Anthu opanga nyumba zopanga nyumba amayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti zakumwa zawo zili zoyera ku mafuta osokoneza bongo komanso popanda fungo losasangalatsa. Kuti achite izi, amachotsa mankhwalawo kangapo, chifukwa cha kuyeretsa. Ndipo njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zakumwa za mowa ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. Mfundo yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuthekera kwa kudzipangira yekha kudzakambidwa m'nkhaniyi.
Kufotokozera ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito
Pamene miyezi imakhalabe, gawo lokonzekera limapangitsa kuti mwezi, wokhala ndi khalidwe lapamwamba, liyeretsedwe. Koma koposa zonse, cholinga chake ndi kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa 96%, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zakumwa zoledzera zosiyanasiyana. 
Mowa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi distillation, pamene kupatukana kwa mowa wothira mowa (phala, mowa mopitirira muyeso) kukhala magawo osiyana (methyl ndi ethyl alcohols, fusel mafuta, aldehydes) ndi malo osiyanasiyana otentha amapezeka chifukwa cha kutuluka mobwerezabwereza kwa madzi oyambirira ndi kutentha kwa mpweya.
Kenaka, timaganizira mfundo yoyendetsera gawolo.
Chitsulo chokhala ndi distillation chodzaza ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa chimatentha. Pakugwiritsa ntchito nthunzi yotentha kwambiri, imatuluka pamwamba pamtunduwu. Kumeneko akuyembekezera reflux condenser, kumene nthunzi imakhazikika ndipo imatsitsimula.
Mukudziwa? Makina aakulu kwambiri a distillation amatha kufika mamita 90 m'litali ndipo amakhala ndi mamita 16. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani oyeretsera.Madontho a condensate (phlegm) amatsikira mu khola yodzaza ndi nthunzi. Reflux ya utakhazikika imagwera pansi pamphuno yapadera, yomwe imapezeka ndi nthunzi yotentha. Pakati pao pali kutentha ndi kutengeka, komwe kumabwerezedwa kambirimbiri ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zikonzedwe.
Chotsatira chake, mowa wonyezimira woyera amasonkhanitsidwa mu "mutu" wa chigawochi. Pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya womaliza, imatulutsira m'firiji, kuchokera ku distillate, yomwe ndi yomaliza.
Video: gawo la distillation ndi mfundo ya ntchito yake
Mapangidwe a fakitale ya mowa
Chida cholembera chigawochi chili ndi zigawo zosiyana, zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwa molondola. Pamafunika izi:
- cube, kapena chidebe chokhala ndi madzi oledzeretsa;
- tsarga, kapena chitoliro, chomwe chidzakhala thupi la ndimeyo;
- reflux condenser imene utsi umakhazikika ndi kusungunuka;
- mphutsi zomwe mukuyenera kudzaza rye;
- distillate kusankha unit;
- madzi ozizira;
- Mbali zing'onozing'ono zogwirizanitsa zigawo za mawonekedwe ndi kuyang'anira ntchito yake (thermometers, automation).
Taganizirani mbali iliyonse ya chipangizocho mosiyana.
Distilling cube
Maziko a dongosolo lonse ndi akadali. Ichi ndi chidebe cha zakumwa zoledzeretsa.
Ikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chotengera chilichonse chopangidwa ndi mkuwa, chophimba kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ena odzikonda amagwiritsira ntchito ophikira opanikizika pa izi ngati chochepa chakumwa choledzeretsa chiyembekezeredwa.
Ndipo mutha kuphika chophimba choyenera kuchokera pamapepala a "zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri".
Video: momwe mungapangidwire nokha Zofunika zofunika zomwe kubeti iyenera kukomana:
- Kutseka kwakukulu: Panthawi yotentha, sitima sayenera kulola mpweya kapena madzi kudutsa, ndipo chivindikiro sayenera kuchotsedwa kuchinyima chokwanira;
- malo otulutsa nthunzi omwe adzawoneke ngati mutsegula choyenera mu kapu.
Ngati mumagula zokonzeka, zatha kale izi. 
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti volejiyi ikhale yofanana ndi chigawochi. Ngati chitoliro chili ndi kutalika kwa 1.5 mamita ndi 50 mm m'mimba mwake, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 40-80 malita, 40 mm ya tsarg chombo cha 30-50 litafika, 32mm mumayenera kukhala ndi 20-30 l, ndipo pamtunda wa 28 mm mukufunikira kwambiri abwino ophikira ophika.
Ndikofunikira! Katsuko ka distillation kamayenera kudzazidwa ndi piritsi losapitirira 2/3 voliyumu yake, mwinamwake mpukutuwo "udzakoka pamene uwira".
Tsarga
Chitoliro chomwe chikonzedwe chikuchitika chimatchedwa ufumu. Ichi ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi mamita 1.5 mm ndi mamita 30-50 mm. Mphamvu ya mbolayi imadalira kutalika kwake: pamwamba pa phala, pang'onopang'ono timagawidwe tawopsya timagawanika ndipo timatsuka mowa.
Kutalika kwa tsarga ndi 1-1.5 mamita. Ngati ili lalifupi, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala malo ogawanitsa mafuta olekanitsa, ndipo adzakhala mu distillate. Ngati chitoliro chikutalika, nthawi yowonjezeretsa idzawonjezeka, ndipo izi sizidzakhudza zowonongeka. 
Tsarga yolinganiza ndime ndi bubu Zogulitsa ndizopangidwa mokonzekera mojambulira kwa mions kuchokera pa masentimita 15 m'litali. Mukhoza kugula ma tubes 2-3 ndikuwagwiritsira limodzi. Ndipo mukhoza kupanga ryga ya kutalika kwanu. Kuti muchite izi, mukufunikira chitoliro chopanda banga.
Video: Momwe mungapangire rye kuti mukhale ndi zipilala zopumira Pamwamba ndi pansi muyenera kudula ulusi kuti mugwirizane pansi pa kabichi, ndikugwiritsira ntchito reflux pamwamba.
Kuchokera pansi, muyeneranso kulumikiza gridi kuti mutenge mphuno zomwe mbiya idzakwaniritsidwe. Akatswiri ena apakhomo amajambula chitoliro ndi kusungunula, mwachitsanzo, mphira wa mphutsi.
Mukudziwa? Mphuno ya Panchenkov inakhazikitsidwa mu USSR mu 1981 osati popanga mowa, koma kuti apange kuyeretsedwa kwa mafuta osayera a jet mafuta..
Bubu
Kuzaza zitsamba za tsarga ndizofunikira kuti mukonzedwe. Ngati chitoliro chiri chopanda kanthu, njira yokhayokhayo ikhoza kuthekera, yomwe imadzetsa mwezi, koma osati mowa wodetsedwa. Cholinga cha kudzaza ndi kuwonjezera pamwamba pa momwe reflux imayendera.
Momwemo, zida zowopsya zimakhala zosavuta ndipo sizikhoza kulowa muchithunzi chomaliza, ndipo mpweya wochepa wa mowa wangwiro umachotsedwa. Kudzaza kudzayenera kudzaza chubu.
Pulasitiki ikhoza kukhala yodzaza ndi mankhwala osapanga kanthu:
- magalasi kapena mipira ya ceramic;
- zosapanga zosapanga zitsulo zotsala, zowonongeka bwino (nthawi ndi nthawi zimayenera kusinthidwa, ngati zinthu zikuwonongeka);
- Panchenkov nozzle (yabwino njira), amene ali wapadera nsalu kuchokera mkuwa kapena zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo. Ubwino wake: amadziwombera pulogm ndipo samalephera ndi nthawi.
Mphuno ya PanchenkovNdikofunikira! Bast busi imayenera kukhala kuchokera ku chitsulo chosapanga kanthu. Mukhoza kuyang'ana ndi magnet: imakopa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Kusankha kwachisankho
Chosankhacho ndi chidutswa cha chitoliro pakati pa mbali yachinyengo ndi dephlegmator. Cholinga chake ndi kusonkhanitsa phlegm: choyamba pitani "mitu", ndiko kuti, kumwa mowa pang'ono, kenako kupita "thupi", kapena mowa popanda kulawa ndi fungo losasangalatsa. 
Kusankhidwa kwa malo osungunuka onse kumachita mosiyana, koma mofanana. Mwachitsanzo:
- kupita ku chubu chakunja, chomwe chimakhala chofanana ndi kukula kwake kwa tsarg, mkati mwake, weld chubu laling'ono kotero kuti pakati pawo pambali pamtundu umapangidwira, kumene gawo la fligm lidzasonkhanitsidwa;
- M'malo mwa chubu, mbale yopanda chotupitsa imakhala yozungulira mkati, mofanana ndi mkati mwake pakati pa chitoliro, ndi dzenje lakuzungulira mkati mwake: gawo la reflux lidzasonkhanitsidwa pamphepete, ndipo ena adzagwera mmbuyo mu bwalo.
Video: kusankha-malo-nokha malo Mabokosi awiri a mgwirizano wawiri amapangidwa mu chitoliro kunja: matepi amamangiriridwa ndi wina kukhetsa reflux ndi thermometer amalowetsamo (zina zing'onozing'ono) kuti ayese kutentha kwa nthunzi.
Wotsatsa
Pamwamba pa kapangidweko ndi dephlegmator. Pano mpweya umakhazikika, umasungunuka ndipo kale uli ndi mawonekedwe a madontho. 
Ndi manja anu omwe, mungathe kupanga njira zingapo kwa opusitsa:
- Tsitsi kapena molunjika bwino reflegmator Zimapangidwa ndi mapaipi awiri osiyana m'mimba mwake. Madzi akuyenda amayenda pakati pawo, ndipo mkati mwachitsulo chaching'ono nthunzi imatembenukira ku condensate. Chikwama chakunja chingathetse m'malo mwa chingwe cha thermos, yomwe khosi lake likuwombera ku gulu losankha. Pansi pa thermos ndikofunika kuti dzenje la TCA, ndiko kuti, kugwiritsira ntchito chubu ndi mlengalenga, kudzera mwazigawo zosafunikira zomwe zimafunikira.
Vuto: ntchito yoyendetsa bwino ya dephlegmator yogwira ntchito
- Dimrota Wotsatsa zogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa chitsanzo choyambirira. Thupi ndi chitoliro chofanana m'matumbo. Mkati mwake muli chubu chopyapyala, chopotozedwa ndi mpweya, momwe madzi ozizira amasunthira. Ngati kutalika kwa kolalayi ndi 50 mm, ndiye kuti mpweya uyenera kupotoka kuchokera mu chubu chokhala ndi mamita 6 mm ndi kutalika kwa mamita atatu. Kenaka kutalika kwa dephlegmator kudzakhala 25-35 cm.
Video: msonkhano wa distillation column ndi Dimroth reflux condenser
- Chigoba-ndi-Pipu Chotsitsa Zili ndi mapaipi angapo: mapaipi ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa mkati mwa zazikuluzikulu, zomwe zimatulutsa nthunzi. Chitsanzochi chili ndi ubwino wambiri: madzi amangowonongeka pang'ono ndipo nthunzi imatentha mofulumira. Kuphatikizanso, mapangidwe awa akhoza kuphatikizidwa pamtunduwu pambali, yomwe imachepetsa msinkhu wake.
Video: kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya shell-ndi-tube dephlegmator
Furiji
Firiji yaying'ono, kapena pambuyo pake, imafunika kuchepetsa kutentha kwa ethylene kutuluka kuchokera ku chipinda chochotsera. Zimapangidwa pamutu wa shati dephlegmator, koma kuchokera ku timachubu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono.
Phunzirani momwe mungapangire apulo moonshine.
Amakhalanso ndi mapaipi awiri a madzi: amalowa m'madzi ozizira otsika, amachokera kumtunda ndipo amatumizira mazira a silicone mpaka kwa dephlegmator pofuna cholinga chomwecho.
Kuthamanga kwa madzi kumayendetsedwa ndi pompu.
Video: Momwe mungapangire firiji yodzipangira tsamba la distillation
Tsarga pasteurization
Bungwe la pasteurization silofunika pa gawolo. Kumbali imodzi, izo zimaphatikizapo zojambulazo. Koma mbali ina, imalimbikitsa bwino, ngati imatsuka bwino mowa kuchokera kumagazi a mutu nthawi zonse.
Ndi chifuwa chaching'ono (masentimita 30) ndi mfundo zina zosankhidwa. Zimakwaniritsa kwambiri rye. "Mitu", monga mwachizolowezi, imachokera kwa wogwidwa, koma osati pachiyambi, koma nthawi zonse.
Mowa umasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumunsi kwa tsarga. Izi zimathandiza kuti mowa ukhale wochuluka kwambiri. 
Chodzidzimutsa
Ndondomeko yaitali yokonzanso ikhoza kuthera maola. Panthawi yomweyi, iyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti "mitu" ndi "mchira" zisasokonezeke ndi "thupi". Sizingakhale zovuta ngati mutakhazikitsa zabwino zokhazokha kuti muwongolere. Chifukwa chaichi cholinga cha BUR (chokonzekera kulamulira). Cholinga chingathe kuchita izi:
- tembenuzani madzi kuti azizizira pa kutentha kwina;
- kuchepetsa mphamvu pachisankho cha masewera;
- lekani kusankha kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi;
- kuzimitsa madzi ndi kutentha mutatha mchira.
Mukhoza kupanga njirayi poika "kuyima" ndi valve: pamene kutentha kumatuluka, imasiya sampuli, pamene imayimitsa, imayambiranso sampuli.
Mukhoza kuchita popanda kusintha, koma zimakhala zophweka kwambiri.
Video: Zomwe zimapangidwira pa distillation column
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira yokonzanso
Ubwino:
- mankhwala omalizidwa ndi mowa wambiri 96% popanda zopanda pake;
- mu distillation mawonekedwe, mungathe kupanga mwezi ndi ofunikila organoleptics;
- ethyl mowa ukhoza kukhala maziko a chakumwa chilichonse choledzeretsa;
- Mukhoza kupanga chipangizo cha izi nokha.
Kuipa:
- ethylene alibe mankhwala opangidwa ndi organoleptic;
- Ndondomeko yokonzanso nthawi yayitali: Osapitirira 1 lita imodzi ya distillate angapezeke mu ola limodzi;
- mapangidwe okonzeka ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.
Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingasangalatse
Kukonzekera kumapangidwira kuti chidziwitso chokwanira chakumwa mowa chichoke ku zosafunika zosiyanasiyana. Zomwe zimapanga chigawocho zisakhudze khalidwe kapena kukoma kwa mankhwala. Choncho, nkhaniyi ikhale yamagetsi, osati yopsereza ndipo siyakhudza kukoma ndi fungo la distillate.
Chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga kanthu, ndiko kuti, chromium-nickel zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Salowerera ndale ndipo sizimakhudza mtundu wa mankhwala.
Mavitamini ndi zakumwa zomwe zimaphatikizapo kupatsira mowa wosakaniza, vodka kapena mionsinini pa zipatso zosiyanasiyana, mbewu, zonunkhira, zonunkhira ndi mankhwala ochiritsa. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti tiphunzire maphikidwe opangira mavitamini kuchokera ku: mabulosi akuda, chitumbuwa, kiranberi, wakuda currant, maula, mtedza wa pine, malala, maapulo ndi njuchi.
Dothi la distillation lingatchedwe kuti mbadwo watsopano watsopano, chifukwa umapanga mowa wabwino kwambiri. Kupanga chipangizo ichi ndi manja anu ndi chovuta. Koma ngati mutayesetsa, phwando lachikondwerero lidzakondweretsedwa ndi zakumwa zauchidakwa komanso zokoma.
