Chikole cha kukolola kolemera - koyenera kulima phwetekere mbande kunyumba

Mbeu zathanzi - chinsinsi cha zokolola zabwino m'tsogolomu. Lamuloli likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tomato. Kulima phwetekere mbande pawindo kumakhala ndi zinsinsi zake, koma ngakhale wosadziwa zambiri alimi amatha kupeza mphukira zabwino.

Kuti izi zitheke, m'pofunika kutsatira ndondomeko zokhudzana ndi masiku odzala, zosungiramo ndende komanso chisamaliro choyenera.

M'nkhaniyi, yomwe tikukupatsani chidwi, tidzakambirana za sayansi zamakono za kumanga mbatata ku A mpaka Z.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira ya mmera

Inde, kukula mbande pawindo kumakhala ndi zovuta zake. Kawirikawiri pamakhala mavuto ndi makonzedwe a mabokosi ndi ziwiya zina, ndipo amachulukitsa kwambiri chinyezi mu chipinda. Komanso, mabakiteriya akhoza kuwoneka mlengalenga ngati zomera zikudwala. Koma Njirayi ili ndi ubwino wotsatira:

• Choyamba, gulani mbewu ndikuzikulitsa mtengo kuposa kugula mbande zopangidwa kale.
• Chachiwiri, pamene akukula yekha, mlimiyo amadziwa bwino mtundu wa phwetekere amene akukula.
• Chachitatu, chisamaliro ndi kuteteza matenda ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zidzapulumutsa zomera ku matenda, ndipo pamene tigula mbande zokonzedwa bwino sizikudziwika bwino kuti mabakiteriya ndi matenda angakhoze kukhala ndi zomera.

Njira zokula

Gwiritsani ntchito dothi ndi njira zopanda malire. Njira yoyamba kumaphatikizapo kubzala magulu ndi mbewu.

Sankhani chokwanira choyenera: kwa gulu lodzala mbewu mabokosi oyenera kapena muli pulasitiki.

Kufesa kwa munthu kumatanthauza kuti mbewu iliyonse imayikidwa mu kapu kapena mphika wosiyana (makapu apulasitiki omwe angathe kusungidwa kapena pepala lopanga).

Kuti mudziwe zambiri. Ngati zosankha zimakonzedwa pamene dothi likufesa, makulidwe a mbande amaloledwa, mwinamwake mtunda wa pakati pa zomera uyenera kusungidwa. Ndi mphukira yosiyana ikukula, zosankha sizidzafunika.

Njira yopanda kanthu imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi a peatyomwe ili yabwino, koma yokwera mtengo. Popeza mapiritsiwa ali ndi zinthu zonse zofunika kuti chitukukocho chitukuke, kumayambiriro koyamba simungadandaule za kudyetsa. Kudyetsa kumachitika ndi nsalu ya peat, kotero mizu siilivulazidwa.

Komanso, mbewu zimayikidwa mu nkhono, mapepala, mapepala a chimbudzi. Njira izi zikutanthauza kupopera kovomerezeka, chifukwa pepala lachimbudzi pa filimuyo ndi lochepa kwambiri ndipo mizu sidzakhala bwino.

Zochita zowonongeka:

1. Zomera zoterezi zimatenga filimu yaitali. Pulogalamu ya mapepala am'mbuyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutalika kwake komanso yothira mochuluka.
2. Mbewu zimafalikira ndi mtunda wa masentimita 1.
3. Ndiye mbali yonse ya filimu imakulungidwa mu chubu.
4. Mpukutuwo umayikidwa pamtunda mumtsuko kuti umere. Pambuyo pa kumera kwa masamba oyambirira owona, phwetekere zimatuluka.

Amaluwa ambiri samavomereza njira zotere popanda dothi, chifukwa mbande ndi zofooka komanso zimadalira chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya. Amakula chifukwa cha chinyezi komanso mphamvu ya mbewu yokha.

Ena amaluwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito maluwa amagwiritsa ntchito njira yocheperako.. Chofunika chake ndi chakuti mphukira zambiri zathanzi zimapezeka kuchokera ku mbewu imodzi. Izi ndizofunika makamaka pa mitundu yobirira yowonjezera.

Pamene mphukira yachinyamata imakula mpaka masentimita 20, pamwamba imadulidwa pamwamba pa masamba awiri oyambirira. Dulani mzuwo mu ufa ndikuupaka m'madzi, posachedwa udzakhazikika. Thunthu yokonzedwa posachedwa lidzapereka mphukira zina kuchokera kwa internodes.

Njira iyi ya mbewu imodzi imakula mpaka tchire khumi., zomwe, mwa njira, zimapereka mofulumira kusiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika mwachibadwa.

Kukonzekera

Malo ndi chidebe

Kodi ndiwindo liti limene limabzala kubzala, momwe mungasankhire malo m'nyumba? Njira yabwino yowonjezera phwetekere mbande imatengedwa kumwera kwawindo.. Ngati mawindo ali kumadzulo kapena kumadzulo, kuunika kwina kudzafunika. Ndikofunika kuti zenera zisawonongeke ndi mitengo.

Malo omwe mbande zidzakhala ziyenera kukhala ofunda. Kutentha kosangalatsa kwa masana kuli + 18- + 25⁰С, kutentha usiku ndi + 15⁰С.

Kukula koyenera kumafuna chinyezi chachikulu, limalimbikitsa kupopera mbewu tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kugwiritsa ntchito anthu odzitamandira. Kodi ndi bwino kukula mbande? Zitsulo zambewu zimagwirizana ndi chidebe chilichonse chosasungira madzi ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 15. Olima munda amagwiritsa ntchito zida za pulasitiki kwa mbande zawo pansi pa zinthu, matumba a juisi, mabokosi a matabwa komanso miphika ya maluwa. Kukonzekera kwa chidebe ndikupanga dzenje lakuya pansi ndi malo abwino pawindo.

Mbewu

Kukonzekera kufesa zakuthupi ndizofunikira, popeza kukolola ndi kotuta kumadalira. Zili ndi izi:

1. Kusankhidwa. Mbewu imasulidwa ndikuchotsedwa mdima, yaying'ono komanso yochepa. Ngati mutaya mbeu zonse mumadzi ozizira amchere, ubwino umatha, ndipo zosayenera zimayandama pamwamba. Pambuyo pa mtundu womwewo, iwo amatsukidwa ndi mchere.
2. Kutentha. Kumera kwa mbewu kumadalira kutenthedwa, ngakhale kuti mtundu wosakanizidwa suyenera kutsatiridwa ndi njirayi. Mbewu imadzazidwa mu nsalu ndikusungidwa m'madzi ofunda (mu thermos, pa batri) kwa masiku osachepera awiri.
3. Disinfection. Konzani njira yowonongeka ya potaziyamu permanganate, imanizani mbeu mu madzi kwa mphindi 15. Nthawi yochulukirapo ingasokoneze iwo. Kuwonjezera pa manganese, phytosporin imagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda.

   Ndikofunikira! Processing ikuchitika nthawi yomweyo asanafike. Matenda opatsirana pogonana sangathe kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

4. Kuwuka. Kuti mbewu zidzuka ndikukwera mofulumira, ndizozolowera kuti muziike mu tizilombo toonongeka kwa maola 24 Madzi sayenera kukhala ochuluka, mukusowa malo ozizira. Masana, amayenera kutaya. Njira yoperekera ndi yabwino kuyang'ana mbewu yakaleyo, kapena kuyambitsa kukayikira. Ngati palibe kusintha kwa mbeu pa tsiku, sizingatheke kukwera.
5. Kulemetsa. Kuti apange mbande zam'tsogolo zotsalira kusintha kwa kutentha, misa idzaikidwa mu firiji kwa kanthawi.

Nthaka

Nthaka ya mbande ya tomato igule mu mawonekedwe omaliza kapena idziphike nokha. Malo ogulitsira otengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito peat, chiwerengero cha zinthu zotsatila sayenera kupitirira 400 mg pa lita imodzi.

Konzekerani nthaka ndi kuwonjezera mchenga wa mtsinje ndi nthaka kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumsika wogula. Zigawo zonse zimatenga zofanana ndizophatikizapo. Ngati palibe chilakolako chogula nthaka yokonzedwa bwino, dothi la mbeu likukonzedwa motere: Tengani mchenga, humus ndi nthaka kuchokera m'munda mwa magawo ofanana ndi kusakaniza.

Nthaka, makamaka ikaphikidwa yokha, ikusowa chithandizo ndi kupatsirana mwala. Njira zazikulu za disinfection:

• Kukuwotcha mu uvuni (Mphindi 15 kutentha kwa 180-200 ° C) ndi kutenthetsa mu uvuni wa microwave (2 mphindi pamphamvu kwambiri).
• Kusamba madzi otentha (nthaka, yosungidwa mu chidebe kwa mbande, imatsanuliridwa pa madzi otentha mumadutsa angapo) ndi potaziyamu permanganate.

Kufikira kuperewera kwa disinfection kuphatikiza njira zingapo.

Momwe mungayamire kufesa: malangizo ndi sitepe

1. Chidebe choyera ndi chophera tizilombo chimadzazidwa ndi choyamba.
2. Mbendera imayimitsidwa, mopepuka kwambiri komanso yothira. Nthaka sayenera kukhala yozizira.
3. Kawirikawiri tomato amafesedwa mzere. Grooves sizitali kuposa 1 cm, mtunda wa pakati pa mizere ndi 3 mpaka 5 cm Ngati mbeu imabzalidwa m'magawo osiyana, dzenje likufanana.
4. Mbewu imayikidwa pa mtunda wa masentimita 2-3. M'zitsime amaika mbewu imodzi.
5. Mbewu imadulidwa ndi gawo lochepa la nthaka (osaposa 1 cm).
6. Pambuyo pa kutsika, chidebecho chimadzazidwa ndi filimu kuti asunge chinyezi ndi kutentha.
7. Popeza kuwala kulibe kanthu pamaso pa mbande kuonekera, mukhoza kuyika bokosi kulikonse.
8. Ngati mbewu ndi mbande zapamwamba zidzakwera patapita masiku asanu ndi atatu.

Nthawi zambiri njere zimayikidwa, kupitilira kwake sikukufunika.. Anthu ena amakonda kukula mbande molingana ndi dongosolo la 5X5, pamene mtunda wa pakati pa mizere ndi kumera ndi osachepera 5 masentimita, pamene mbeu ziwiri zimayikidwa pamphepete mwa mzerewu. Nthaŵi yoikika, kuyendetsa kumayendetsedwe mwachindunji pansi. Kubzala baka ziwiri kamodzi, n'zotheka kupeŵa kuwonongeka kosafunikira ku mizu.

M'munsimu mukhoza kuyang'ana kanema momwe mungabzalidwe mbeu za phwetekere kunyumba kwa mbande:

Nthawi yofesa?

Anayambika pofesa pa tsiku la kalendala ya mwezi ndi malangizo kuchokera kumapangidwe a mbewu. Nthawi yobzala musanadzalemo mu greenhouses kapena kutsegula pansi ndi miyezi iwiri ndi theka miyezi iwiri.

Pofuna kuti asaganize ndi mawuwa, amalingalira zofunikira za mitundu zosiyanasiyana, ndi dera limene amakula.

• Mitambo yayitali yofesedwa kumapeto kwa February - oyambirira March.
• Mitengo yoyambirira ndi ya pakati pa nyengo - Kuyambira pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa March.
• Mitundu yochedwa - m'zaka khumi za February.

Kuti mudziwe nokha pa nthawi yofesa, muyenera kudziŵa kuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji pamene zimamera komanso isanafike nthawi yokolola.

Ngati mumaganizira za nyengo zomwe zili m'madera osiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti:

1. Kumwera kwa Russia, kufesa kumachitika kuyambira pa February 20 mpaka March 15 (anabzala pamsewu kuyambira pa April 15 mpaka May 20).
2. Pakatikati mwa dzikoli, tomato amafesedwa kuyambira pa March 15 mpaka pa 1 April (anabzala poyera kuyambira pa March 15 mpaka pa 1 April).
3. Kumpoto (Siberia, Urals) - kuyambira April 1 mpaka 15 (anabzala pansi kapena greenhouses kuyambira May 25 mpaka June 15).

Kuti mudziwe zambiri. Nthawi imasankhidwa, kuganizira, pamene chisanu chotsiriza chimapezeka, kubzala kumayambira miyezi iwiri isanakwane.

Malamulo osamalira ana a tomato kunyumba

Kusamalira tomato achinyamata kumaphatikizapo:

• Kuunikira. Mwamsanga pambuyo kumera, kumera kumafuna kuunikira bwino. Choncho, amaikidwa pawindo lawindo lawindo. Ngati kuwala kuli kochepa, gwiritsani ntchito nyali.
• Kuthirira. Mbande zimafunika mkulu chinyezi, kotero filimuyo siichotsedwa mwamsanga pambuyo kumera, koma pang'onopang'ono. Kuthirira kumayenera kuperekedwa m'njira yoti pamwamba pa nthaka siuma, koma sipangakhale phokoso lililonse. Pofuna kusamba mizu yofooka yomwe ili pansipa, imwani madzi mosamala, pansi pazu.
• Kuthamanga. Pa masiku otentha m'pofunika kupanga mbande za mpweya wabwino. Pa kutentha kwa madigiri 15, mphukira idzalandira kufunika kofunikira ndikukaniza kuwala kwa dzuwa.
• Kupaka pamwamba. Chomera feteleza choyamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito patatha masabata awiri pambuyo pa kumera. Ndipo m'tsogolo sabata iliyonse. Ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala, koma kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza (manyowa, udzu) kapena biohumus.

Momwe mungapezere zabwino zimamera mwamsanga?

Kufulumira kumera ndi kukula kwa tomato pogwiritsa ntchito kukula (zachilengedwe - lye ndi phulusa, ndi mankhwala - Epin, Zircon, etc.). Nthaka imakonzedwa kotero kuti imakhala yopanda thanzi, yowonjezera komanso yopuma bwino.

Kuphulika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mbewu zizuke ndikuphuka mofulumira. Izi zikutanthauza kuchotsa mafuta ofunikira kuchokera ku mbewu. Pochita izi, mbewu zimamizidwa m'madzi kwa maola 12 ndipo zimapangika nthawi zonse kuti madzi azidzaza ndi mpweya. Kulimbana ndi kupuma kwa oxygen kumakhala kovuta, chifukwa izi zimagwiritsira ntchito compressor aquarium.

Kodi mungapeze bwanji mphukira zathanzi?

Kuti mbande zikhale zolimba komanso zowonongeka, zimatsata mwatsatanetsatane malamulo a kufesa, kusankhidwa kwa nthaka ndi chisamaliro. Mu gawo lapansi, ndi zofunika kuwonjezera malo m'mundakotero kuti mukadzala zomera simungakhale ndi nkhawa. Mbewu amasankha kutsimikiziridwa ndi khalidwe.

Imani malamulo otentha ndi madzi okwanira. Poyamba, mfuti yamatsitsi idzachita, ndipo pokhapokha mutakhazikitsa mizu ndi kuthirira (madzi okha otentha amachotsedwa). Kwa chomeracho sichinatambasulire ndipo sichifooketsa, nkofunika kuti pikidwe pa nthawi yake.

Malangizo Oyamba

• Pofuna kuteteza zomera zamtsogolo m'zirombo zambiri, ndibwino kuti muwachitire adyo tincture kapena mkuwa sulphate (njira 0.15%). Amakhulupirira kuti njira yotereyi ndi njira yabwino yothetsera vuto lochedwa.
• Kuunikira kwina kukuthandizani kufulumira kukula kwa mbande. M'masiku oyambirira pambuyo kumera, nyali imatsegulidwa maola 16.
• Kuumitsa koyenera kumachitika masiku angapo musanayambe kuyika pamalo otseguka. Choyamba, zomera zimatengedwa kupita ku mpweya wabwino kwa ora kapena awiri, masiku angapo - kwa maola 6-8. Pambuyo kuuma, zomera zimangowonjezera kumalo atsopano.
• Pa nthawi yobzala, tomato ayenera kukhala ndi masamba okwana 8-10 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 25.

Chithunzi

Onani zithunzi zathanzi zamphamvu phwetekere mbande:

Kusankha

Pakakhala zobiriwira kufesa, kunyamula kumachitika patangopita masiku 7-10 pambuyo pa mphukira. Pofuna kusinthanitsa, mphukirayo imachotsedwa ku nthaka yonyowa mwachindunji ndi dothi la nthaka. Chomeracho chimayikidwa mu chidebe chosiyana (makapu apulasitiki a 200 g ndi abwino). Pambuyo pake, mphukira imadyetsedwa ndi nitrogenous feteleza.

Ndiye mukhoza kuyang'ana kanema pa momwe mungasankhire mmera:

Ndi liti kuti musamuke?

Pambuyo pa masiku 45-60 kuchokera pa nthawi ya kumera, mbande zimayamba kuponya maluwa. Panthawiyi m'pofunika kudzala zomera mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena kutseguka pansi.

1. Nthaka imakonzedweratu pasanapite nthawi, kumasulidwa, feteleza, kutetezedwa mwadzidzidzi.
2. Zolinga za tchire zimachita patali 30 -40 masentimita.
3. Pakuika nthaka, madzi amathira masentimita awiri kapena masamba oyambirira. Mizu yowonjezereka idzawonekera posachedwa pa gawo lopitirira la tsinde.
4. Chomeracho chimawazidwa ndi nthaka, chophatikizidwa ndi kuthirira madzi otentha.

Sayansi ya kukula tomato kunyumba sivuta. Ngati muchita zinthu zonse panthaŵi yake ndikupatsani zifukwa zoyenera, ngakhale woyang'anira minda yamalonda adzalandira mbande zapamwamba komanso zathanzi pawindo.