Cholinga cha wamaluwa onse ndi kukolola kwa zipatso. Komabe, kuti mukulitse muyenera kuyang'anira mitengo ya zipatso nthawi zonse, kuti mupewe ndi kuchiza matenda. Ndipo zoopsa zomwe zikuyembekezera mitengo ndizochuluka. Peyala ikhoza kudwala matenda angapo. Pambuyo powerenga nkhaniyi, mudzaphunzira za matenda omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri pa peyala, za njira zawo zopezera ndi kuchiza.
Bakiteriya amatenthe
Kodi munayamba mwamvapo zowonda zakuda kapena zakuda pa masamba, nthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yanu? Izi ndi zizindikiro za matenda opatsirana otchedwa bakiteriya kutentha. Nthawi zambiri zimakhudza zipatso zomera. Mabakiteriya Erwinia amylovora amachititsa matendawa, amafalitsidwa ndi tizilombo, mphepo, mvula.
Mukudziwa? Milandu ya bakiteriya yotentha yalembedwa muzaka za zana la 18. Ndipo tsopano, kwa zaka ziwiri ndi theka, matendawa adayambitsa zovuta zazikuru kwa wamaluwa padziko lonse lapansi.Matenda a bakiteriya amatentha ndi owopsa. Ikhoza kufalikira ku mitengo yabwino pamalingo akuwuluka ndi kuwatsogolera ku zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri - kuwononga komaliza kwa munda. Choncho, nkofunika kuyamba kumenyana ndi kutentha kale pa siteji yoyamba.
Chithandizo. Nthendayi ikadziwika poyamba, nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwazo ziyenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo mdulidwe uyenera kukonzedwa ndi 1% mkuwa wa sulphate (100 g pa 10 l madzi) kapena 0,7% ya sulphate (70 g pa madzi 10). Zochita zothandizira ndi mankhwala a 5% a "Azofos", maantibayotiki: chloramphenicol, rifampicin, streptomycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid ndi kanamycin mu mlingo wa mapiritsi 1-2 / ampoules pa 5 malita a madzi (okwanira mitengo 8-10). Mitengo yabwino imakonzedwa mu Meyi ndi June. Ndi maonekedwe a inflorescences ndi nthawi ya maluwa, chithandizo ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi akhoza kukhala othandiza. Ngati zowonongeka kwambiri, mapeyala odwala ndi mitengo pamtunda wa mamita asanu akulimbikitsidwa kuti adzulidwe ndi kuwotchedwa.
Ndikofunikira! Mitundu ya mapeyala monga Lykashovka, Conference, Favorite, Bere Gardi nthawi zambiri amadwala ndi bakiteriya kutentha. Mapeyala a Moscow, Januwale ndi Muratov adziwonetsa kuti ndi omwe akulimbikira kwambiri.
Brown malo
Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuwonongeka kwa mitengo yanu ndi bulauni malo amatha kuwona kumapeto kwa kasupe - kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Masambawa ali ndi mabala a bulauni. Chiwerengero chawo chikukula mofulumira tsiku lirilonse, ndipo posakhalitsa tsamba lonse limasanduka bulauni ndikugwa. Mapeyala ambiri omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka July ndi August. Chithandizo. Ngati matendawa amapezeka m'mitengo, masamba akugwa ayenera kuchotsedwa mosamala. Popeza izi ndi matenda a fungalesi, chithandizochi chiyenera kuchitidwa ndi anttifungal wothandizira - mitsempha yamkuwa m'makinawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, onani kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kuyenera kuyimitsidwa pokhapokha chiyambi cha kukula kwa chipatsocho chikuyamba.
Ndikofunikira! Kugonjetsa malo otayika a bulauni otchedwa Bere, Kure, Ardanion, Clapp.
Scab
Kawirikawiri mapeyala amakhala ndi matenda otchedwa nkhanambo. Nkhumba ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bowa Fusicladium pirinum, imayambitsa zipatso, masamba, ndi mphukira. Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za matendawa: mawanga a azitona ndi mabala obiriwira pamunsi mwa tsamba, kugwa masamba, kubzala zipatso ndi kuuma kwa zamkati. Pa zipatso, mdima wandiweyani ndi patina wofiira ndi wofiira patina umawonekera. Peyala ili ndi ming'alu, chipatsocho ndi chopunduka, chimapanga chosasunthika, chosakanikirana. 
Chithandizo. Ngati nkhanambo imakhudza mphukira zazing'ono, njira yokhayo yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kuchotsa. Ndibwino kuti muzisamalira ndi 1% Bordeaux osakaniza, mkuwa wamkuwa mu magawo atatu: yoyamba - mu nthawi ya mawonekedwe; chachiwiri - mwamsanga mutatha maluwa; lachitatu ndi masiku 15 pambuyo pachiwiri.
Ndikofunikira! Kukaniza nkhanambo Muratovskaya, Rusanovskaya, Yanvarskaya peyala.
Zipatso Zowola (Moniliasis)
Ngati chidwi chanu chikakopeka ndi mabala a bulauni, ndiye kuti Monilia fructigena bowa amalowa mumunda wanu, zomwe zimayambitsa zipatso zowola kapena pear moniliosis. Matendawa amakula mofulumira - patatha sabata mwana amatha kukhala bulauni. Pambuyo pake zipatso zikhoza kuoneka zoyera kukula. Thupi limakhala lotayirira ndipo silikusowa. Mapeyala odwala amadwala, ena amatha kuuma ndikukhala pa nthambi mpaka zaka ziwiri. Ngati matendawa satulutsidwa m'kupita kwa nthawi, zidzakulitsa kukula kwa nthambi za peyala. Kufalikira kwa zowola kumachitika pakati pa mwezi wa July mpaka August, makamaka pa nyengo yotentha ndi yamvula. 
Chithandizo. Zipatso ndi nthambi ziyenera kuwonongedwa. Kudula nthambi ndi kofunikira kuti muzipanga zonse mu masika ndi m'dzinja. Analimbikitsa kupopera mankhwala a mapeyala ndi fungicides komanso kulimbitsa chitetezo chawo mothandizidwa ndi basal kuvala ku bioktayl ("Actofit", "Ecoberin", "Healthy Garden", "Baikal").
Ndikofunikira! Pamwamba chitetezo cha moniliosis mu mapeyala a Cheremshin, Autumn dream, Honey. Kulimbana kwathunthu ndi zipatso zowola sikunayambe.
Matenda a Mose
Matenda a Mose ndi owopsa kwa mapeyala. Zizindikiro za khalidwe ndi mawanga obiriwira kapena obiriwira pa masamba aang'ono. N'zotheka kupatsirana mtengo ndi kachilombo panthawi ya kumtengowo.
Chithandizo. Mwatsoka, matendawa sachira. Mitengo ndi mitengo sizingathandizenso. Ayenera kutenthedwa kuti tizilombo tisasunthe ku mitengo yomwe ikukula pafupi.
Bowa lakuda
Nkhumba zakuda ndi mtundu wa matenda a masamba ndi mphukira za peyala, momwe masambawo ali ndi chida chakuda, ngati mphukira. 
Chithandizo. Kupopera mitengoyo ndi njira ya mkuwa (5 g zamkuwa sulphate ndi 150 g sopo pa 10 malita a madzi), ndi njira ya Bordeaux osakaniza kapena mkuwa oxychloride. Kutetezedwa kwathunthu ku bowa wakuda, mtundu umodzi wokha wa peyala - Cathedral.
Mame a Mealy
Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha kugonjetsedwa kwa peyala ndi powdery mildew ndi kuvala koyera kwambiri pamasamba ndi masamba, omwe pang'onopang'ono amakhala ofiira. Patapita nthawi, masambawo amaponyedwa m'ngalawamo. Powdery mildew imamenyana ndi zomera zowonongeka chabe, kotero kuti matendawa amayamba panthawi yochokera ku budding mpaka kumawonekedwe a mapepala oyambirira. Matendawa amafalikira ndi bowa wa parasitic Erysiphales. 
Chithandizo. Kwa powdery mildew, mankhwala ophera maantibayotiki ndi othandiza: terramycin, penicillin ndi streptomycin mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1. Komanso alimi omwe ali ndi chidziwitso amalangiza kupanga osakaniza a soda phulusa (50 g) ndi sopo madzi (10 g) mu 10 malita a madzi kapena kupopera mankhwala ndi 1% yothetsera potassium permanganate.
Ndikofunikira! Muscovite, Duhmyanaya ndi January mapeyala ndi otchuka chifukwa cha kusagwira powdery mildew immunity.
Kutupa
Kuyambira pa dzina la matendawa, zikhoza kumveka kuti zizindikiro zake zapamwamba ndi mdima wonyezimira (dzimbiri) mawanga pa masamba ndi zipatso zomwe zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Pambuyo pake, m'mwezi wa August, n'zotheka kuyang'ana mapepala a peyala, akuwombera pansi. The causative wothandizira matendawa ndi mafangayi a Gymnosporangium sabinae. Ndi matenda amphamvu ndi dzimbiri, masamba ndi zipatso zimaphimbidwa, ndipo amawombera. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, chitetezo cha peyala chimachepa ndipo chikhalidwe chonse chimadwala. Nthawi zina mtengo umene wadwala matenda umatha kubala zipatso kwathunthu. 
Chithandizo. Pofuna kutulutsa dzimbiri ndi mapeyala ayenera kutaya masamba ndi zipatso. Olima munda amawauza kuti pofuna kupewa kutsekula kwa matendawa m'munda, kupopera mankhwala ndi ukhondo wa urea, vitriol buluu, kutentha kwa phulusa, marigolds, ndi mahatchi amadziwonetsera okha. Kuchiza mitengo iyenera kuyamikiridwa kwa anzako. Ngati matendawa asokoneza kale mbeu zanu, ndiye kuti palibe njira yabwino yothetsera mapeyala kumayambiriro a masika ndi 1% yothetsera Bordeaux osakaniza, ayi.
Mitundu yonse ya mapeyala ikhoza kukhala dzimbiri.
Khansa ya mizu
Khansa ya mizu imapezeka m'mitengo yachinyamata. Zimayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Kukula kolimba kwa kukula kwake kwakukulu kumapangidwa pa mizu ndi muzu wa mizu. Pankhani yochotsa mbande za matenda, mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa khansa ya mizu ingakhale m'nthaka kwa zaka zingapo. 
Chithandizo. Musanadzalemo mbande ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ali ndi khansa ya muzu. Kukula pang'ono pa mizu yowonongeka iyenera kudulidwa, mizu imatsitsimuka kwa mphindi zisanu mu 1% yothetsera mchere wa sulphate.
Ndikofunikira! Okhazikika kwambiri kuti adzuke khansara kalasi - mandimu.
Tsamba lakuda wa peyala
Khansara yakuda imakhudza makungwa a thunthu, nthambi za chigoba ndi zipatso. Choyamba, ming'alu kapena mabala ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa pamtunda, zomwe zimapitiriza kukula, zomwe zimachititsa kuti phokoso liphuke. Mawanga a mtundu wofiira wofiira amawonekera kuzungulira mabala.
Chithandizo. Pofuna kupewa maonekedwe a kansa ya peyala, masamba otsala achotsedwa mosamala ndi kutenthedwa. Zipatso ndi matope omwe amatha kuwonongeka amachotsedwa, mabala atsopano amaikidwa ndi mkuwa wa sulphate, dongo ndi mullein kapena mafuta apadera. Pewani chitukuko cha khansa yakuda ndi fungicides.
Ndikofunikira! Mankhwala otetezeka a Antonov moto amapezeka m'mitundu ya mapeyala Avgustovskaya mame ndi Msamariya.
Cytosporosis
Chifukwa cha mapeyala a cytosporosis akhoza kukhala kozizira komanso kutentha kwa dzuwa. Mu cytosporosis, makungwa a peyala amasanduka wofiira ndipo amauma. Pa malo odwala, ma tubercles amapangidwa - kuwonjezeka kwa causative wothandizira matenda: bowa Cytospora leucostoma. 
Chithandizo. Njira yothetsera petosporosis ndizofanana ndi njira zothandizira khansa yakuda. Matendawa sayenera kuwopa eni Muscovites ndi January Pear.
Makoswe mu makungwa
Kodi pali ming'alu mu makungwa a peyala yanu? Zifukwa izi zingakhale zambiri - izi ndizowonjezera kutentha (zowonjezera, kuzizira kwa dzuwa), ndi kubzala kwakukulu kwa mitengo m'nthaka, kusadulidwa bwino, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mopitirira muyeso.
Zotsatira za mitengo yowonongeka ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono, kuchepa ndi kugwa msanga kwa zipatso ndi masamba. Komabe, kugwedeza pa makungwa a mapeyala si koopsa monga vuto lomwe limachokera kumbuyo kwawo: matenda a mabala ndi mavairasi, mabakiteriya, spores wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, maonekedwe a zowola.
Chithandizo. Ming'alu sangathe kunyalanyazidwa, ayenera kuchiritsidwa. Poyamba, yeretsani makungwa owonongeka ku minofu yathanzi ndi burashi yachitsulo kapena kudula ndi mpeni. Kenaka chisokonezocho chiyenera kuchiritsidwa ndi 1% kapena 3% Bordeaux madzi kapena wothandizira aliyense. Njira 3% ya ferrous sulphate idzagwiranso ntchito. Chophimba chosweka ndi dothi, mullein kapena putty yapadera.
Mukudziwa? Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa ndi dzina loopsa kwambiri amadziwika ndi dzina lakuti "Anton moto" kapena "moto." Iwo anayamba kumutcha iye chifukwa chakuti munda wovundawo ukuwoneka ngati phokoso, mitengoyo imawoneka ngati yaying'ono.
Kupewa Matenda a Peyala
Monga momwe zilili ndi matenda aumunthu, mfundo yaikulu yokhala ndi kukula bwino ndi fruiting ya mapeyala ndikumenyana osati zotsatira zake, i.e. mankhwala, komanso kupewa matenda. Mukangoyamba kupewa chitetezo, mutha kukolola zipatso zabwino.
Pofuna kuteteza matenda akuluakulu a mapeyala ndi awa:
- Kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yake (kuyeretsa ndi kuyaka) masamba osagwa;
- kupukuta korona wokhuthala;
- kulandira madera akuluakulu a nthaka;
- kupopera mankhwala 4-5-kupopera ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi, 0,3% kuyimitsidwa kwa 90% mkuwa oxychloride, 1% kuyimitsidwa kwa colloidal sulfure;
- kulima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda m'deralo.
