Tomato ndi mbewu yomwe idabwera kuchokera ku mayiko ofunda. Mbewu imeneyi si yokoma kwambiri, komanso imapezeka kwambiri mavitamini ndi zakudya. Onse akuluakulu ndi ana amawakonda, ndipo kuwonjezera pake ndizotheka kuphika koyamba, maphunziro achiwiri ndi saladi kuchokera pamenepo, komanso kukonzekera nyengo yozizira.
Ku Ulaya, tomato anali makamaka zokongola. M'nyengo yotentha, zomera zowonda dzuwa sizifuna kusamalira mosamala. Koma kumpoto iwo amakula mwakuya kwambiri.
Kupanga mikhalidwe yabwino pamagulu osiyanasiyana a kukula
Njira zamakono za kukula tomato zimakhala zofanana ndi kulima tsabola - kubzala bwino ku chernozem, koma kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko chidzafuna mchere gawo lapansi. Zambiri mwatsatanetsatane zowonongeka kwa mbande za tomato ndi tsabola, tawuza apa.
Zimadalira mtundu wa nthaka yomwe imasankhidwa mbande za phwetekere, osati kuchuluka kokha komanso momwe mbeu yamtsogolo imadalira. Dothi la tomato liyenera kukhala lotayirira, kuwala, bwino kupitilira mpweya ndi chinyezi.
Mmera
Nthaka ya mbande ya phwetekere iyenera kukhala yofewa komanso yosasuka.bwino kwambiri. Izi zingachitidwe mwa kuwonjezera peat ndi utuchi.
Mbeu yabwino imakhala mu gawo la kokonati. Mafuta a kokonati odulidwa ali ndi zakudya zambiri komanso mbande zimakula kwambiri. Mukamera madzi akhoza kuyamba kuvunda.
Mizu ya achinyamata zomera ingakhoze kuyamwa timchere kusungunuka mu nthaka yankho. Mavitamini omwe ali m'zinthu zosawerengeka komanso za mchere sizipezeka kwa iwo. Young zomera ayenera kudyetsedwa mosalekeza ndi pang'onopang'ono..
Mlingo wa zakudya zoyenera kubzala mbewu zakuda ndizowononga iwo. Ndi zofunika kugwiritsa ntchito dothi lachonde lachonde, ndiyeno, pakukula nthawi zonse amadyetsa zomera.
Kuphika sikuyenera kupezeka mu nthaka kusakaniza. Zida zakuthupi siziyenera kuwonongeka kapena kutentha mofulumira. Pamene kutentha kwa dothi kukuposa madigiri 30 Celsius, mizu imayamba kufa.
Zambiri za nthaka yabwino yomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mbande za tomato, komanso zomwe zowonjezera sizingawonjezedwe kunthaka, werengani pano.
Zomera zazikulu
Zovuta (nthaka yolemera) zimakhala zabwino kwa zomera zazikulu. Pamene chomera chikukonzekera chodzala pansi, chiyenera kupangidwa ndi organic fertilizer (phulusa, humus, urea). Feteleza, pambuyo pa phwetekere, sikuti imangowonjezera zakudya zokhazokha, koma imathandizanso nthaka komanso mpweya pamwamba pake ndi carbon dioxide.
Kodi mukufunika kuti mufetse tomato kuti mukolole bwino?
Mitengo yapamwamba ya padziko lapansi imayambitsa kuchuluka kwa fruiting. Ngati sizabwino, tomato adzakhala odwala komanso ofooka.
Simungagwiritse ntchito malo a munda kapena nthaka ya wowonjezera kutentha, izi sizikutheka kuti palibe chomwe chikuchitika. Nthaka yabwino kwambiri ya mbande ya phwetekere imakonzedwa kuchokera ku zigawo zingapo zomwe zimafuna kukonzekera koyenera.
Tomato ali ndi nthambi yamtundu wa mizu, 70% yomwe imakhala ndi mizu yozizira. Izi Mapangidwe a tomato amapereka gawo limodzi la mbeu ndi chinyezi chofunikira ndi zakudya.
Kukonzekera mabedi
Dzikoli liyenera kukhala ndi zigawo zonse zofunika pakukula tomato. Dothi la tomato kuti likule bwino likuyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- nitrogen;
- phosphorus;
- potaziyamu.
Mcherewu ayenera kukhala mosavuta.. Mu gawo lina la nthaka ya wowonjezera kutentha ayenera kukhala ndi mchenga, momwe kuli kofunikira kuti chitukuko chikhalepo mbali ya mbewu.
Nthaka iyenera kukhala yotayirira, ngati mizu pamwamba salola mchere wambiri ndipo imakula pokhapokha, kutulutsa zakudya kuchokera kumadera akuluakulu.
Pamaso pa zizindikiro monga madzi okwanira ndi mphamvu zamadzi, nthaka imasungira chinyezi bwino, koma sichitha. Ndiponso, kukula kwabwino kwa tomato kunkafunika kutentha mphamvu.
Kuwonjezera apo, pokonzekera dothi, sayenera kulowerera ndale komanso kuti pasakhale ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthaka sayenera kukhala ndi mbewu zamsongole.
Kodi acidity iyenera kukhala dothi liti?
Tomato amafunikira nthaka ndi acidity ya 6.2 mpaka 6.8 pH. Kuzindikira acidity ya nthaka amagwiritsa ntchito mayesero a zizindikiro (litmus pepala). Amagulitsidwa m'masitolo apadera.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zosakaniza zokometsera
Ubwino wa zokometsera nthaka:
- Mukhoza kuphika molingana ndi momwe mumayambira ndikusunga nambala yeniyeni ya zofunikira zomwe mukufuna.
- Kuwononga ndalama.
Kuipa:
- Nthawi yophika kwambiri.
- Muyenera kutsatira molondola Chinsinsi.
- Nthaka ikhoza kuipitsidwa.
- Kupeza ndi kugula zigawo zoyenera kuchotsa kungatenge nthawi ndi ndalama zambiri.
Zochita ndi malonda a malo ogula
Sikuti aliyense ali ndi mwayi wokonzekera nthaka yekha.. Pankhaniyi, gwiritsani ntchito kugula kwa nthaka.
Ali ndi ubwino wosatsutsika:
- Ngati yophikidwa molingana ndi malamulo, nthawi yomweyo ndi yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito;
- phukusi losiyanasiyana kuchokera 1 l mpaka 50 l;
- ndi lopepuka komanso lopanda chinyezi;
- ili ndi zinthu zofunika.
Zina mwa zofooka zake:
- zizindikiro zambiri za nthaka acidity (kuchokera ku 5.0 mpaka 6.5);
- Chiwonetsero chosavuta cha chiwerengero cha zochitika;
- Peat fumbi m'malo mwa peat angakhalepo;
- pali chiopsezo chopeza gawo losauka.
Zida zofunika
Pakati pa zigawo zikuluzikulu za dziko kusakaniza:
- nthaka kapena masamba;
- peat yosakhala acidic (pH 6.5);
- mchenga (makamaka mtsinje kapena kutsukidwa);
- Manyowa kapena osakaniza manyowa okhwima;
- anaphwanya phulusa (kapena ufa wa dolomite);
- sphagnum moss;
- singano zakugwa.
Dzikoli liyenera kukhala lotayirira, lodzazidwa ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana ndikukhala ndi zinthu zothandiza. Ngati nthaka ili, chofunika, ndiye tomato idzapereka zokolola zabwino.
Kulima nthaka imatengedwa kuchokera ku mabedi kumene zikhalidwe za banja la nightshade sizinalembe chilimwe (tomato, tsabola, eggplant ndi mbatata). Nthaka yabwino kwambiri yobzala mbatata ndi malo omwe zaka zingapo zapitazi palibe kanthu kamene kakula kapena kamodzi kake kakakula.
Malo oyenera kwambiri a nthaka osakaniza tomato amatengedwa ndi kusakaniza magawo awiri a peat, 1 gawo la munda wa nthaka, 1 gawo la humus (kapena kompositi) ndi 0,5 mbali ya mchenga.
Peat nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi acidity, choncho Onjezerani 1 chikho cha phulusa mumtengo wa chisakanizo. ndi supuni 3 - 4 za ufa wa dolomite.
Komanso 10 g wa urea, 30-40 g wa superphosphate ndi 10-15 g wa fetashi fetereza amawonjezeredwa ku osakaniza. Manyowawa akhoza kusinthidwa ndi feteleza ovuta okhala ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, komanso nayitrogeni.
Werengani zambiri za momwe mungakonzekere nthaka yosavuta ndi manja anu kuti mukhale ndi tomato wabwino, werengani nkhaniyi.
Zowonjezereka
Manyowa omwe ali m'kati mwa kuwonongeka sangagwiritsidwe ntchito.. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kutulutsa kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumatentha mbewu (ndipo ngati kukwanitsa kukwera, idzafabe chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu).
Zoipa za dongo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa zimapangitsa dothi kukhala lolemera komanso lolemera kwambiri.
M'nthaka pali kusonkhanitsa kwachitsulo chakuda, choncho Musagwiritse ntchito malo pafupi ndi msewu wotanganidwa kapena pa gawo la chomera cha mankhwala.
Sampling
Malo osungirako ndiwo munda wamtendere (m'munda wosasamba) pa zomwe zimakhala namsongole ndi matenda omwe angathe. Komabe, munda wa munda ukhoza kukhala woyenera kubzala, makamaka ngati uli wokonzekera pasadakhale.
Nthaka ya m'munda wanu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ili yovuta komanso yokhazikika. Malo omwe amalima atakula kwambiri (pomwe adyo, kabichi, beets ndi kaloti zimakula) sizitengedwa. Izi zingathe kuwononga tomato.
Ubwino wa munda wa dothi ndi wakuti nthawi zambiri umakhala wabwino, ndipo ngati umapindula ndi feteleza ndi kompositi, idzakhala nayonso.
Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani?
Nthaka pansi pa tomato iyenera kukhala yotenthedwa, yotayirira, wolemera mu zakudya ndi chinyezi. Ngati simungathe kupeza dothi lotero, mungagwiritse ntchito malowa kuchokera pamabedi, omwe adakula zukini, maungu, kaloti kapena kabichi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ndikofunika kuti zomera zisamavutike ndi vuto lochedwa. Panthawi yovuta kwambiri ya nthaka yamtunda.
N'kofunikanso kuti zisalowerere kapena asidi pang'ono, pa nthaka ya acidic tomato sakula. Nthaka iyenera kukhala ndi zigawo zotsatirazi:
- Humus.
- Peat (imapangitsa kuti chinyezi chisamalire komanso kuti dziko lapansi lisasungunuke) (gawo lake lonse mukusakaniza sayenera kukhala oposa 70%).
- Mafuta ophika (kupatula peat ndi mchenga wa mtsinje).
- Nthaka yosalala (yosakanikirana ndi mitundu ina ya dothi, chifukwa imatha kusokonezeka, koma zakudya zochepa).
Kutsiliza
Kukonzekera dothi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kukula kwa phwetekere.. Zomera zopanda nzeruzi sizikula pa chirichonse. Ayenera kulipira kwambiri nthawi yonse yokula, koma pokonzekera bwino kukolola bwino kumachitidwa. Nthaka yosakaniza kwa tomato imapangidwa mwaulere ndipo idagulidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa. Kawirikawiri, dothi liyenera kukhala lotayirira, losavomerezeka ku chinyezi ndi mpweya, kuchepa pang'ono komanso kopanda poizoni.
