Alimi onse odziwa nkhuku amadziwa bwino kuti imodzi mwazimene zimapangitsa kuti mazira azikhala bwino bwino, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwabwino ndi chinyezi, nthawi zonse amasintha.
Ndipo ziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi makanema ovomerezeka. Zomwe zilipo kale zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu - zodzidzimutsa, zowonongeka komanso zowonjezera, ndi mitundu iwiri yapitayo zimasonyeza kuti kuyendetsa mazira sikudzakhala makina, koma munthu.
Kuphweka ntchitoyi kumathandizira nthawi, yomwe, ndi nthawi ndi chidziwitso, mukhoza kuchita nokha. Njira zingapo zopangira chipangizo choterechi zili pansipa.
Chofunika
Dzira limatembenuka pachitetezo ndi chipangizo chomwe chimatsegula ndi kutseka dera lamagetsi panthawi imodzimodzi, ndiko kuti, mwachinthu chophweka, cholembera chakale. Ntchito yathu ndikutseka ndikutembenuzira zigawo zazikulu za incubator kachiwiri, motero kusinthira dongosolo momwe tingathere ndi kuchepetsa zolakwika zomwe zingatheke chifukwa cha umunthu.
Timer, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa mazira, imathandizanso kukhazikitsa ntchito izi:
- kutentha kwa kutentha;
- kuonetsetsa kuti mphepo ikukakamizidwa;
- kuyamba ndi kuyatsa kuyatsa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kamene timagwiritsa ntchito popanga chipangizochi chiyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu ziwiri.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge momwe mungapangire chitsimikizo ndi psychrometer kwa incubator ndi manja anu.
Njira yabwino kwambiri payekha ndi teknoloji yomanga makompyuta a CMOS, omwe ali ndi n-ndi-p-kanjira-effect transistors, yomwe imapereka liwiro lakutembenuka komanso limapulumutsa mphamvu.
Njira yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito panyumba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipsu zoyenera nthawi K176IE5 kapena KR512PS10 zomwe zimagulitsidwa pa sitolo iliyonse yamagetsi. Pachifukwa chawo, nthawiyi idzagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, ndithudi. 
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizochi, yopangidwa ndi chipangizo cha K176IE5, ikuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa ntchito zisanu ndi chimodzi:
- Chiyambi chimayambira (kutseka kwa dera).
- Pumulani
- Mpweya wozizira umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku LED (masabata makumi awiri ndi awiri).
- Kukanika kutsekedwa.
- Mlanduwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mfundo.
- Njirayo imatseka (lotseguka).
Kenaka ndondomekoyi imayambiranso. Chilichonse chiri chophweka, ndipo chimodzi mwa izi zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambazi zikhoza kusintha, malingana ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya makulitsidwe.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati ndi kotheka, nthawi yotsatila ikhoza kupitilira 48-Maola 72, koma izi zidzafuna kusintha kwa dera ndi mphamvu zopambana.Timer yopangidwa ndi kR512PS10 microcircuit ndi, kawirikawiri, imakhalanso yophweka, koma pali zowonjezera zowonjezera chifukwa cha kupezeka koyambirira kwa zochitika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kochitika m'dera. Choncho, kuti muonetsetse kuti ntchito ya timer (nthawi yeniyeni yowonongeka nthawi), muyenera kusankha R1, C1 ndikuyika nambala yofunikira ya jumpers.
Zosankha zitatu ndizotheka apa:- 0.1 masekondi-1 miniti;
- 1 mphindi 1 ora;
- Ola limodzi mpaka maola 24.
Ngati Chip K176IE5 imagwira ntchito yokhayokha, ndiye kuti pa KR512PS10 timer imagwira ntchito miyeso iwiri yosiyana: yosinthika kapena yopitirira.
Pachiyambi choyamba, mawonekedwewa amatsegulidwa ndi kutuluka pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zochepa (njirayo imasinthidwa pogwiritsira ntchito jumper S1), m'chigawo chachiŵiri dongosolo likuyambidwa ndi kuchedwa kwa pulojekiti kamodzi ndikugwira ntchito mpaka itatsekedwa molimbika.
Werengani zambiri za momwe mungadzipangire kuti mupange mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya wabwino.
Zida ndi Chalk
Pofuna kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yolenga, kuwonjezera pa ma microchips omwe amapanga nthawi, tidzakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- mitundu yotsutsa mphamvu;
- Ma LED ena ambiri (zidutswa 3-4);
- tins ndi rosin.
Chida cha zipangizo ndizochepa:
- mpeni wakuthwa ndi tsamba laling'ono (kuti muchepetse kukana);
- chitsulo chabwino cha soldering cha chips (ndi mbola yochepa);
- chowongolera kapena ola ndi dzanja lachiwiri;
- mapiritsi;
- screwdriver-tester ndi chizindikiro cha mphamvu.
Nthawi yowonongeka yowonongeka yachitetezo ichite izo pa microcircuit K176IE5
Zida zambiri zamagetsi, monga nthawi yowonjezeramo, zakhala zikudziwika kuyambira nthawi za Soviet. Chitsanzo cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa timer timene timapangira mazira ndi mauthenga ofotokozedwa anafalitsidwa mu makanema a wailesi, otchuka kwambiri pakati pa azimayi a radio (No. 1, 1988). Koma, monga mukudziwira, chirichonse chatsopano chaiwalika chakale.
Chithunzi chojambula:
Ngati muli ndi mwayi wopezera makina opanga ma wailesi okonzeka pogwiritsa ntchito Chip chipangizo cha K176IE5 ndi bolodi ladongosolo losindikizidwa, ndiye kuti msonkhano ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipangizo chotsirizira chikhale chophweka (kuthetsa chitsulo chosungunula m'manja mwanu ndidi chofunika kwambiri).
Bokosi lozungulira: 
Gawo loyika nthawi yayitali lidzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Timer timagulu timene timaphatikizapo timapereka "ntchito" yowonjezera (kuyang'aniridwa kumayang'anitsitsa, kutembenuka kwazitsulo kumayendedwe) ndi kupuma kwabwino (kuyang'aniridwa kumatetezedwa, mawonekedwe osokoneza bongo amatayika).
Ntchito ya "ntchito" ndi yaifupi ndipo imatha pakati pa masekondi 30-60 (nthawi yomwe amayenera kutembenuza trayi kumbali inayake imadalira mtundu wa makina osakaniza).
Ndikofunikira! Pamsonkhano, pulojekitiyi iyenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo oti asamalole kuti muzitha kuyendetsa m'malo omwe mumagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi (makamaka zipangizo zazikuluzikulu zamagetsi).
Masewu a "pause" ndi yaitali ndipo amatha kufika maola asanu ndi asanu (6) (malinga ndi kukula kwa mazira ndi mphamvu yotentha yotengera.)
Kuti mukhale wokonzeka, pulogalamuyi imaperekedwa m'deralo, yomwe idzagwedezeka pafupipafupi panthawi yomwe yakhazikitsa nthawi. Mphamvu ya LED imayendera ku dera pogwiritsa ntchito kukana R6.
Kusinthidwa kwa nthawi ya ma modeswa kumachitika ndi kukwera kwa nthawi R3 ndi R4. Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti nthawi ya "pause" imakhala yosiyana ndi mayina odziwika a resistors, pamene nthawi ya opaleshoni machitidwe akukhazikitsidwa ndi kukana R3. 
Kuti mukonze bwino ngati R3 ndi R4, ndibwino kuti mugwiritse ntchito 3-5 kΩ kusintha resistors kwa R3 ndi 500-1500 kΩ kwa R4, motere.
Ndikofunikira! Kupatula kukana kwa nthawi-kukonza resistors, kawirikawiri Dzuwa lidzawombera, ndipo lalifupi nthawi yoyenderera idzakhala.Njira yokonzanso "ntchito":
- Kutsutsana kwafupipafupi R4 (kuchepetsa kukana kwa R4 mpaka zero);
- kutsegula chipangizo;
- kupewera R3 kusintha maulendo omwe amawatsogolera. Kutalika kwa "ntchito" mawonekedwe kudzafanana ndi makumi atatu ndi ziwiri kuwala.
Kusintha mtundu wa pause:
- gwiritsani ntchito kukana R4 (kuonjezera kukana kwa R4 kwa dzina);
- kutsegula chipangizo;
- pogwiritsa ntchito stopwatch kuti azindikire nthawi pakati pa kuwala kozungulira kwa LED.
Kutalika kwa kayendedwe ka pause kudzakhala kofanana ndi nthawi yolandila kuchulukitsidwa ndi 32.
Malangizo: momwe mungapangire kachipangizo kowonjezera kR512PS10 microcircuit
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamakono ya CMOS, chipangizo cha KP512PS10 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zipangizo zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana-nthawi yogawikana yofanana ya nthawi yopita.
Zida zimenezi zingapereke nthawi imodzi ndikusintha (kusintha njira yoyendetsera ntchito pambuyo panthawi pang'ono ndikuiikira mpaka mutsekezedwa), ndipo kutembenuka kwina-kutembenuka mogwirizana ndi pulogalamu yapadera.
Mukudziwa? Nestling mu dzira imapuma mlengalenga mpweya, umene umalowa mu chipolopolo kudzera mwazing'ono kwambiri pores. Povomereza oxygen, chipolopolocho chimachotsa mpweya wochokera m'dzira, wotulutsa nkhuku, komanso chinyezi.
Kupanga timer ya chofungatira chozikidwa pa imodzi mwa zipangizozi sikudzakhala kovuta. Kuwonjezera apo, simukusowa kutenga chitsulo chosungunuka m'manja mwanu, popeza mapangidwe opangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi KR512PS10 ndi opambana kwambiri, ntchito zawo ndizosiyana, ndipo kutha kusintha nthawi kumaphatikizapo kusiyana kwa magawo khumi a mphindi ziwiri mpaka 24. 
Mapulogalamu omalizidwa ali ndi makina oyenera, omwe amatsimikizira kuti mwakhama komanso moyenera machitidwe a "ntchito" ndi "pause". Potero, kupanga timer ya kachipangizo pa kR512PS10 microcircuit yachepetsedwa kuti ikhale yosankhidwa bwino ya bolodi kuti ikhale yeniyeni yeniyeni yapadera.
Pezani chomwe kutentha kumayenera kukhala mu chofungatira, komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo asanayambe mazira.
Ngati mukufunikira kusintha nthawi yowonjezera, mukhoza kuchita izi mwa kuchepetsa kukana R1.
Kwa omwe amakonda komanso kudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, komanso akufuna kuti asonkhanitse chipangizo chomwecho ndi manja ake, tiyeni tiwone chimodzi mwa zida zomwe zingatheke ndi mndandanda wa zigawo zamagetsi ndi mndandanda wa bolodi lozungulira. 
Zomwe zimatchulidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa tereyiti kutembenuka ndikugwira ntchito ndi makina opangira nyumba ndi kusintha nthawi ya zinthu zotentha. Ndipotu, amakulolani kuti muwonetserane kayendetsedwe ka sitayi ndi chowotcha ndi kuchotsa mwachindunji njira yonseyo.
Zosankha zina
Kuphatikiza pa zosankhidwa zomwe mukuganiziridwa pazitsulo zoyamba, muli zigawo zambiri zamagetsi zomwe mungathe kupanga chipangizo chodalirika ndi chokhazikika - timer.
Zina mwa izo ndi:
- MC14536BCP;
- CD4536B (ndi kusintha CD43 ***, CD41 ***);
- NE555 et al.
Pakadali pano, ena mwa ma microcircuits achotsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi mafananidwe amakono (makampani opanga zipangizo zamagetsi sakuyimirabe).
Zonsezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi magawo awiri, magawo owonjezera a magetsi, zida zotentha, ndi zina zotero, koma panthawi imodzimodzizo amachita ntchito zomwezo: kutembenuzira magetsi oyendetsa ndi kutuluka pulogalamuyi. 
Mfundo yoyika nthawi yochita ntchito ya gulu lomwelo ili chimodzimodzi:
- Pezani ndikufupika kukana "pause";
- onetsetsani kuti ma diode akuwombera mobwerezabwereza ndi "ntchito" kusinthasintha;
- kutsegula pause mode resistor ndi kuyesa nthawi yoyenera;
- ikani magawo a wagawanizi;
- yikani bolodiyo pamutu wotetezera.
Kupanga tayi ya timayiti, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti izi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse, zomwe sizingawonongeke pokhapokha pa ntchito yotembenuza tray mu chofungatira.
Pambuyo pake, pokhala ndi zochitika zina, mudzatha kupereka zipangizo zofanana ndi zotentha, kuyatsa ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya wabwino, ndipo pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa nyengo yamakono, muzigwiritsire ntchito monga maziko odyetsera nkhuku ndi chakudya.
Mukudziwa? Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti yolk mu dzira ndi kachilombo ka nkhuku zam'tsogolo, ndipo mapuloteni ndizofunika zowonjezera zakudya kuti zitheke. Komabe, zenizeni siziri. Nkhuku imayamba kukula kuchokera ku dera lakumera, lomwe mu dzira la umuna limawoneka ngati kamtengo kakang'ono ka mtundu wa kuwala mu yolk. Nestling imadyetsa makamaka yolk, pamene mapuloteni ndi gwero la madzi ndi mchere wothandiza kuti chitukuko chikhale chokwanira kwa mimba.
Zina mwa njira zina, ziyeneranso kukumbukira kuti masewera a wailesi ndi masitolo apadera adzakupatsani chisankho chachikulu kuchokera ku zipangizo zamagetsi ndi matabwa oyendayenda kupita nthawi yokonzekera. 
Mtengo wa mitundu yambiri yomaliza yokha ingakhale yotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi mtengo wa msonkhanowo. Chisankho chokutengerani. Choncho, sivuta kupanga timer nokha. Ndi maluso ena, njirayi siimatenga nthawi yochuluka. Zotsatira zake, mudzalandira zokhazikika zowonjezera zomwe mungathe kuzikhulupirira.
