Kodi ndi bowa ziti zomwe zimakula pakatikati pa Russia?

Russia, osati okhawo, amakonda kudya mbale za bowa.

Pakatikati pa Russia pali zinthu zonsezi, zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsa bowa zomwe zimadya.

Kwa ichi ndi bwino kudziŵa bwino.

Bowa Chodyera

Alipo ambiri mu Central Russia. Makhalidwe omwe amapezeka kwambiri amapezeka pamunsipa.

Bowa wonyezimira

Cep imatchedwanso boletus kapena yoyera, komanso m'Chilatini Boletus edulis.

Hat Nthawi zina imakhala yaikulu mamita mita, ngakhale kukula kwake kumakhala pakati pa 7 mpaka 30 cm. Malinga ndi nyengo ndi nyengo, zimatha kusintha kuwala kwa makwinya, zosaoneka ngati zoonda kapena zofiira ndi mamba, mucous to Matt owuma kapena owala.

Mtundu osati kwenikweni zoyera - pali zofiirira, zachikasu (mandimu), zofiirira ndi zamaluwa a lalanje, ndipo osagawanika - m'mphepete mwa kapu ndikuwawala ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi msuzi wopatsa chikasu kapena woyera.

Mukudziwa? Pali maina awiri osachepera awiri a bowa zoyera m'madera osiyanasiyana a ku Russia. Ambiri amadziwa - mtengo wa nkhuni, nyamakazi, chimbalangondo, poto, zoona, ndipo potsiriza, bowa lamtengo wapatali. Izi, mwinamwake, zikuwonekera moona kuti chodziwika kwambiri cha Soviet mycologist B.P. Vasilkov anatha, chifukwa cha zaka zambiri zafukufuku, kuti adziwe mitundu 18 ya bowa zoyera, kuwaphatikiza mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Nyama yoyera, yowutsa mudyo, yamphamvu imabisa pansi pa khungu yomwe yakula mwamphamvu. Mu bowa zokhudzana ndi zaka zambiri, zimakhala zachikasu pang'ono. Ngati chipewa chiri chakuda, ndiye kuti pansi pake pangakhale pansalu yofiira kapena yofiira. Pamene bowa ndi yaiwisi, mnofu wake ndi wobiriwira.

Mwendo boletus ndi yaikulu kwambiri - nthawi zina makulidwe akhoza kukhala oposa 10 masentimita, ngakhale nthawi zambiri sichiposa 7 cm. Mtengo ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 12, koma nthawizina pansi (mpaka 8 masentimita), ndi zina (mpaka 25).

Phunzirani za ubwino wa bowa woyera, momwe mungasamalire bowa wonyezimira, kukonzekera bowa woyera m'nyengo yozizira, momwe mungasamalire bowa woyera.

Maonekedwe a miyendo yaying'ono ikufanana ndi mbiya, ndipo pambali ina - mace. Kusintha kwa zokhudzana ndi zakazi kumapangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati pulasitala ndizitsulo zowonjezera.

Malo otchedwa Forests omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitengo ndi malo a boronik akukula, koma makamaka minda ya bowa imapezeka:

• birch groves;
• mitengo ya oak;
• fir
• nkhalango zamapine.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, osankha bowa amasankha kuyang'ana "nyama" yoyera muzitsamba zosakaniza (spruce-birch) - kumera uko, kumakhala kokoma kwambiri.

Ndikofunikira! Mulimonsemo simungathe kulakwitsa ndikuyika mudengu, pamodzi ndi mapepala enieni a mapasa awo, otchedwa kuwawa chifukwa chakuwidwa mtima kwake, zomwe zingawononge mtanda wonse pamene mukuphika.

Kukula payekha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, bowa zoyera zimakololedwa kwambiri kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa August mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa Septemba, kuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi chipewa choposa 10 cm. Pali mphutsi zambiri pakati pa zitsanzo za zaka zomwe zimafuna kukonza zina.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zobiriwira za bowa zoyera zimaphimba zonse zomwe zingatheke, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• mwatsopano
• yophika;
• yokazinga;
• mchere;
• zosakaniza;
• zouma

Pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito, njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kuyanika.

Boma lenileni

Amatchulidwa apa, bowa uwu ali ndi mayina ena: nsomba yoyera, nsomba yaiwisi, nsomba yonyowa, nsomba ya Pravskian. Mawu a sayansi amakono a Lactarius resimus.

Gruzdevaya chipewa Lili ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu, panthawi ya kukula imasintha kukonzekera kwake kosasunthika pamapangidwe a ndodo, yomwe mipiringidzo imakhala yokutidwa. Kukula kwake kumakhala pakati pa 5 ndi 20 cm.

Pezani mtundu wa bowa umene ulipo, momwe mungasiyanitse nkhuni za aspen, ndi momwe mdima uliri, ndi bowa uti omwe ali.

Chovala chovala (khungu) chimakhala chonyowa, chimakhala chosaoneka bwino madzi, mtundu ukhoza kukhala wotumbululuka kapena wachikasu.

Chokongoletsera ndi chivundikiro cha mwendo chimakhala ndi magawo (kutalika / m'mimba mwake) wa 3-7 / 2-5 masentimita ndipo amajambulidwa mu zoyera kapena zachikasu.

Manyowa, amphamvu amphamvu a mtundu woyera amakhala ndi fungo lamtengo wapatali.

Nthawi zambiri, koma magulu akuluakulu, malo okula amapezeka m'madera osungunuka komanso osakanikirana (birch ndi birch-pine, nthawi zambiri ndi mchenga wa linden).

Gruzdeviy mbeu yakucha mu July-September.

Chifukwa chakuti njira yokhayo yophikira nsomba ndiyomwe, pambuyo pochotsa mkwiyo wachibadwidwe, salting, iwo amaonedwa kuti ndi oyenera bowa, koma amakhala ndi malo oyamba m'deralo.

Mukudziwa? M'nyumba ya makolo anapereka chakudya chamasana ku Russia chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, mapeyala ndi bowa, mkaka wobiriwira bowa ndi mafuta, ndipo otentha ankatchulidwa, makamaka. - ndi mafuta ndi madzi - Zakudya zimenezi zimapindula chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mapuloteni m'thupi.

Mvula yamvula

Bungweli lodziŵika bwino kwambiri, mwa sayansi - Lycoperdon, poyamba linapatsa dzina lake kwa banja lonse la utawaleza, koma posachedwapa asayansi amalemba kuti ali pakati pa bowa wa bowa, kumene tsopano ilipo. Mayina otchuka samawerengera, kuchokera ku fodya, agogo, agogo tavlinka.

Zilibe kusiyana pakati pa kapu ndi mwendo - zimatsatirana. Thupi limodzi la bowa likhoza kukhala la kukula kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo zazikulu - mpaka theka la mita kudutsa ndipo, motero, mpaka masentimita 10-kilogalamu. Mdima woyera umakhala ndi zitsamba zomwe zimatha kugwa pamene zikukula.

M'mapiri a pakati pa Russia amasonkhanitsidwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Chakudya, chimvula chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chogwiritsira ntchito supu; musanaphike, khungu lolimba limachotsedwa.

Chanterelle

Zimatchulidwa momveka bwino kuti zofiira (mtundu wa lalanje, wachikasu). Mu sayansi, amadziwika pansi pa dzina lachilatini Cantharellus cibarius.

Monga chipatso, ndi thupi limodzi limene palibe malire omveka pakati pa kapu ndi tsinde. Pa nthawi yomweyi, iwo akhoza kufotokozedwa mosiyana.

Phunzirani momwe mungayankhulire chanterelle yonama kuchokera ku chenicheni chanterelle, momwe mungasamalirire ndi kufalitsa chanterelles.

Hat:

1. Kukula kwake: kuchokera kochepa kwambiri (m'mimba mwake 2 masentimita) kuti ukhale wabwino kwambiri (12 cm).
2. Fomu: yosasintha, nthawi zina imakhala yowonongeka komanso yofalikira, yopanda phokoso, yopanikizika pakati komanso yokhala ndi mitsempha yodumphadumpha, yodandaula komanso yopangidwa ndi mphuno.
3. Khungu: ali ndi matope osakanikirana, amamanga kwambiri ndi zamkati.

Mwendo:

1. Miyeso (makulidwe / kutalika): 1-3 / 4-7 cm.
2. Fomu: khola lopapatiza limapangidwira kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi.
3. Pamwamba: yosalala, yopanda mapulogalamu.

Tsopano pafupi ndi zamkati zowonongeka, zofiira pang'ono pamene zimapindikizidwa, izo:

• m'kamwa mwathu umakhala wofewa;
• mu bowa lamoto umaphatikiza mitundu iwiri - yoyera mkati ndi yachikasu pamphepete;
• pali kukoma kowawa mu kulawa, ndi zipatso zouma kapena mizu mu zokoma.
• lili ndi chinomanose, kutsimikizira kupezeka kwa mphutsi ndi mphutsi.

Magulu a Chanterelle akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku mizu ya beech, thundu, spruce ndi mitengo ya pine. Chikhalidwe cha Russia chokhazikika ndi cha iwo okha, chosankha nkhalango zakuda komanso zosakaniza, masamba osagwa, osungunuka moss ndi udzu.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, komanso mwezi wa August-September, mvula yamkuntho ndi chizindikiro cha oyendetsa bowa kuti apite "chanterelle".

Ndikofunikira! Kukula m'nkhalango ndi mitengo yovunda, bodza la chanterelle, lodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mbale ndi kuchepa, sikumadyedwanso, ngakhale kuti pali zochitika zina zosiyana. Musasokoneze!

Ngakhale kuti chanterelle ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi maonekedwe a bowa woyera, zimakhala zofanana ndizo chifukwa chogwira ntchito yopanda malire.

Komanso, ali ndi makhalidwe ena abwino:

1. Chifukwa cha chitinmanoza chachilengedwe ndi wothandizira kwambiri.
2. Wowonjezeranso polysaccharide uli mkati mwake - ergosterol - amathandiza kuchiza matenda a chiwindi.
3. Chanterelles ndi katundu wamba kuti thupi likhale ndi vitamini D, asanu ndi atatu amino acid, komanso zinki ndi mkuwa.

Larch batalasi

Iye sanapeze mayina ena ocheperapo pamatumba a batala, koma mu Latin asayansi amamutcha Suillus grevillei.

Chipewa pa mafuta angathe mu mawonekedwe:

• zojambula;
• kutsogolo kwa mbali imodzi pamtunda;
• Dongosolo lozungulira lonse, kuphatikizapo lofala kwambiri.

Njira yotsiriza imatanthawuza mafuta omwe ali olimba, ndi miyezo ya bowa, zaka. Chipewa chozunguliracho chili ndi mamita atatu mpaka 15 cm.

Ntchentche yodula yomwe inaphimbitsa kapu yopanda kanthu, imatcha dzina la bowa ili. Mtundu wake umakhala wachikasu, koma maseŵera ake amapezeka kuchokera ku mandimu ndi lalanje ku golidi ndi bulauni.

Nsalu, ndulu kapena bowa ngati tsamba lofanana ndi chikhomo ndi mtundu womwewo ngati kapu (ngakhale kuti imakhala yofiira ndi tinge ya bulauni), ili ndi mphete yachikasu kapena yoyera pamwamba, yomwe miyendo imakhala ndi maonekedwe ake ndi mtundu wa mandimu ya chikasu.

Pulp Kachiwiri, mtundu wachikasu (mtundu uwu umakhala mu mafuta), mwachindunji pansi pa chipewa pamwamba pali nsalu ya bulauni.

Ngati mutadula bowa, ndiye kuti zida zake zolimba, kuphatikizapo juiciness yofewa, pang'onopang'ono amasintha mtundu wawo ku pinki, zofiira ndi zofiirira. Mu mafuta ochepa, mdulidwe sukusintha.

Dzina lokhazikitsidwa ndi dzina la batalasi limaperekedwa kuchokera ku malo a chikhalidwe - kukula m'nkhalango kumene malowa amapezeka, komanso mwachindunji pa mizu ya mtengowu. Mabanja amasankha mafuta a nthaka yowawa kwambiri.

Maslata akhoza kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pakati pa mwezi wa June mpaka kumapeto kwa October - nthawi zoterezi zinalembedwa ndi ochita kafukufuku.

Msuzi amaphika kuchokera ku bowawa, amadya wokazinga, amakololedwa mchere wothira ndi mchere.

Ndikofunikira! Musanayambe kuthawa mumatumbo a marinade, zithupsa zimaphika kwa pafupifupi kotala la ora.

Mokhovik chikasu

Imeneyi imakhalanso mbale ya batala, koma ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwa njira ya sayansi - Suillus variegates. Kuonjezerapo, ilo liri ndi mayina ambiri, makamaka, mitundu yambiri ya mafuta, sandwheel, bogi fan.

Chipewa Chipewa, kukula kwake kumatha kusiyana pakati pa 5 ndi 14 masentimita, kumasintha - kuchokera kumalo ozungulira ndi m'mphepete mwachitsulo. Pamwamba pa bonnet, pali kuwala, kumalowa ndi ming'alu ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ndi msinkhu, womwe umathenso kumapeto kwa moyo wa bowa.

Kusintha kumachitika ndi mtundu wa mucous membrane wa khungu - kuchokera ku imvi ndi chikasu chachikasu kapena lalanje, icho chimasintha ku bulauni wofiira ndiyeno kumalo otsekemera a ocher. Nkhumba yosalala yodzaza mkati (nsabwe kapena silinda wa mtundu wa mandimu chikasu ndi wofiira kapena lalanje pansipa) imachokera pansi mpaka capu ndi 3-9 masentimita ndi makulidwe okwana 3.5 masentimita.

Pulp ku Mokhovik ndi zovuta kwambiri, zosiyana ndi mtundu malingana ndi mbali ya bowa - pamutu mwawo ndi wachikasu, kumbali ya phazi ndi mdima wobiriwira, ngati ukuwonongeka. Mwamwayi, osasamala, iwo wanena kuti ndi fungo la pine.

Mbalame zamtundu wofiirira zimakonda kuthetsa, monga momwe zingathere kuchokera ku maina awo, pa miyala ya mchenga. Apeze kuti apambane mu nkhalango zamtundu wa coniferous komanso zowonongeka kuyambira June mpaka Oktoba. Mungathe kukhumudwa pa zonse, mwachizolowezi kulankhula, munda, koma osapeza osakwatira ndi achilendo.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bowa pa se, mbalamezi sizitchuka makamaka ndi oyang'anira.

Koma azimayi samanyalanyaza kukolola mu marinade - komanso chifukwa chakuti ali ndi mavitamini olemera, makamaka vitamini D, ndi amino acid (mofanana ndi mankhwala), bowa awa ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zolemera.

Nyama ya Chilimwe

Kuehneromyces mutabilis, kapena chilimwe cha chilimwe, imatchedwanso kyuneromitses osinthika, mtengo wa mandimu, kapena, kuwuyika mophweka, kuyankhula.

Wamng'ono chipewa (kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 masentimita), amakhala ndi ubweya wautali komanso wathanzi, koma ali ndi chifuwa chozungulira mdima, ndipo ukalamba umakhala ndi mapepala osakaniza.

Chokhachokha cha batani, chomwe chimakhala ndi mpweya wozungulira m'mphepete mwake, chimatha kusintha mtundu malingana ndi nyengo - mvula imapangitsa kuti ikhale yofiirira komanso yopanda kuwala, ndipo dzuwa limakhala ndi nsalu za mtundu wa uchi zomwe zimachokera pakati pa mapiri.

Khungu lakuda, losalala mokwanira kuti chikhochichi (masentimita 7) chikhale ndi mamita masentimita awiri, mbali yapamwamba yoyerekeza poyerekeza ndi kapu, mamba akuda akuoneka pansi pa mphete.

Khalani zamkati Kukoma mtima kumafanana ndi fungo la nkhuni zouma. Mwakeyo ali ndi madzi ochepa thupi ndi chikasu cha bulawuni chowombera chimene chimakhala chodetsedwa pamene chimalowa m'kamwa.

Mabanja a Opopechny amakhala ndi anthu ambiri. Amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zowonongeka pa nkhuni zowonongeka kapena zowola kale.

Ngati m'chaka chikhalebe chofatsa, ndiye kuti bowa amapezeka m'nyengo yozizira. Koma nthawi yowonongeka ndiyo April-November.

Ndikofunikira! Musasokoneze mthunzi wam'chilimwe womwe uli ndi zithunzi zofanana - Pali chiopsezo chachikulu cha poizoni. Pofuna kupewa izi, yang'anani pansi pa mwendo - Ndiwomangiriza mu bowa woopsa, pamene mu agaric ndi scaly.

Nkhokwe zikhoza kudyedwa mwatsopano kapena kuzifota.

Mphumba ya m'dzinja

Mosiyana ndi nyengo yachilimwe, wokondedwa wake sanadye mayina ena, kupatula kwa Latin Armillaria mellea, yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa sayansi.

Kutsegula nthawi ndi nthawi (kuchokera ku bulge kupita ndege), kapu ya opal nthawi zambiri imakhala pamphepete mwadothi ndipo pamwamba pake pamakhala mamba, ndipo mdima umakhala pakati, mosasamala mtundu, womwe ukhoza kukhala wosiyana - uchi (mpaka bulauni) ndi maolivi (kuti greenery).

Dera lakuya loyandama m'makilomita atatu kufika khumi likuwonjezeka kufika masentimita 17 muzitsanzo zina.

Wopusa (1-2 masentimita awiri) ndi mowa (mpaka 10 cm) bowa miyendo pansi pang'ono. Pamaso awo ofiira pamwamba ndi kuvala kofiira (kofiira). Pamene mukuyendetsa mwendo mumdima wandiweyani.

Pulp Nyongolotsi ya m'dzinja imamva bwino ndikukoma bwino. Mu zipewa Ndiyera, pang'onopang'ono kutaya mphamvu yake yoyambirira, ndipo miyendo imapangidwa ndi mafinya omwe amakula kwambiri ndi msinkhu.

Nkhumba zosakwatiwa ndizosawerengeka kwambiri m'mabwalo ambirimbiri, maiko ambirimbiri amatha kupweteka pa mitengo ndi tchire, zomwe zimayambitsa zowola pamtengo.

Ndikofunikira! Kuwonekera kwa mabanja ovomerezeka m'mabedi a mbatata amawopseza kuti awononge tsogolo lawo - khalani osamala!

Malo abwino ogawira bowawa ndi dampest m'mapiri, kumene amazika mizu m'mitengo ndi stumps - birch, thundu, alder ndi ena.

Mbewu imakololedwa mu kugwa (palibe zodabwitsa kuti imaganiziridwa mu mutu), zimachitika kuti zokolola zimachitika mu magawo atatu - masabata 2-3 aliyense.

Pine wofiira

Ndipotu, akatswiri a mycologists samatcha mtengo, koma weniweni, ngakhale kuti dzina lachilatini, ndithudi, ndi limodzi - Lactarius deliciosus. Mutuwu palinso kutanthauzira kwa zokoma, zokongola, ndi zina zotero.

Bowa la Convex chipewa pang'onopang'ono anawongoledwa ndikusandulika kukhala mphete, m'mphepete mwa makoti amatha kupitilira njira kuchokera ku dziko lokulumikizidwa kupita ku wolunjika.

Dampness imapereka chikhomo, koma mu nyengo iliyonse imakhala yonyezimira ndi malalanje a malalanje, omwe mawanga akuda ndi mitsempha yambiri imasiyanasiyana kuchokera pakatikati. Ryzhiki ikhoza kukhala ndi makapu (4 cm) ndi aakulu (mpaka 18 cm).

Zomangirira zozembera Ryzhikov miyendo Mbalame zimagwirizana ndi kapu ndipo zimakhala ndi kutalika (kuchokera masentimita 3 mpaka 7 ndi mamita 1.5-2 cm) mofanana ndi kukula kwake. Mitsuko ing'onoing'ono imatha kuwona pamwamba pa mwendo.

Pambuyo pochotsa thupi la bowa, munthu amatha kuona kuti chikasu choda kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa thupi lalanje kumayamba kutembenuka, koma osati kwa nthawi yayitali - zobiriwira zimatha pokhapokha.

Mitengo yayikulu yomwe muyenera kuyang'ana bowa ndi nkhalango zamapiri ndi nkhalango za spruce. Mabanja a fungal amapezeka komwe kuli udzu ndi moss. Kuchokera kwa mapeto a Julayi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September, chiwerengero cha oyendetsa bowa chimawonekera pamapeto pake, koma pang'onopang'ono mungayambe ndi kumaliza kwa mwezi umodzi, moyambirira komanso mtsogolo.

Njira yaikulu yopangira bowa ndi salting, ngakhale ziri zabwino zonse zofiira ndi zophika.

Dulani mdima

Kupalasa kwakukulu kumatchedwanso mzere wa streaky, ndipo m'Chilatini mycologists amatcha portentosum ya Tricholoma.

Hat iye wagwada pansi, osagwirizana. Mwa mutu waukulu zikuwonekeratu kuti mtundu wake ndi imvi, kusintha mithunzi yokha (ngakhale yofiira). Mphepete mwa mzerewu ndi wavy, m'mimba mwake akhoza kufika 12 cm.

Mgugu wapamwamba (mpaka 10 cm) ndi wochepa kwambiri kwa kukula koteroko (mpaka 2 cm) ndipo umapita pansi. Mtundu wakuda ndi wachikasu kapena imvi.

Pulp mtundu umafanana ndi mtundu wakunja wa miyendo ndikumva ngati ufa.

Большие колонии рядовки грибники ищут в сосновых лесах, а также в смешанных, но всё равно возле сосен, в том числе среди опавшей хвои. Признаком, свидетельствующим о наличии в данном месте рядовок, может служить находка семьи зеленушек - они, как правило, соседи.

Palinso mizere yosiyanasiyana ngati mizere yobiriwira, mzere wofiira, mzere wofiira, mzere wozungulira, mzere wa poplar.

Kukula kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September sikuleka ngakhale pambuyo pa chisanu choyamba ndipo kumatha mpaka kumapeto kwa November.

Pophika, imvi imakhala yadziko lonse, ngakhale kuti ikuluikulu, makamaka yachinyamatayo, ndi yamchere komanso yamchere. Zolinga zina, bowa izi zophikidwa poyamba (mpaka kotala la ora) - zitsanzo za mibadwo yonse zimayenera izi.

Brownberry

Dzina limeneli limatanthawuza gulu lalikulu la bowa, zonse zomwe zimadya.

Dzina la sayansi la Leccinum likufanana ndi la bulauni lofiirira:

• wamba (wotchulidwa m'nkhaniyi);
• mtsinje;
• nkhanza;
• phulusa ndi mitundu 5 yambiri.

Anthu a mtundu wa Brownberry amatchedwanso birch, komanso mitu yakuda.

Bowa woyera woyera chipewa ndi msinkhu umakhala wakuda ndi bulauni, ndipo theka la mpira, panthawiyi, limakhala mtolo.

Ikhoza kukula mpaka masentimita 18. Kukhalapo kwa chinyontho chochuluka m'deralo kumapangitsa kuti maonekedwe a ntchentche awonongeke pamutu.

Mwendo wamtali ndi wolimba (mpaka, motero, 15 ndi 3 masentimita), chitsulo chake chimakhala choyera kapena chamwali choyera, ndipo masikelo amtundu akuda.

Dense ndi yoyera zamkati pansi pa bonnet, ndi msinkhu, amamasulidwa ndi kukhuta ndi madzi, ndipo nyama ya phazi imapanga makina opangira nthawi.

Kukhalapo kwa mitengo ya birch m'nkhalango kumatanthawuza kuthekera kupeza kumeneko brownberries. Bowa wokonda kuwala amakonda glades ndi m'mphepete mwake. Chizindikiro cha kuyamba kwa zokolola ndiko kufalikira kwa mbalame yamatcheri, nyengo imatha pakatikati pa autumn.

Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokolola, brownberry akhoza kupikisana ngakhale ndi bowa woyera, otentha, mwachangu, stewing, kuyanika, pickling ndi kuziziritsa zimapezeka.

Boletus

Boletus amasiyana ndi brownberry:

• mtundu wa kapu (woyera kapena wofiira-lalanje, monga wa masamba a aspen);
• Zamkati mwa buluu pambuyo pa odulidwa;
• kukula - ndizokulu mu aspen;
• Malo apamwamba a kukula ndi omveka kuchokera ku dzina.

Anthu amachitcha bowawa kuti Osinovik ndi Krasnogolovik (yerekezani, kachiwiri, ndi boletus), dzina lachilatini la bowa zokhudzana ndizofanana - Leccinum.

Pa zokolola za bowa la aspen, olemba bowa akutumizidwa kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June, ndipo nyengoyi imatha mpaka October.

Mu lingaliro lachikulire, siloperewera kwa brownberry.

Marsh Russula

Marsh Russula (wotchuka kwambiri wotchedwa float, ndipo malinga ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi - Russula paludosa) choyamba amachititsa chidwi ndi chipewa ndi khungu louma, zojambula bwino zojambula zofiira-lalanje.

Chimake cha bonnet siyani kwambiri (masentimita 7-12), chiri ndi mzere wosasunthika, chapakatikati ndi chimphona chachikulu.

Msolo wolimba ukhoza kukhala wolimba ndi wopanda pake, wofiira ndi wofiira, ngati mawonekedwe a nsonga kapena mace, kutalika kwa masentimita asanu ndi masentimita ndi masentimentimenti akhoza kupitirira kawiri.

Yoyera yopanda zamkati, wandiweyani muunyamata ndi wotayirira mu msinkhu, ali ndi zofooka zafruity zofooka.

Banja laling'ono la syroezhek limakula pansi pa mitengo ya coniferous (elfin cedar, larch, pine), kuphatikizapo m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Sungani iwo kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi miyezi yoyamba yophukira.

Mu zakudya za bowa, mphukira imatenga malo ake okazinga, owiritsa ndi amchere.

Champignon wamba

Iye amadziwikanso monga Pecheritsa, mu mycology imawoneka, kuphatikizapo champignon, komanso maluwa enieni komanso Agaricus campestris.

Fufuzani momwe nkhumba zimathandizira thupi komanso ngati zingatheke kuti zikule kunyumba.

Kapu, yomwe imakula mpaka masentimita 15, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a hemispheric, m'mphepete mwake yomwe imakhala ikuyang'ana mkati (ali wamng'ono).

Kupanga, chipewa chimakhala choyamba ngati bwalo lamphwaphati, ndipo kenako - kumakhala pansi. Pakatikati iye ali ndi mphamvu.

Dothi louma liri loyera (limanenanso brownish), powonekera ndi kukhudza - ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono kapena silky.

Mbalame imodzi yokhala ndi chikwama cha kapu ndi miyeso yambiri (5-9 / 1-2 masentimita) imakula pansi ndipo, monga momwe, imatupa, pakati (nthawi zambiri) yozunguliridwa ndi mphete yaikulu.

Mnofu woyera umafikira pang'onopang'ono.

Ndikofunikira! Mu fumbi lachinyengo, lomwe limatha kukhala poizoni, mitsempha ikaswa imakhala yachikasu, pambali pake imatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa la inki. Kusiyana kumeneku kuyenera kukumbukiridwa.

Kukula kwa champignon kumadabwitsa - malo odyetserako ziweto, mapaki, minda, nkhalango, ambiri, mungathe kukumana nawo kulikonse (zigawo zazikulu zimatchedwa mfiti). Choncho, kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa maluwa omwe amakula bwino.

Ophika azimayi ndi amayi amagwiritsa ntchito mapira m'chakudya choyamba ndi chachiwiri, poyenda, ndi kuphika. Anthu ambiri amakonda kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa maluwa osakaniza.

Inedible bowa chakupha

Kuwongolera kumakhala kovuta kwa osankha amwawa omwe akudziwa bwino, chifukwa amadziwa kuti ngozi yomwe imayambitsa thanzi laumunthu kapena kupha munthu imakhala mudengu limodzi ndi bowa.

Mukudziwa? Bowa okhala ndi poizoni lero mu gawo la Ulaya la kontinenti yathu adawulula za zana limodzi makumi asanu, zomwe ziri pafupifupi 3 peresenti ya mitundu yonse ya zomera.

Chirabe chapafupi

Mabowa owopsa omwe amapezeka pakatikati pa Russia, vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndi lofiira (Latin Amanita phalloides).

Amadziwika kuti ndi bowa woopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, poizoni, ndi owopsa chifukwa ndi ofanana ndi mitundu ina ya bowa: bowa, russules, zelenushkami, ndi zina zotero.

Mchenga wachinyamata amafanana ndi dzira mu filimuyi.

Okula ndi okhwima ali:

• chipewa cha maolivi abwino (ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala chobiriwira kapena imvi), chomwe chingakhale chophwanyika kapena chokhazikika. Dothi lamtunduwu limatha ndi mapepala osalala. Mimbayi silimachepera 5 masentimita ndiposa 15;
• mwendo, umene ukhoza kuwoneka ngati ntchito ya luso lachilengedwe chifukwa chakuti uli ndi chitsanzo cha moire (osati nthawi zonse). Kupanda kutero, ilo ndi lalitali lodziwika bwino lomwe lili ndi kutsika kochepa. Mtundu umagwirizana ndi chipewa, koma ukhoza kukhala woyera. Mimbayi imakhala ndi masentimita 2.5, kutalika kwake kufika pa masentimita 16. Chida chojambula cha filimu chiri pamlendo - chizindikiro chochenjeza azing'anga;
• Nyama yoyera ndi nyama, pafupifupi yopanda phokoso, komanso kukoma kwake sikungatheke. Zaka za zaka zokha zimapereka fungo lokhazika mtima pansi limene silinayambe kukondweretsa.

Malo ogawanika ndi zofiira zam'madzi ndi mitengo yosakanikirana, yomwe imamera pa nthaka yachonde pafupi ndi beech, thundu ndi hazel, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakula kumidzi yawo (amapanga mycorrhiza).

Makamaka ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti nthawi yokolola ikhale yofiira - kuchokera kumapeto kwa August mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn.

Amanita wofiira

Ngati tigwiritsira ntchito mau akuti "psychotropic agent" pamasewero achilengedwe, ndiye kuti ali ndi bowa wofiira (Amanita muscaria).

Mukudziwa? Chikhalidwe cha shamanism cha Siberia chinamangidwa pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito mowa wa bowa uwu.

Bowa wokongola kwambiri pamalo oyamba chifukwa cha kapu. Amatha kukula mpaka 20 cm (zosakwana 8, monga lamulo, sizichitika). Chilombochi chimatha chifukwa cha kuunika kokongola kofiira ndi mafunde oyera oyera omwe amabalalika ponseponse.

Miyendo ya bowa ndi yofanana ndi kapu, yomwe imakhala yozungulira kapena yakuda ya 1-2.5 masentimita. Madzi oundana amafanana ndi tuber.

Phokoso losaoneka bwino la zamkati zoyera, zomwe zimakhala pansi pa khungu la lalanje kapena lachikasu (m'magulu awiriwa, kuwala kowala).

Mbalame ndi zitsamba zimakhala ngati bowa kupanga mycorrhiza. Dothi losakanikirana ndi nyengo yozizira ya Russia - malo abwino kwambiri kuti akule mu August ndi October.

Porphyry Amanita

Osati kokha poizoni (ngakhale ang'ono), komanso fungo lopweteka ndi kulawa kumapangitsa kuti bowayi ikhale yosadziwika bwino.

Porphyry Amanita bell bell (Amanita porphyria) pang'onopang'ono imakula ngati momwe ikukula. Chophimbachi chimakhala ndi chikopa choyera, kapena ndi kuwonjezera kwa utoto wofiirira kapena wofiirira. Amakhala m'mphepete mwake, ndipo khungu lake limayendayenda kwambiri, limakhala ngati sililika.

Zing'onozing'ono za kapu (kuyambira 5 mpaka 9 cm m'mimba mwake) zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi phazi la 8-13-sentimita loposa 2 cm lakuda. Mbali yake m'munsiyi ili ndi kukula kwa hemispheric, ilibe kukula; nthawi zina amajambula ndi machitidwe a moire.

Choyera, chofanana ndi chakudya chochepa kwambiri cha nyama, zamkati zimakhala ndi fungo lokoma (mbatata zatsopano) ndi kulawa (monga radish), zomwe siziyenera kunamiza mowa.

Dothi losavuta kwambiri m'mapiri a coniferous (kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi nkhalango ya birch) ndi malo amodzi a kukula kwa poritaire amanita, nyengo yosonkhanitsa yomwe ili miyezi iwiri yotsiriza ya chilimwe ndi yoyamba yachiwiri yoyambilira.

Sulfure uchimo

Hypholoma fasciculare kapena sulfure-chikasu agaric sichidziwika, koma chifukwa cha izi mu malo osungirako zachilengedwe sanathe kuzindikira: kaya ndi kulawa kowawa ndi fungo loipa, kapena ndi poizoni mulimo.

Ndikofunikira! Mulimonsemo, bowa uwu sayenera kusokonezeka ndi bowa zomwe amadya, zomwe zimakhala zofanana - Ayenera kutsogoleredwa ndi fungo losasangalatsa la nyani ya sulfure-chikasu.

Kamba kakang'ono (kosaposa 5 masentimita), kuunikira kumbali, kumachokera kumalo okhwima kuti apange mawonekedwe oweramitsa. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala wofiirira, koma mumakhala wofiira.

Kulemera kwake kwa mzere wachitsulo (0,5 cm) kuti ufanane ndi kapu, koma kutalika kumakhala kochepa pang'ono (mpaka 10 cm).

Kulawa kowawa kwa zamkati kunatchulidwa kale, ndipo mtundu wake uli wachikasu.

Magulu am'mera amakula pamtambo, pafupi nawo, ndi nkhuni zimayamba kuvunda, popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pa deciduous and coniferous. Nthawi ya fruiting ndi May, chili chonse ndi September-October.

Malo am'maluwa omwe ali pakatikati ku Russia

Mtundu wa nkhalango kumene kuli bowa ukukula ndi malo enieni mwa iwo akufotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kumadera omwe timakhala tikusankha Voronezh, Vladimir, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kursk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Tver madera olemera mu bowa.

Pa "bowa" zomwe zili m'modzi mwa iwo akhoza kulemba buku losiyana.

Kusankha mahombula

1. Kuletsedwa kwa bowa kumasaka pamsewu - bowa ndizosavuta mosavuta zodzaza ndi zinthu zomwe sizikhala zotetezeka kwa anthu, mwachitsanzo, salt salt.
2. Kwa oyamba kumene kuli kofunikira kuti azitha kutenga nawo mbali pa ulendo wa munthu wowagwiritsa ntchito wa bowa, mwinamwake chiopsezo chotenga toadstool kapena bowa chimakula kwambiri.
3. Chisamaliro chapadera kwa ana omwe atengedwa nawo ku nkhalango: ayenera kukhala akuwoneka nthawi zonse osadya zipatso ndi bowa.
4. Zitsamba zokopa zimasonkhanitsa bowa (madengu, madengu, knapsacks) ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zipangizo zachilengedwe - musagwiritse ntchito cellophane ndi pulasitiki.
5. Cholinga chimene mukufuna kuyika mudengu siyenera kudyedwa ndi mphutsi, phazi liyenera kukhala labwino, ndipo mbale ziyenera kukhala zochepa - kuyang'ana mosamala n'kofunika.
6. Kukayikira kulikonse kumatanthauziridwa movomerezeka ndi bowa omwe atsala m'nkhalango.
7. Nthaŵi isanakwane ndi yabwino kwambiri kwa osankha bowa.
8. Musaiwale mpeni wodula - mycelium yowonongeka pamene mutulutsa kunja simudzapereka mbewu yotsatira.
9. Kuyang'ananso kwina kwa nyama yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa musanayeretsedwe ndi kudula - ngati chinachake chikusoweka m'nkhalango.
10. Kutsekemera kwa mandimu sikoyenera kumwa, komanso kuphika kwa zipangizo zofunikirako pambuyo pa kutentha kumafunika kupitilira mwamsanga.

Nkhokwe zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa popanda kudziwa bwino za mycology, koma maziko ena amthandizi amathandiza oyamba kuyamba kupeza zofunikira, ndipo awo omwe amva kale kuti ali akatswiri akhoza kulimbikitsa ndi kufotokoza zochitika zomwe zimapezeka mwa njira zenizeni.