Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu akhala akusonkhanitsa nkhumba ndikuwakonda chifukwa cha kulawa kwawo komanso kukonzekera. Omwe amapezerapo bowa amatsindika mwachidule kuti bowa awa ndi otetezeka, ndi okwanira kuwiritsa nawo ndi kuwasakaniza musanaphike. Mosiyana ndi mawu awa, pali malingaliro okhudza ngozi ndi zowopsya za mphatso za m'nkhalango izi. Ndikudabwa zomwe akatswiri amaganiza za izi? Yesetsani kumvetsetsa, nkhumba - bowa wodyetsedwa, kapena sichoncho?
Banja svushukovyh - chithunzi ndi kulongosola
Anthu amawatcha nkhumba mosiyana: solokha, dunka, khutu la nkhumba, solopen, mkaka wakuda. Ndipo mu mabuku a sayansi bowa amatchulidwapo Paxillus incubutus - nkhumba ndi yoonda - ndi ya banja la nkhumba, zomwe poyamba zinalongosola zaka zoposa zana zapitazo. Kwa nthawi yaitali, banjali linkatengedwa pakati pa bowa ndi agaric bowa. Ndipo patapita nthaŵi, akatswiri a mycologists amanena kuti ndi dongosolo la bolt, lomwe linatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwa maselo a phylogenetic. Koma panthawi imeneyi panali kusintha kwa nkhumba. Mwa mitundu ingapo ya banja, mitundu 8 ya Paxillus inali yosiyana ndi mtundu wina wa Tapinella. Palinso nkhumba.
Mukudziwa? Svushki adatchedwa dzina lake chifukwa cha madontho a mdima, ofanana ndi dothi lomwe limawoneka pa iwo akakhudzidwa.
Kulongosola kwa nkhumba kumafanana ndi kulemera kwake. Chophimba cha minofu ndi m'mphepete mwachindunji chimakhala pakatikati, chimakula kufika pa masentimita 14 mpaka 17. Muzitsanzo zazing'ono zimakhala zofiira ndi azitona, ndipo zimakhala zofiirira. Onetsetsani kuti muli wouma komanso wodetsedwa. Mvula, nyengo yozizira, yosasangalatsa komanso yosasangalatsa. Ngati mukanikiza mwamphamvu kapena kudula pamphepete - zidzasintha.
Mkati mwa bowa ndi wandiweyani, wofiira. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, mtundu wa bulauni. Izo sizimununkhiza. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitengo yambiri yamitengo m'nkhaka.
Tsinde ndiloling'ono, mkati mwa masentimita 10, losalala, mtundu wake nthawi zambiri umakhala wofanana ndi kapu, koma ukhoza kukhala wosiyana ndi brownish yellowness. Mbali yeniyeni ya nkhumba ndi mbale zonyenga zofiira pansi pa kapu. Amawoneka ngati mapanga ndipo amasiyanitsa mosavuta.
Zaka zoposa 35 zapitazo, bowa la nkhumba lidazindikiridwa bwino, malinga ndi kukoma kwake, lapatsidwa gawo lachinayi. Ndipo m'mabuku amasiku ano akudziwitsidwa za chakudya chake chosadalirika ndi "ngozi yakufa" nthawi zambiri amapezeka.
Kodi svushki ndi kuti ndi liti komanso liti?
Mukhoza kuwapeza kuyambira kumapeto kwa kasupe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chisanu pafupifupi kulikonse: amakula m'madera amodzi, osakhala amodzi, m'nkhalango, m'mapampu, pansi pa mitengo ndi tchire, pamtunda, komanso m'misasa yotsalira. Bowa amakonda chinyezi ndi mthunzi. Kuchokera kumtunda umodzi mumatha kusonkhanitsa tchidi tating'ono. Iwo amapezeka ngakhale pansi pa mitengo ya coniferous, koma nthawi zambiri pansi pa thundu ndi birch. Nthawi zina amalima ngakhale pa mitengo ikuluikulu.
Osankha amathirawa amalimbikitsa kutengera zitsanzo zazing'ono pamene akadali zotanuka. Zingathe kuwonedwa muzing'ono zazikulu ndi kapu kakang'ono. Bowa wakale mkati mwake nthawi zambiri amamasuka. Zipatso za nkhumba chaka chilichonse.
Kodi nkhumba ndi bowa woopsa kapena wodyedwa?
Pa mutu uwu lero pitirizani kukambirana za osankha a bowa wakale ndi oimira masayansi. Woyamba akunena za zochitika ndi chidziwitso cha makolo omwe adadya dunks okha, chachiwiri - ku zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo. Panopa pamtsutso mawu omalizira adanenedwa ndi madokotala. Bowa ndi owopsa. Zikuoneka kuti poizoni amatha kupha pomwepo, ndipo amatha nthawi ina, chifukwa kudya nkhumba nthawi zonse kumalowa m'thupi. 
Mikangano yokhudzana ndi kulumikizana
Ngakhale kuti kuyambira 1984 nkhumba yoonda ndi yandiweyani ndi yoletsedwa kusonkhanitsa, kugulitsa ndi kusinthanitsa, imasonkhanitsidwa. Iwo amawalimbikitsa iwo ndi mtsutso wotsutsana: iwo amati, agogo aamuna ndi agogo-agogo ake amadya, ndipo palibe. Mphungu zovuta zimakhulupirira kuti mukhoza kuphika bowa woopsa, panthawi ya chithandizo cha kutentha, poizoni onse amawonongeka. Pofuna kuthandizidwa kuti mutha kuyimilira mungapeze katemera wambiri ndi anyezi 3 - 4. Anthu ena okonda zakudya za m'nkhalango amafotokozera zotsatira zake zakupha pambuyo poti sakudya masewera. Amanena kuti chinachake chakupha chikhoza kulowera mumsangamsanga.
Bowa la Svushka linkafufuzidwa ndi asayansi pazinthu za ubwino ndi zowawa zawo. Anapeza mtundu wa brown brown mu thupi la Dunka - atroomentin, yomwe imakhala ndi maantibayoti, ndi acid, omwe angathe kuwononga zivundi zoopsa. Malinga ndi madokotala, izi si zokwanira kulola kugwiritsa ntchito bowa. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera mankhwala.
Ndikofunikira! Mukamaphatikiza bowa ndi mowa pamakhala zinyama zolimba.
Zosokoneza
Kupyolera mu kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali ndi zochitika zomwe zasayansi zasungidwa:
Kukhalapo kwa lectins yoopsa ndi muscarin mu nkhumba zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni ngakhale kutentha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale atatentha mobwerezabwereza, svins amakhalabe owopsa;- pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito, dunk m'thupi la munthu imapanga magulu enaake omwe amachititsa kuti awononge ma antigen omwe amapezeka ku membrane ya erythrocyte. Chotsatira chake, ndondomeko yoyendetsa magalimoto imayambitsa - ma antibodies ayamba kuwononga maselo ofiira a magazi, omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa magazi m'thupi, impso ndi chiwindi, mpaka kulephera kwa ziwalo izi ndi imfa;
- ziwalo za nkhumba zimalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa ma radio isotopes a cesium ndi mkuwa;
- poizoni amatha kudziwonetsera patatha nthawi yayitali atadya bowa, zimadalira maonekedwe a zamoyo. Zomwe anthu amachita ku boizoni zimasiyana kwambiri, koma ana amakhala ndi zotsatira zovulaza.
Kukhalapo kwa lectins yoopsa ndi muscarin mu nkhumba zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni ngakhale kutentha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale atatentha mobwerezabwereza, svins amakhalabe owopsa;
