Mmene mungagwirire ndi matenda a mabulosi akuda

Chilengedwe cha mabulosi akuda, tchire ndi minga yophimbidwa ndi zipatso zokoma zakuda - ndi North America ndi Eurasia. Ntchito yoswana kwambiri yolima m'munda wa mitundu yambiri ya mabulosi akuda wakhala ikuchitidwa kuyambira zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo ku United States (mitundu yoposa 300 yakhazikitsidwa). Kutchuka kwa mabulosi awa m'dziko lathu kukukula - chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha wamaluwa akuyamba kuyamikira mabulosi akuda kwa iye:

• kukoma kokoma ndi kokoma;
• mankhwala ndi zakudya;
• chokolola chachikulu;
• kudzichepetsa ndi kusasamala;
• matenda ofooka omwe amapezeka.

Kudzichepetsa, komabe sikutitsimikizira kuti shrub siidwala. Chotsatira chake, wolima munda sangatayike mbewu zokha, komanso amataya mbewuyo. Mabulosi akuda ndi apamtima a rasipiberi (zonse zimakhala za banja la "pinki" ndi mtundu wa Rubus) - choncho, mabulosi akuda ndi rasipiberi ndizofala.

Mukudziwa? Nthano za ku Girisi wakale, zonena za chiyambi cha mabulosi akuda, ziwuzani momwe titans pankhondo ndi milungu imakhetsera magazi awo, ndipo dontho lirilonse linasandulika mabulosi akuda. Dokotala wakale wachi Greek ndi sayansi ya zomera, Dioscorides, mu 1 am. Tsamba la mabulosi a mabulosi a mabulosi amtundu wa mabulosi a mabulosi a mabulosi akutchire amadziwika kuti mankhwalawa. Mu Chirasha, mawu akuti "mabulosi akuda" amadziwika kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 18. ndipo amatanthawuza "mabulosi a hedgehog" - chifukwa cha zimayambira ndi zitsamba zam'mbuyo.

Zamkatimu:

• Matenda a bakiteriya, miyeso yolimbana nawo
• Khansa
• Matenda opatsirana: zizindikiro ndi mankhwala
• Kupyolera
• Mosaic
• Meshini wachikasu
• Matenda a mabulosi amtundu wa Blackberry, njira zoyenera kuthana nazo
• Anthracnose
• White malo (septoriosis)
• Malo Osungira (Didimella)
• Gray Rot (Botrytis)
• Kutupa
• Phyllosticosis

Mabulosi Osakaniza Osakanikirana: Zizindikiro ndi Chithandizo

Kulephera kwa zokolola ndi zolakwika zingayambitse matenda omwe amatchedwa osagwilitsidwa. Choyamba, izi ndi matenda omwe amachitidwa chifukwa cha kusowa kapena kupitirira kwa chidule. Mavuto omwe amapezeka kwambiri amapezeka ndi zomwe zili mndandanda wa zotsatirazi:

• chitsulo Ngati kusowa, masamba amayamba kusintha mtundu wawo mosagwirizana ndi chikasu chowala. Zipatso zowuma. N'zotheka kuthandizira poika muzitsulo zachitsulo, ferrous sulfates, ferrous sulphate. Zizindikiro zomwezo zikhoza kuwonedwa ndi zowonjezera zitsulo;

• potaziyamu. Kutentha kwake kuli kofiira kwambiri kumawonekera pamphepete mwa masamba. Masamba amakhala amphuno, amawoneka bwino. Zipatso, popanda kucha, zouma. Pofuna kupewa izi, muyenera kuwonjezera magalamu 70 a potaziyamu pa 1 mita imodzi mutabzala. m komanso nyengo - 12 g koma ngati pali potaziyamu wochuluka - masamba amayamba kumira, kugwa;

• nitrogen. Masamba akugwa popanda chifukwa chomveka amatha, mphukira zazing'ono zimakula mochepa, fruiting kuima, masamba amawala. Ndi zizindikiro izi, mabulosi akuda amachizidwa ndi potassium-sodium-nitrojeni complex (ndi mavitamini ambiri). Ngati pali nayitrogeni yokwanira, chitsamba cha blackberry chimasonyeza kukula kochepa, mawanga a brownish amawoneka pambali pamphepete mwa masamba, masamba amadzipiringa ndi kugwa, ndipo kukana kwachisanu kumachepa;

• bor. Ngati simukusowa, masambawo amakhala ang'onoang'ono, amawongolera pang'ono, opotoka ndi kugwa (pakati pa nyengoyi, nsonga za mphukira zikhoza kutsekedwa kwathunthu, maluwawo amatha kufa), chomera sichitha bwino, ndipo zipatso sizikuphuka. Pa nthawi ya maluwa m'pofunikira kuwonjezera boric acid (mpaka 2 g pa 1 sq. M). Mavitoni oposa amasonyezedwa pamoto (pambali pamphepete), kupotoza kwawo;

• calcium. Pankhani ya kuchepa kwa kashiamu, mphukira imatha, mphukira zatsopano zimakhala zachikasu (chaka chatha chobiriwira), kukula kwa mizu kumachepetsanso. Kuyamba kwa superphosphate ndi zinthu zakuda m'nthaka kumathandiza;

• magnesiamu. Chizindikiro cha kusowa - masamba amakhala ofiira, pakati pa nyengo imagwa, nthambi za zipatso zimachepetsanso kukula. Kupewa - kulimbikitsa nthaka ndi ufa wa dolomite, magnesium sulfate (mpaka 60 g pa 1 sq. M.), Ash. Mlingo wa magnesium umapangitsa masamba kukhala mdima, kugwa ndi kufa (makamaka kutentha).

• manganese. Zopweteka zake zimapereka masamba ang'onoang'ono ngati mtundu wobiriwira, masamba amayamba kugwa. Ambiri mlingo wa manganese ndi 3-5 g pa 1 sq. Km. m;

• mkuwa. Kuperewera kwa mkuwa kumawonetseredwa ndi zoyera zoyera za masamba, zomwe zimafota ndi kuziuma, kukula kwa mphukira kumachepetsanso, mphukira zimafa, ndipo kutentha kwa chisanu kumachepa. Mkuwa ndi bwino kuti uphatikizidwe mu maonekedwe a feteleza ovuta ndi zotsatira za zinthu;

• zinki. Kuperewera kwake kudzatchedwa nsonga za chikasu, zing'onozing'ono, zopapatiza komanso masamba osakanikirana (ndizitsulo zamkuwa), zipatso sizikuphuka. Owonjezera zinki kumabweretsa yellowing ndi subsidence achinyamata masamba. Mitsempha yakale imakhala yofiira ndi yakuda, masamba a apical amagwa.

Ndikofunikira! Kuwonetsa maonekedwe a matenda osapatsirana, choyamba, ndi zovuta ndi zofananitsa ndi zizindikiro zina ndi matenda ena (fungal kapena tizilombo), kachiwiri, zizindikirozo zingagwirizane ndi kuchulukitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa chiwerengero chomwecho.

Njira yabwino yokhalira minda yamaluwa mukamadzala ndikusakaniza zinthu zowonongeka, ndikukhala ndi zaka zambiri za feteleza, m'katikati mumagwiritsa ntchito nitrogen-phosphorus-potaziyamu ndi kuwonjezera boron, manganese, ndi zina zotero.

Matenda a bakiteriya, miyeso yolimbana nawo

Kumva kwa Blackberry kwa matenda a bakiteriya kumawonjezeka. Matenda a bakiteriya a Blackberry amachititsa kuti mizu iwonongeke - kansa ya mizu (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tilowetsa mmunda kudzera mumabowo achilengedwe komanso zochepa kwambiri.

Khansa

Pamene matendawa amayamba ndi khansara ya mizu ya bakiteriya, mafinya amaonekera pamzu pa mbeu (pamunsi pa mphukira) kuyambira 0,5 mm mpaka 5 cm mwake. Mitunduyi imakhala yobiriwira, yobiriwira, yomwe imakhala yakuda kwambiri kapena yakuda, yomwe imakhala yofiira komanso yolimba. Matendawa amakhudza chomeracho molakwika:

• Kukula kwa mphukira kuli koletsedwa;
• kukula kwa chomera kumachepa, masamba amatembenukira chikasu, ndipo zipatso zowuma ndi zazing'ono;
• zokolola zimachepa;
• chilala ndi kukana kwa chisanu kumachepa.

Pasanathe zaka 1-2, mafinya amatha kuwonongeka ndi kuwononga nthaka. Pang'onopang'ono, zomera zonse pa webusaiti zimadwala. Mukasamukira ku gawo latsopano la kubzala, kachilombo kamatambasulidwa mosavuta (zotupa zing'onozing'ono sizikuwonekera kwa diso).

Chithandizo cha khansa sichingatheke. Agrobacterium radiobacter yokhazikitsidwa yokonzekera (Galltrol kapena Nogall) ikhoza kuletsa kukula kwa matendawa.

Zothandizira zikuphatikizapo:

• pamene mukulumikiza, kukumba, feteleza, onetsetsani kuti mizu ya blackberry siidwala ndi zipangizo zamaluwa;
• Musamere chitsamba m'malo amodzi kwa zaka zoposa 7;
• musatenge herbicides pa mabulosi akutchire - kuyaka kungakhale mankhwala osakaniza;
• bwererani ku malo akale osachepera zaka 4;
• kumapeto kwa nyengoyi, dulani zowonongeka ndi zobala mbewu, ziwotche (musatuluke!);
• spray mabulosi akuda Bordeaux madzi, "Abiga-Peak", "Oxyhom."

Ndikofunikira! Tsatirani zinthu zomwe zili m'nthaka ziyenera kupangidwa motsatira mitundu ya zokonda - mitundu yambiri ya nitrojeni ya zokwawa; potaziyamu ndi phosphorous - kwa owongoka.

Matenda opatsirana: zizindikiro ndi mankhwala

Mavairasi amachititsa matenda owopsa kwambiri m'munda wa mabulosi a mabulosi a mabulosi akuda - asayansi sanayambe kupeza njira zothandizira mankhwala. Njira zazikulu zothandizira ndizogwiritsira ntchito mbande zabwino, kuwonongeka kwa zomera za mabulosi akutchire kumtunda wa mamita 20 kuchokera kumunda; kutsatira malamulo agrotechnical.

Kupyolera

Curly - matenda ovuta, koma ovuta. Akudwala kawirikawiri zomera zazaka ziwiri. Zizindikiro zazikulu za curliness:

• kuchiza kukula;
• Anadzaza mitundu yobiriwira ya masamba, kuuma kwawo ndi makwinya;
• m'mphepete mwa masamba akugwera pansi, kumapeto kwa nyengo - necrosis ya mitsempha;
• Maluwa ali opunduka komanso osati mungu.

Palibe mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi kachilomboka.

Mosaic

Mabulosi a mabulosi amtundu amakhudza masamba omwe ali ndi mawanga otentha. Pang'onopang'ono, amakhala osowa thupi, mbale zowonjezera zimawonongeka. Matendawa amafalikira kudzera mu tizirombo (nsabwe za m'masamba, cicadas) kapena kubzala. Matenda a Mose ndi owopsya chifukwa chisanu chotsutsa cha shrub chacheperachepera, chomera cha matenda sichidzapulumuka m'nyengo yozizira. Kuonjezera apo, zojambulajambula zimalepheretsa chitukukocho, kupukuta mipesa, kuchepetsa zokolola.

Njira zolimbana ndi zojambulajambula siziripo. Kupewa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka:

• kubzala mbande zathanzi;
• Kuyeretsa malo, malo owononga matenda ndi tizirombo.

Mukudziwa? Mabulosi akutchire zipatso mu biochemical zikugwirizana pafupi ndi raspberries, koma ali ndi zochepa acidity. Mabulosi a Blackberry ali wakuda, ofiira ndi achikasu. Zipatsozi zimachotsedwa pamodzi ndi bedi, amakhalabe mawonekedwe awo kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo sagwedezeka. Zitha kusungidwa pa zero kutentha.

Meshini wachikasu

Omwe amapereka kachilombo ka HIV ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimagwirizana ndi zizindikiro za reticular chlorosis:

• Kusamba kwa masamba mwa mawonekedwe a munthu payekha (streaks amawonetsedwa muwuni);
• chlorosis yowonjezereka;
• asiye kukula kwa mphukira.

Palibe mankhwala, makamaka njira zothandizira (kuwonongeka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba ndi zomera zodwala).

Matenda a mabulosi amtundu wa Blackberry, njira zoyenera kuthana nazo

Matenda a mabulosi a mabulosi a Blackberry ndi amodzi mwa mavuto omwe amalima akuchikongoletsera (80% ya matenda onse). Zimayambira ndi bowa zomwe zimadutsa mu stomata, kuonongeka (zilonda ndi zikopa) za mizu, mphukira, zimayambira. Matenda amafalitsidwa kudzera mu zipangizo zamaluwa, mphepo, mvula.

Anthracnose

Mphuno yathuyi imadziwika kumayambiriro kwa nyengoyi. Zimayambitsa ndi spores za bowa Gloeosporium venetum Speg (chinyezi chokwanira ndi chofunika kwambiri kuti chitukuko chikhale chonchi - chimvula chamvula, kumwa mowa kwambiri). Odwala kwambiri:

• masamba - mawanga a imvi amakula ndikukula m'mitsinje yayikulu, malire ofiira amapezeka (3 mm);
• zipatso - zilonda za imvi, mawonekedwe opunduka, zowuma ndi kugwa;
• amawombera (osachepera) - mawanga ofiira pazu wa mphukira, kuyanika kwa zipatso.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi osachiritsika - ndikofunikira kuwotcha chomeracho ndi mizu yake. M'zaka zingapo zotsatira, masamba okha amabzalidwa m'malo ano.

Kumayambiriro kwa masika, feteleza zovuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunthaka, kuyeretsa kwaukhondo kumachitika. Ngati zizindikiro zowopsya zimazindikirika, m'pofunika kuchita katatu mankhwala ndi fungicides (musanayambe maluwa, pamene mphukira imatha kufika 30-35 masentimita kumapeto kwa nyengo) - 5% zamkuwa (Vitriol), Readzole, Bardo Blue, etc.

White malo (septoriosis)

Blackberry septoriosis ndi kawirikawiri matenda (makamaka mvula chilimwe). Wothandizira mankhwalawa ndi spore foreal Sepori Rubi West. Matendawa amatha kumayambiriro kwa nyengo. Choyamba, mphukira zazaka ziwiri zimakhudzidwa, kenako - chaka chimodzi chimapsa. Zina mwa zizindikiro ndi izi:

• nsalu zofiirira zowoneka bwino;
• zofiira zakuda kapena zakuda za fungal - pycnidia;
• Pambuyo pokhala mawanga, malo okhudzidwa a tsambawa akuwonongedwa, ntchentche imawonekera, zipatsozo zimavunda.

Kupititsa patsogolo kwa chomera ndi choletsedwa, zokolola zimagwa mofulumira. Mankhwalawa sagwira ntchito. Njira zothandizira zomwe zimatengedwa zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kusuta.

Malo Osungira (Didimella)

Purple spotting masamba pa mabulosi akutchire amakhudza makamaka achinyamata masamba, ana ndi petioles (masamba amakhudzidwa osachepera onse). The causative agent wa matenda ndi fungal spores ya Didymella applanata Sacc. Matendawa amakula makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi kukulitsa. Zizindikiro za matendawa zikuphatikizapo:

• kuyanika kwa masamba aang'ono ndi zimayambira;
• mawanga amdima pamasamba, masamba;
• mawanga ofiira pa tsinde (poyamba m'munsi ndi kumtunda);
• osauka maluwa ndi kusowa kwa mazira.

Nkhondo yolimbana ndi matenda ndi miyambo - kupopera mankhwala awiri% Bordeaux osakaniza.

Zochitetezo:

• kutsatira malamulo a zaulimi;
• kumenyana kwakukulu ndi kusunga ukhondo;
• malo osungirako nyengo.

Gray Rot (Botrytis)

Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha spores za bowa Botyrtis cinerea Pers. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zimaonekera kale maluwa. Grey kuvunda akhoza kugwira mbali zonse zapamwamba za mabulosi akutchire, koma zipatso nthawi zambiri zimavutika - zimataya kukoma, kulawa, ndipo zimaphimbidwa ndi imvi yofiira. Pamene chinyezi chikuwonjezeka, mabulosi akutchire akuvunda, komanso pamadzi ochepa.

Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa mphukira - iwo amakhalanso ndi imvi pachimake. Pamene kutentha kumagwera pa mphukira zowonongeka, zimapanga mazira akuda (winter) kumapangidwe, m'nyengo yozizira, mphukira zakufa zimafa, sclerotia amagwera pansi ndipo ikhoza kukhalapo kwa zaka zingapo, kuwonetsa zoopsa osati kokha mabulosi akuda, komanso raspberries, currants, strawberries.

Kulimbana ndi matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi fungicides ndi iprodinone (Rovral Aquaflo) kuphatikizapo Captan. Pambuyo pa mapulogalamu awiri otsatizana, m'pofunikira kuti muzisintha ndi zofukula zina, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito fenhexamide (Teldor kukonzekera), kuphatikizapo fungicides (okhala ndi pyraclostrobin ndi boscalid).

Ndikofunikira! Wothandizira mabokosi a imvi - Botyrtis cinerea Pers mwamsanga imayamba kukaniza fungicides, kotero ndikofunikira kusakaniza zosiyana ndi mfundo zamagulu ndi magulu osiyanasiyana.

Kutupa

Nthendayi yotchedwa Causative agent ya fungal matenda ndi Phragmidium Link. Dzina la matendawa analandira kuchokera ku fungal spores la lalanje, la chikasu, lomwe liri ndi mawanga a zomera. Matendawa amapezeka kuyambira ku chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn:

• kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe - madontho aang'ono a lalanje amaonekera pa masamba ndi zimayambira - spermogony ndi mapangidwe a spermacies akuyamba. Pambuyo pake, pvex point pads (etzii) ikuwonekera. Mikangano yochokera m'madera otchedwa aetias ndi mphepo ndi madzi opatsirana masamba abwino;
• Pakati pa chilimwe ndi gawo lovulaza kwambiri: dzimbiri limapezeka pamunsi mwa masamba ngati bulawuni (urediniopustul), momwe mibadwo yambiri ya spores imapangidwira. Izi spores zimabweretsa kachilomboka;
• kumapeto kwa chilimwe - autumn: wakuda wakuda amapangidwa pamasamba - teliopustula ndi spores okonzekera yozizira pa masamba ogwa.

The mycelium ndi yosagonjetsedwa ndi kuzizira, ndipo ndi kugwa masamba izo yozizira bwino.

Kulimbana ndi dzimbiri kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa masamba akugwa, kuthirira nthawi yake, kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse ndi kuchotsa nthambi zokayikitsa kapena zofooka, kuphatikiza ndi humus ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Olima amaluwa akulangizidwa kuti azitsuka mabulosi akuda ndi adyo atengepo pa chizindikiro choyamba cha dzimbiri.

Phyllosticosis

Kutenga kumapezeka ndi spores kudutsa mu nthaka, mphepo kapena madzi. Matendawa amayamba kudziwonetsera ngati mawanga. Mawanga amasiyana malinga ndi causative wothandizira matendawa:

• kukula kwake kwakukulu, mawonekedwe osasinthasintha, mtundu wakuda wofiirira ndi zidutswa zachikasu ndi mphukira zikusonyeza kuti matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha fungal spores ya Phyllosticta fuscozanata Thum;
• Mawanga aang'ono - Phyllosticta ruborum Sacc bowa.

  Zilondazi zili ndi madontho wakuda - izi ndi pycnidia ndi spores. Masamba akugwa, kuchepetsedwa kwa mabulosi akutchire zokolola, kupirira kwake.

Olima amaluwa akulangizidwa kuti ayese chitsamba chamtundu wakuda chokhala ndi matenda osakaniza (300 g) ndi mkuwa sulfate (30 g) kwa malita 10 a madzi ozizira. Zowononga - kuyeretsa masamba ogwa.

Mukudziwa? Nthawi zambiri mabulosi akuda amatchedwa "akazi". Lili ndi nambala yambiri ya phytoestrogens, mzinthu zambiri zofanana ndi mahomoni a chiwerewere - zimathandiza panthawi yopuma. Pakati pa mimba, kuikidwa kwa mabulosi akuda m'thupi kumachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga pathupi, atabereka - kumayika nthawi zambiri ma hemoglobin, kumathandizira kuti machiritso apweteke msanga. Antioxidants amachepetsa kukalamba khungu, kupanga makwinya.

Ngakhale zilizonsezi, mabulosi akutchire ndi mbewu yosadzichepetsa, yosavuta kudwala. Ngati mukutsatira njira zonse zaulimi ndi njira zothandizira, zipatso zimakondweretsa inu kwa zaka zambiri.