Mutasankha kufesa nthaka ndi rye, simunasinthe. Izi ndizopambana kupambana, ngati chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha agronomy chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga feteleza wobiriwira komanso mankhwala a nthaka. Kukolola kukolola kudzagwiritsidwanso ntchito - pali maphikidwe ambiri ophikira ndi zachipatala, chomwe chimaphatikizapo mbewu, nthambi ndi mapesi a rye. Tinatha kupeza uphungu wothandiza kuchokera kwa akatswiri ogwira ntchito zamakono momwe angakonzekere kukonzekera, kubzala ndi kulima udzu uwu.
Mukudziwa? Masamba a Rye amapezeka pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa dziko lapansi. Zopanga zazikulu kwambiri ndi Germany, Poland, Russia, China. Mudziko lathu, pafupifupi matani 640 amasonkhanitsidwa pachaka.
Spring ndi yozizira rye: kufotokoza
Poyambira, timafotokozera kuti rye ndi chiyani, ndizosiyana bwanji ndizosiyana.
Pofuna ulimi wa zokolola zazikulu zokolola zokolola, zimapezeka poyendetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama. Kawirikawiri anakumanapo. Kumpoto kwa Ukraine, mitundu "Tatyanka" ndi "Vesnyanka" ndi yotchuka, ndipo kumwera madera - "Odessa osatha".
Pofuna kuthandizira zakudya komanso monga manyowa wobiriwira, amagwiritsa ntchito rye, yomwe imakula kwa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi zambiri, gululi limaimiridwa ndi mitundu ya diploid ("Amanda", "Struggle", "Bohuslavka"), yomwe imadziwika ndi kukana chisanu ndi kuwala. Amakhalanso odzichepetsa kumkhalidwe wakukula. Kafukufuku wa nthawi yaitali ndi oyesera omwe amavomerezedwa ndi kukwera kwa rye, monga "Puhovchanka", zomwe zizindikiro zake ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi chimanga ndi tirigu wamkulu.
Mizu yamphamvu imasiyana chaka chilichonse ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mizu ya spongy imakula ndi 1.5 - 2 mamita ndipo sichidalira madzi okwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi luso lapadera loyamwitsa zakudya. Ndi kubzala kwakukulu kwa mbewu, zitsamba zazitsamba zimayikidwa pamagulu awiri: pamwamba ndi pansi. Chofunika kwambiri chimakhala m'modzi mwazomwe zili pamwamba. Mu nyengo yabwino, mphukira zopitirira 50 zikhoza kukula kuchokera ku mbewu imodzi. Kulima mkati mwa 20 - 40 c / hekitala.
Zakale ndi zosatha zotsamba za herbaceous za banja la tirigu zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: kasupe ndi nyengo yozizira. Mosasamala kanthu za mtunduwu, rye ndizazaza zomera zosagonjetsa ndipo molingana ndi kufotokoza kwa makhalidwe omwe amapezeka pa tirigu. Choyamba, sikofunikira kwambiri pa kukula kwa zinthu, kachiwiri, zimangokhala ndi zamoyo zokhazokha, ndipo chachitatu, zomera zimatsutsa matenda ndi tizilombo toononga bwino.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati pali potaziyamu m'nthaka, masamba a rye adzayamba bwino, kukula kwa bushiness ndi malo okanirira kudzachepa. Phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, zomera zimakhala zovuta kutentha.
Mwachizoloŵezi, mbewu zozizira zimabzalidwa kawirikawiri (Niva, Khakada, Drevlyanskaya). Amapereka zokolola zazikulu ngakhale pamtunda wosasaka mchenga, kulekerera kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa nthaka, nyengo yamvula yam'masika komanso nyengo yozizira kwambiri m'nyengo yamapiri. Popanda kuphimba akhoza kupulumuka madigiri 25 a chisanu. Zimaziyezi zimadziwika ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga ndipo zimapereka mphukira yoyamba pa 1 - 2 ° С, ndipo pa 12 ° С amadyera mwamphamvu mderalo komanso mwamsanga msangamsanga. Pafupipafupi, nyengo yokula imakhala masiku 270 mpaka 350. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kutentha, zimatha kuchepetsa nthawi yowonjezera, ndipo zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomera chokha chimadyetsa nthaka kwambiri. Zomera pa malo a ndiwo zamasamba ziyenera kuthiriridwa bwino. Spring rye imafesedwa masika, makamaka mu dera la Carpathian komanso m'mapiri a Carpathians. Mu chapakati ndi kumpoto kwa Ukraine, nthawi zambiri wamkulu monga inshuwalansi motsutsana yozizira kozizira mbewu, komanso chakudya zakudya. Mitundu yotchuka ndi "Onokhoy", "Tulunskaya", "Kabarda". Zodabwitsa zawo ndizofunika kuwonjezera kuchulukitsa mbewu chifukwa cha kuipa koipa. Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofesa ya pachaka, mtundu wa rye wamba umalimidwa mu ulimi wamakono.
Mbali za kubzala ba rye
Bzalani yofesa pamunda wa ndiwo zamasamba, mumatetezera ku kutentha kwa nthaka ndikuyipitsa ndi nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino. Kuonjezerapo, panthawi imodzimodziyo tithetsani tizilombo tokwiyitsa ndi namsongole. Ngakhale zosawerengeka monga wheatgrass ndi knotting sizidzaima.
Nkofunika kuti nyengo yachisanu ikhale yozizira kukonzekera malowa ndikukonzekera kubzala pambuyo pake. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chithunzithunzi cha mbewu zakufa komanso zamasika kapena ngati chomera chamkati. N'zosadabwitsa kuti akatswiri a katswiri wa zachilengedwe amachititsa kuti ulimi wobiriwira wabiri wobiriwira, womwe suli wotsika kwambiri pamtundu wa humus ndi mineral complexes. Pachifukwa ichi, m'pofunika kuwerengetsa kufesa kuti ziwalo za mtsogolo zidzakhazikitsidwe isanafike masika.
Panthawi yopuma, pamene ambiri omwe amaimira zomera zamasamba sangathe kukula bwino, mizu ya rye imamasula nthaka, ndipo imayamba kumera, ndipo imamera msanga. Kuphukira kwa mphukira kudzafulumizitsa mwa kukwapula bedi ndi mchenga. Hndipo masabata angapo musanabzala mbewu zazikulu, ziphuphu zake zimadulidwa, ngati kutalika kwake kufika pa masentimita 60, ndipo amakaikidwa ndi masentimita 3-5 pansi, kotero kuti misa imatambasula ndipo mphutsi zapansi zimagwedezeka mmenemo. Pafupifupi, makilogalamu 5 a zobiriwira ayenera kukhala pa mita imodzi. Mbatata, zukini, tomato, dzungu, kabichi, nkhaka zidzakula msanga m'dzikoli.
Ndikofunikira! Sitikulimbikitsidwa kubzala rhubarb ndi sorelo pambuyo pa rye, ndipo bedi la rye sizingapangidwe pa malo osatha a nyemba.
Ndibwino kuti mubzala nyemba pambuyo pa lupine, oats, udzu osatha ndi kudula limodzi, fulakesi, chimanga cha silage, mbatata. Mwa njirayi, pambuyo pa mbeu imeneyi nthaka ikudwala ndi nematodes ndipo ikusowa kukonzanso, yomwe imafunika rye.
Kodi kukonzekera dothi rye
Malinga ndi omwe adakonzeratu kale ndi nthaka ndi nyengo, chimanga choyamba ndi chisanafike. Kukonzekera kumayamba mwezi umodzi musanafese. Kuyambira kulima pamwamba pamwamba kapena popanda pulawo. Kumalo enaake a malo komwe rye lidzakula, atatha kucha kucha, chimbudzi chachikulu chimachitika ngati se-steamed. Zokwanira imodzi kapena ziwiri zojambula ndi kulima, kulima khama ku kuya kwa 22 - 25 masentimita ndi ziwiri - zitatu, ndipo nthawi iliyonse kuchepetsa kuya kwa masentimita angapo.
Pofesa rye pambuyo pa fulakesi, mbatata, munda ndi woyera kwa namsongole ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi apulumu-cutters okhala ndi singano tosonga 10 - 12 masentimita.
Ngati chimanga cha chimanga ndi herbaceous perennials zinali zowonongeka kayeziyezi, zimayenera kudutsa masentimita 12 ndikulima masentimita 25 pansi pa pulawo.
Pambuyo pa tirigu, deralo limapulidwa ndi kulima kwa akuya 16-18 masentimita kumpoto kwa Ukraine ndi 20-22 masentimita chapakati-kum'mwera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi kofunikira kuti muzitha kuyendetsa ndi kukupweteka. Ganizirani, ngati pangotsale nthawi yochepa yokafesa mbewu, ndi bwino kuchita ndi mankhwala opangira zipolopolo za disc.
Lupine, yomwe imakula kwa feteleza, imayikidwa pansi ndi masentimita 25, pamene nandolo yaying'ono imapangidwira pa iyo. Dzikoli likulima mozama 18 - 20 cm.
Kuti malo osakonzedwa asapitirire ndi namsongole musanafese, nthawi ndi nthawi amalimidwa ndikusowa. Asanafese, alimiwo amachiritsidwa kuti akuchepetsere. Agronomists ena amavomereza njira zina zosagwirizanitsa za mtundu wa RVK - 3.6, RVK - 5.4.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mbewu zimabzalidwa musanafese ndi Readzole (2.5-3 makilogalamu / tonani), Tranozan (1 kg / ton), Baytan (2 kg / ton). Osalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti mubzalitse mwatsopano, osati kutseketsa tirigu, chifukwa sali okonzeka kumera.
Nthawi yabwino yofesa
Nthawi imene rye imabzalidwa nyengo yozizira imadalira maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, nyengo ya dera, dothi, chinyezi ndi nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yambiri ya diploid ndi rye ndi mabedi osauka omwe amapezeka m'munda wam'mbuyomu akufunika kufesa koyambirira. Kuti apange malo abwino mu kugwa ndikulepheretsa mbewu zowonjezereka, kuchepetsa kukaniza kwa chisanu, nyengo yozizira iyenera kufesedwa mu theka lachiwiri la nthawi yolandizidwa. Zotsatira zake, zitsanzo zozizira kwambiri zidzakhala ndi nthawi yopanga chitukuko china.
Ku Ukraine makampani ogulitsa ulimi kumadzulo kwa dzikoli ndi Forest-Steppe kuti ateteze wintering, amafesedwa zaka khumi zachiwiri za September, ku Polesie - woyamba, mu Steppe - yachiwiri - zaka khumi.
Podziwa kuti rye limakula bwanji, nkofunika kuti musaphonye mphindi. Kawirikawiri, kubzala kumachitika masiku makumi asanu isanayambe kutentha kutsika (4 - 5 ° С). Panthawi imeneyi, mphukira idzakula ndi kuphuka ndi masentimita 25. Ngati mubzala mofulumira, chikhalidwe sichitha kukhala m'nyengo yozizira.
Mitengo yachisanu imatha kufesedwa kasupe, koma mbeu sayenera kuwerengedwa. Kuti chikhalidwe chikhale ndi nthawi yokwanira, zimayendetsa bwino - mbewu zomwe zimamera ku millimeter imodzi zimakhala ndi ufa ndi gawo lapansi lonyowa ndipo zimatumizidwa mwezi umodzi m'firiji. Pambuyo pochitika manipulations afesedwa. Pali lingaliro lakuti pamene rye yomwe ikukula mwa njirayi ikukololedwa, zokolola zake zimakula.
Kufesa sayansi (njira)
Pali njira zitatu zofesera:
- kawirikawiri payekha ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali (yomwe imathandiza kwambiri, chifukwa imakulolani kuti mugawikane mofanana mbewu);
- yopapatiza;
- mtanda.
Zima nyengo yachisanu ndikulima ndi njira pafupi ndi tirigu. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumtundu wakuda ndi chinyezi chokwanira cha 3-4 masentimita, pa dothi lowala ndi masentimita 5-6, ndipo pa nyengo youma 7-8 masentimita Musaiwale kuti mbeu ya ryeering yayandikira pafupi ndi mizu, choncho kuvutika maganizo sikulibe kanthu .
Malo osungirako mzere akuchitika ndi 15 - 20 cm.
Mukudziwa? Mbewu 100 ya tirigu wa rye imakhala ndi 8.8 g wa mapuloteni; 60.7 g wa chakudya; 1.7 g mafuta; 13.7 g madzi; 13.2 g wa zakudya zamagetsi; 1.9 g ya mchere, komanso mavitamini a B, PP, E ndi fiber.
Rye: malamulo a chisamaliro (udzu, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tchire, kuvala pamwamba)
Kawirikawiri, kusamalira mabedi a rye, poyerekeza ndi tirigu, ndi kosavuta komanso kosavuta. Kulongosola kwa izi ndi kupirira kwa chomera kwa majeremusi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Asanayambe kukula, tiye tizindikire zofunikira zake, pogawa malire ndi nyengo.
M'dzinja ndikofunika kupanga zinthu zabwino kumera, rooting, tillering ndi kuthira mbewu. Kuti izi zitheke, dera lofesedwa limagwedezeka mu nyengo yowuma, kupatulapo mbeu pa nthaka yolemetsa. Kupanda kutero, mumayesetsa kuti muzitha kuzimitsa masamba ndi nthaka, kuti muzitha kuuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kufinya mphukira.
M'nyengo yozizira, bedi la munda ayenera kukhala ndi mankhwala osakaniza phosphorus-potaziyamu, omwe amalimbitsa ndi kulimbikitsa kuuma kwa rye. Kwa mphukira zazing'ono, feteleza-muli ndi feteleza sizinalangizedwe komabe - izo ziwononga makhalidwe ozizira omwe sagonjetsedwa.
M'nyengo yozizira, mumayenera kuthandiza udzu kuti ugonjetse chimfine, kutentha kwazira ndi zina zotchinga kukula. Kusunga mbewu ndi kuonjezera zokolola zake kumathandiza kusungidwa kwa chisanu. M'minda yayikulu, imapangidwa ndi malamba a m'nkhalango, ndipo pakhomo zimakhala zochepa poyika nkhuni kapena zishango.
Kuchokera kumapeto kwa November mpaka pa March, anthu omwe ali maso amakhala ndi zitsanzo zogwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera zosamalira.
Kumapeto kwa nyengo muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti munda sungadziwe madzi. Ngati aima masiku opitirira khumi m'munda, zonse zidzakhala zitatha. Pa nthaka yamchenga, yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala ndi kusowa kwa chinyezi, palifunika kusunga mitsinje ya thawed. Ndipo mu zikhalidwe za lakuthwa msanga msana, mpukutu mu chogudubuza kusunga chipale chofewa pa icho. Ndondomekoyi imathandiza rye kuti apulumuke. Simuyenera kutsegula gawo lonselo, kuchoka pamsewu.
Poyamba kutentha, patangotha masiku ochepa dziko lapansi likapanda kupuma, zimakhala zovuta kuti ziwonongeke kumtunda ndikuchotsa namsongole omwe adawonekera. Rye mwaukali amasuntha zomera zina kuchokera ku malo, kotero herbicides ndi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo ovuta kwambiri.
Mukudziwa? Rye limalima m'munda ngati udzu. Poyamba iwo anavutikira ndi izo, ndipo kenako Asiya anayamikira kukoma kwake ndipo anayamba kulima. Kulima komaliza kwa tirigu kunapanga Asilavo.
Posakhalitsa kudzakhala koyenera kudyetsa ziphuphu zomwe zidapulumuka pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira. Agronomists amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mineral feteleza kawiri: pansi pa mlimi wamkulu mu kasupe. Miyezo imayesedwa kufika pamtunda wochepa kusiyana ndi wa tirigu wachisanu, popeza mlingo waukulu umayambitsa malo okhala. Kuonjezera apo, rye imadya zakudya kuchokera ku nthaka yosafika povuta kwambiri. Pafupifupi, makilogalamu 45 mpaka 90 a nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa hekitala. Zosintha zimapanga dothi. Mlingo ukuwonjezeka pamene mawonekedwe oyambirira anali chiputu, ndipo pamene mukukula mitundu ya mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Koma mutatha chimanga ndi bwino kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, ndipo, mosiyana, kuchepa pambuyo pa nandolo, osatha udzu zomera.
Mlingo wochuluka wa feteleza wa potashi, mlingo wa phosphorous 80% umagwiritsidwa ntchito polima, peresenti 20 mpaka 15% ya phosphorous - pofesa. Monga njira ina, ufa wosalala wovuta wa phosphate wothira ndi manyowa ndi peat amaonedwa. Pa magawo osauka, ndi bwino kupanga feteleza ndi nayitrogeni (30 makilogalamu / ha).
Powonjezerapo kudyetsa wandiweyani, 30-60 kg / ha ya nayitrogeni imayambitsidwa pa siteji yachitatu ya organogenesis, ndi 30 kg / ha panthawi yachinayi. M'madera a acidic, pamene pH ndi yosakwana 5, nyengo yozizira ilibe laimu wokwanira (3-5 t / ha), komanso m'madzi amchere - gypsum (3-5 t / ha).
Kuchokera ku organic feteleza kwa rye, manyowa ndi ofunika, kompositi zosakaniza za peat ndi manyowa, phosphate thanthwe ndi mandimu.
M'nyengo ya chilimwe, palibe chifukwa cholima, koma chisamaliro sichitha. Tsopano pakubwera nthawi yolimbana ndi tizirombo, matenda ndi njira zothandizira. Ngakhale kulimbika kwa rye, chifukwa cha nyengo, zimakhala zotheka kuti nyengo yozizira imakhala ndi matenda ambiri. Mbozi zake zimafa chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chomeracho chimakondedwa ndi zinyama, njuchi, ziphuphu, ziphuphu, ndi mapazi. Amawononga zimayambira ndi tirigu. Kawirikawiri yesani munda wanu ndikuukonzekera nyengo yamtendere ndi zipangizo zamakono. Tizilombo timatuluka m'nthaka, ngati nthawi yokolola yozizira ndi udzu ndi nthawi yabwino yokonzekera nthaka. Mbeu zikhoza kukhala zoyenera.
Musaiwale kuchotsa udzu wosadziwika. Pofuna kupewa malo okhala, zimaphatikizidwa ndi Kampazon 50% (3-4 l / ha) kapena kusakaniza kwa Kampazon (1, 5-2 l / ha) ndi TURA (3 l / ha) panthawi yoyambira. Mwa njira, mankhwala otsiriza akhoza kusakanizidwa ndi herbicides, ngati pali chosowa choyamba.
Mukudziwa? Rye limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti likhale wowuma, ufa, malt, mowa, kvass, mkate, monga mankhwala ndi zomangamanga za denga. Ali ndi expectorant, laxative, immunostimulating, zakudya katundu. Zopindulitsa pamtima ndi mitsempha yowonjezera, kapangidwe ka zakudya, kumapangitsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino.
Momwe mungayambitsire bwino rye rye
Zipsepse za rye zimapsa pamene njere zimakhala bwino mu spikelet ndipo sizikutha, komabe, zowuma zimasiya kulowa. Kukolola chimanga kumayambira pakati pa sera yakuphuka, kuteteza kutayika kwa mbewu ndi malo ogona. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito odzigudubuza okhala ndi masentimita 20, 15 masentimita - ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mlengalenga ndi masentimita 25 - ndi chilala. Pankhaniyi, chophatikiza sichimasintha, makutu a tirigu amaperekedwa kumutu. Zima nyengo yokolola mofulumira kuposa tirigu kwa masiku 7 mpaka 8. 
Nkhumbazo zimayamba kutsukidwa, kusankhidwa, ndiyeno zimapita ku kuyanika ndi kusungirako.
Kujambula chiputu m'munda ndikulima nthaka kuti masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri (20 cm). M'tsogolomu, kukonza pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono ndi zolima nthawi zitatu sizidzasokoneza. Zotsatira zomwe zingatengedwe zidzatichenjeza chikhalidwe cha mtsogolo ndi mafinya ndi bowa.
