latsopano, makamaka dongo limodzi, popeza zakuthupi zimakhala bwino kuposa zopanga ndipo zidzathandiza kuti "kupuma" kwa mizu. Phika ayenera kusankhidwa pang'ono kuposa kale;
- nthaka yatsopano;
- haydite kapena zinthu zina zothira;
- vitamini supplement.
Ndi bwino kubzala maluwa ndi mtanda wa nthaka yakale. Choyamba, lembani gawolo mu mphika watsopano, umene uyenera kutenga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbale. Kenaka, tsanulirani pangТono kakang'ono ka dziko lapansi ndipo mukhale mtundu wamtundu umene munganyamule pakhomo panu ndi chovala chakale. Lembani mitsinje yotsalayo ndi dziko latsopano ndikuphwanyika mopepuka. Tsopano inu mukhoza kupanga vitamini kuvala, koma ndi bwino kuyembekezera kanthawi pang'ono ndi ulimi wothirira. Ndikofunika kupereka nthawi kuti chomera chanu chizuke m'malo atsopano. Ponena za kuchulukitsa kwa kusakaniza, akulimbikitsidwa kuti asaperekedwe kamodzi kapena kawiri pachaka. Nthaŵi yabwino idzakhale masika ndi autumn.
Ndemanga za okhudzana ndi chisamaliro cha orchid
Choyamba, maluwa amenewa anaonekera mwa ine pafupi zaka zisanu zapitazo. Pa nthawi imeneyo panali kutchuka kwa opx. Ine, monga wokonda zomera zosiyana siyana, ndinayendera nthawi ndi nthawi shopu la maluwa, ndikuyembekeza kupeza chinachake chimene ndilibe. Ndiyeno maso anga anagwera pa kukongola uku. Ine ndinalibe ndalama zambiri ndi ine, ndipo mtengo wa phalaenopsis unali wochokera ku ruble 700. Kotero ine ndinasiya wopanda kanthu. Koma izo zinakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa ine, zomwe ziri chimodzimodzi izi "chirombo" chiri. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo maphunziro anga a orchids anayamba. Ndaphunzira chirichonse kuchokera kuthirira ku gawo lapansi. Ndipo kenanso, nditadzafika ku sitolo, ndinawaonanso, koma kale ndinali ndi chizindikiro chamtengo wapatali, wopanda maluwa, ndipo ndiri ndi ruble 200 basi ndinagula kukongola koyera. Iye anakulira ndi ine kwa miyezi 2-3, ndiye tulutsani muvi ndikuphuka. Kuyambira pamenepo, ndakhala ndikukondana ndi orhi. Kenaka ndinagula lilac, IMAGE: 1monia mu speck, yoyera ndi pakati, pinki. Ndi mitundu iwiri yambiri yomwe sindikuidziwabe, chifukwa ndinatenga pafupifupi akufa komanso opanda mizu. Chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndikuti ma orcs omwe ndimakhala pachimake nthawi zonse sindichita chilichonse chapadera ndi iwo. Kuthirira mwa kumiza kwa theka la ora kamodzi pamlungu. 2-3 nthawi zonse za umuna. Kusindikizidwa 3-4 nthawi. Tsopano pafupifupi zonse pa masamba, koma ena akufalikira kale. Mwa njira, iwo amatha pachimake pa nthawi kwa miyezi 2-3, ndiye kwa mwezi umodzi amapanga mivi yatsopano ndi pachimake kachiwiri. Nazi zokongola zanga.ANGEL18121990
//irecommend.ru/content/ukhod-proshchechem-u-kaktusa
Kusamalira bwino munda wamaluwa
Zikuwoneka kuti kusamalira zomera zapakhomo ndi kupanga malo abwino kwambiri okukula kwao ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa munda wamaluwa, chifukwa muyenera kusamalira malo abwino, kutentha kwa mpweya, chinyezi ndi zina zambiri. Koma m'munda, chilengedwe chomwecho chasankha kale chirichonse. Koma musadzipusitse nokha, chifukwa palinso ntchito zambiri mmenemo: kusankha malo abwino odzala, kuthirira, kudulira, feteleza ndi kuwonjezera mavitamini-mineral complexes, kuika ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo tidzayesa kumvetsetsa izi. 
Kusankha malo
Maluwa amatha kubzalidwa m'madera otseguka m'munda momwe nthambi za mitengo yokhala ndi zipatso zapamtunda sizidzawonekera pamwamba pawo. Monga momwe zimadziwira, mizu ya mtengo imakhala yapamwamba kwambiri kawiri kuposa korona yake, ndipo zonse zomwe zili m'deralo la mizu imeneyi sizingathe kukhala bwino. Mitengo yamaluwa imakhala yotetezeka kwambiri, choncho mizu yawo sidzatha kufika ku mchere ndi mchere mu nthaka ndi mphamvu yomweyo pamene madzi onse amachotsedwa. Malo omwe mumasankha ayenera kukhala otsetsereka kuti athe kusungunuka (kutaya mtima), komanso kuti madzi a m'mphepete mwa madzi amagawidwa mofanana pa malo onsewa, osati kutsekemera kwathunthu (kukwera).
Werengani za zovuta zonse za kukula maluwa monga munda wa Babian, Bonika, adonis, agapanthus, sanguinaria, Alpine aster, salpiglosis, Sarah Bernard, argirantemum, peonies ndi Graham Thomas roses.Zidzakhala bwino kukumba kuzungulira chomera chobzala ndikupanga parapet (dothi ladothi) kuzungulira. Chitsulo choterocho chidzatha kusungira madzi ndi kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha madzi mu chigawo cha mizu ya maluwa.
Kuwonjezera apo, malo osankhidwa okwera malo ayenera kukhala othuthuka mokwanira, makamaka pankhani ya maluwa osalimba monga petunias. Salola kulekerera dzuwa, makamaka masana. Pakati pa tsiku la maluwa oterowo sayenera kuwonekera kuti dzuwa lisamawotchedwe.
Kuthirira
Kuthirira mbewu za maluwa m'munda wanu m'nyengo ya chilimwe imadula kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata, ndipo pa nthawi yowuma mumatha kuwonjezereka madzi asanu. Ndi kulima kunja kumunda, mphamvu zachirengedwe zimagwira ntchito: mphepo, dzuwa, udzu, ndi zina zomwe zimafulumira kapena zimachepetsa njira zowuma nthaka.
Dzizindikiritseni ndi ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito kuthirira mowa, komanso phunzirani momwe mungakhalire dongosolo la ulimi wothirira ku dacha.
Pafupipafupi, chomera chimodzi chikufuna pafupifupi 5 malita a madzi patsiku, 3 malita mu nyengo ya masika ndi 2 malita m'dzinja.
Mukudziwa? Kuti muwone chinyezi cha dothi, mungagwiritse ntchito chopper chokhazikika, malo owetsera madzi. Ngati nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa chinsaluyi imakhala yonyowa, ndiye kuthirira sikofunikira. Ngati nthaka yayuma, ziyenera mwamsanga kukondweretsa ziweto zanu ndi ulimi wothirira.
Kudulira
Kudulira, monga momwe ziliri ndi zomera za mkati, ziyenera kuchitidwa ngati pakufunika: pamene masambawo atha, masamba auma kapena tsinde lauma. Mawonetseredwe oterewa akhoza kukhala achirengedwe (chilengedwe chakufa cha maluwa osatha), ndi chifukwa cha tizirombo zosiyanasiyana. Pachiwiri chachiwiri, nkofunikira kuti mudziwe mwamsanga wolakwirayo ndi kuchotsa. Zomwe zimawonongeke, zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka za woyimira zomera zikuyenera kudulidwa, kuwaza mowolowa manja mdulidwe ndi mabala osakanizidwa kuti athetse patsogolo chitukuko cha njira zopweteka ndi zowonongeka. 
Kupaka pamwamba
Maonekedwe abwino kwambiri a feteleza ndi organic, omwe amapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka komanso moyo wa zamoyo. Manyowawa amafotokozedwa:
- manyowa;
- zitosi za mbalame;
- kompositi;
- humus;
- peat;
- sawdust;
- sideratami.
Ngakhale kuti zakudya zowonjezera mavitamini zimapangidwira bwino, posankha njira yabwino, muyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, osati oimira maluwa onse omwe amavomereza kuti zitsamba za mbalame kapena kompositi zimayambika, ndipo peti ndi utuchi wa utuchi zimakhala ndi zowonongeka m'nthaka sayenera kuloledwa pamene mukubala ndi kumera calcephils.Kuonjezera nthaka ndikudyetsanso zomera, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza: udzu, zitowe za nkhunda, Florex granulated ntchentche nkhuku, ufa wa fupa, chakudya cha nsomba, whey, pepala ya mbatata, kompositi, chimanga cha eggse, nthore ya nthochi ndi fumbi la fodya.Kompositi, humus ndi oblique siderata amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zonse za maluwa. Ndibwino kuti muwachepetse nthaka ya mabedi ndi maluwa, kuphatikizapo ndi tizilombo tochepa. Ndikofunika kuti nthawi zonse muzitha kusintha zosanjikiza za mulch, zomwe nthawi zina zimalowetsanso zina feteleza, ndipo udzu wa infusions ndiwotchulidwa bwino kwambiri.
Kulikonse, alimi odziwa bwino amapereka zinthu zofunikira pazitsulo muzitsulo zamadzi ndi zowuma. Mwachitsanzo, makina opangidwa ndi mineralized angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu mawonekedwe owuma, ndipo akhoza kuchepetsedwa mwa kusakaniza kwakukulu ndi madzi okwanira. Mu mawonekedwe a infusions, zakudya zowonjezera mavitamini nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa chifukwa cha manyowa ndi zitosi za mbalame, koma kompositi, peat kapena humus feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mulching ndi kudzaza fessa yobzala.
Kutchulidwa koyenera kumayenera kudyetsa nthawi yaitali, kutulutsa timitengo, mapiramidi atatu kapena granules. Такие комплексы с течением времени высвобождают макро- и микроэлементы, содействуя поддержанию минерального и витаминного баланса.
Malingaliro ochokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa kudyetsa, opangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a "pepala loyera"
Moni! Kawirikawiri, kumapeto kwa nyengo, ndikuika zomera zapakhomo m'miphika atsopano (ndithudi, ngati kuli kofunikira kusintha kukula kwake). Ndinawona kuti zomera zanga, ngati ndinganene choncho, "kufota" tsiku ndi tsiku ndikuganiza kuti "ndikufota," ndikukumbukira momwe zinalili chaka chatha.Mu sitolo ya maluwa ndinagula feteleza yoyera yapadera padziko lonse. Mowona mtima, ine sindiri wabwino kwambiri maluwa ndipo sindikudziwa momwe ndingatengere feteleza pa maluwa. Choncho, ndizopindulitsa kwa feteleza - UNIVERSALITY, chifukwa ili yoyenera maluwa ndi zokongoletsera masamba, petunias, ndi orchids.
Chophatikiza china ndi chakuti mungathe kuiwala za kudyetsa zomera kwa miyezi itatu YATATU, zonse zomwe mukufunikira zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi ndodo. Poyamba ndinamwetsa chomeracho, ndiyeno ndinkangokanikiza ndodoyi pansi. Ndodo yokhayo iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi dziko lapansi kwa pafupifupi masentimita awiri pamwamba (musamawononge mitsuko mosamala).
Kwa mphika wamba wodula, timitengo tiwiri ndikwanira (mphika waukulu ndi pafupifupi masentimita 15). Pali zidutswa 30 za nkhuni zoterezi mu phukusi, koma ndinagula iwo m'masitolo ogulitsa maluwa ndi chidutswa (ndicho chiwerengero chimene ndinkafuna).
Mphamvu ya feteleza iyi ndi yoonekera kwa ine - masamba abwinobwino, mitundu yambiri yodzala ndi maluwa okongola, pamene chisamaliro chimangokuthirira. Ndimapitanso kudzagula timitengo tonse, ndikupangira!
sevenNAT
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Kubwereza
Pakadutsa zaka zitatu, sizowonjezera kukonzanso zomera zamaluwa m'mundamo, chifukwa mizu yawo idakonzedwa bwino, ndipo kutero kungayambitse zotsatira zoipa.
Atakwanitsa zaka zitatu, zomera zimayamba kubzala. Nthaŵi yoyenera ya kuikidwa m'madera imatengedwa kuti ndi yamasika (isanayambe nyengo ya zomera) ndi yophukira (kumapeto kwa maluwa).
Ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chiwerengero chabwino kwambiri cha chaka chilichonse chimaonedwa kuti ndi chimodzimodzi komanso chimakhala bwino pakagwa, chifukwa chakuti m'nyengo yozizira, zomera zimakhala ndi nthawi yokhala ndi nkhawa. Pakatikatikatikati pa nyengoyi tidzakhala okonzeka kusangalala ndi diso ndi maluwa okongola. 
Mulimonse momwe mungasankhire kukula kwa oyimira zomera, m'munda kapena miphika pazenera, nkofunika kukumbukira ndikutsatira malamulo omwe akuyenera kuti musamalire ndi kusamalira ziweto zanu. Zipinda zapakhomo zimafunikira kuyatsa bwino, kutentha kwa kutentha, kuthirira, kudyetsa ndi kuika. Zonsezi ndizofunikira pakupanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zowonjezera, zofanana ndi zachilengedwe. Zomera za m'munda zimasowa chidwi. Ndikofunika kuti iwo apange madzi okwanira bwino, manyowa panthawi ndi kuchotsa zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa kutsatira malangizowo, mukhoza kupereka zinyama zanu zobiriwira ndi chisamaliro chabwino, ndipo adzakondwera ndi maluwa okongola.
