Pa gawo la dziko lathu, viticulture kwa zaka zambiri akhala ntchito yaikulu ya anthu ambiri.
Kwa ena, ndi njira yokha yopangira ndalama, kwa ena ndi chomera cha moyo, ndipo kwa ena, ndizochita zowononga komanso cholinga chenicheni cha moyo.
Ndi mtundu wachitatu wa anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amagwidwa ndi ndondomeko yokula mitundu ya mphesa kuti ayambe kupanga zokolola zawo.
Kawirikawiri, kuyesera koteroko kumapangidwa ndi bang, kotero kuti maina atsopano ndi ambiri amapezeka mu zolembera za mitundu ya mphesa.
Pafupi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya mphesayi, yomwe inkawonekera mwa kuyesera kwa ojambula masewera a EG Pavlovsky, tidzakambirana pansipa.
Mphesa "Zowonjezereka": zinsinsi ndi maonekedwe a zosiyanasiyana
Anthu ambiri amadziwa izi mosiyana pansi pa wina, osati zochepa, dzina lake "Citrine". Mtundu wosakanizidwa wa mphesa unapezedwa chifukwa cha kusamba kwapakati kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamalonda ndi Kadinali, yomwe inalumikizidwa ndi mungu wa mitundu ya mphesa yosadziwika.
Zotsatira za kuyesera uku zinali mphesa zabwino kwambiri za mphesa zabwino ndi zokolola ndi zipatso. Zikomo kukhala bata Mitengo ya mphesa imakhala yowonjezereka chaka chilichonse, chifukwa imatha kulekerera kuzizira ndi kubereka zipatso ngakhale nyengo yochepa yozizira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a maburashi, ndiko kuti, magulu, a Super Extra mphesa ali ndi zofanana zambiri ndi Arcadia mphesa. Nonprofessionals amatha kusiyanitsa wina ndi mzake chifukwa cha kukoma kwake ndi khungu la khungu.
Masamba amakhala kawirikawiri kapena aakulu mu kukula kwake, misa yawo imasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku 0.4 mpaka 0.8 kilogalamu, motero. Mu mawonekedwe, iwo ali ofanana ndi Arcadia - aligned cylindrical, kapena cylindrical. Kawirikawiri imodzi kapena mapiko ambiri amapangidwa m'manja. Mapangidwe awo akhoza kukhala omasuka komanso osakanikirana.
Avereji kulemera kwa peyala imodzi akhoza kusinthasintha kuyambira magalamu 7 mpaka 10Ndili ndi miyeso ya 2.5 x2.1 masentimita. Maonekedwe a Super Extra mphesa zipatso ndi ovoid, omwe amasiyana ndi Arcadia. Mtundu wa khungu lawo ndi woyera. Kukoma kwa zipatsozo ndizabwino, koma osati mozama monga momwe Arcadia ananenera. Mnofu wa zofotokozedwa zosiyanasiyana ndi minofu ndi yowutsa mudyo, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ukhale wofatsa kwambiri akamadya.
Kawirikawiri, kukoma kwake kumagwirizana, koma kuchepetsedwa pang'ono ndi khungu la khungu, limene limadyidwanso. Ndibwino kuti tizimvetsera mwatchutchutchu wambiri wa shuga wothira zipatso zosiyanasiyana, zomwe ndi 16-18% ndi mtengo wa acid wa 4-6 g / l.
Mphesa "Super Extra" amadziwika ndi chitsamba chachikulu komanso champhamvu. Chifukwa cha izi, komanso kusasitsa bwino kwa mpesa, chitsamba chikhoza kusangalatsa kwambiri zokolola zazikulu.
Komabe, chitsamba chimafuna kuvomerezedwa kudulira ndi kuwerengetsera kuchuluka kwa mbeu. Maso abwino kwambiri pa chitsamba chimodzi ndi pafupifupi 20-25. Komanso mu "Arcadia", masango 1-2 akhoza kupanga phokoso limodzi la chitsamba cha zosiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa ndi yake Zipatso zipse nthawi yochepa. Ambiri amatchula mphesayi kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali, chifukwa nyengo yomwe ikukula ikutha masiku 95-105 okha. Chifukwa cha ichi, mukhoza kukolola m'masiku oyambirira a August.
Choncho, chitsamba ndi chabwino kwambiri kwa amateur viticulture, chifukwa mulimonsemo zipatso zake zipse kwathunthu, ndipo zabwino fruiting chitsamba safuna chidwi kwambiri kwa wolima.
Kufotokozera kwapadera zoyenera Zambiri za mphesa
- Chitsamba cha mphesa chimakhala ndi maluwa amodzi, chifukwa sichikhala ndi vuto ndi kupaka mungu ndipo palibe mtola umene umaonekera pa mphesa.
- Kufotokozera bwino ndi kulawa zipatso za mphesa.
- Chifukwa cha khungu lolimba loyenera kuyenda.
- Ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi matenda omwe amafala kwambiri m'minda ya mpesa.
- Chitsamba chimaloleza nyengo yozizira ndi yozizira bwino; panalibe kuwonongeka kwa mpesa wake pamene kutentha kunachepetsedwa ku -24ºะก. Komabe, zikutanthauza kuphimba miyambo.
Ambiri amakonda mphesa "Super Extra" zosiyanasiyana "Arcadia", ponena za kufanana ndi zosangalatsa zofanana. Koma komabe, mitundu yatsopano ya mphesa, malinga ndi deta yomwe ilipo tsopano, ikutsutsa bwino.
Pakali pano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa imakali wamng'ono. Pa chifukwa ichi, makhalidwe ake onse, omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, akupitiriza kuphunzira. Choncho, kunena mosapita m'mbali, zidzatsimikiziridwa pa chitsamba cha matenda enaake, kapena kuwonongeka kwa zipatso, kapena kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo, ndizovuta kwambiri.
Mulimonsemo, chitsamba chiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa ndikuyang'anira bwino chikhalidwe chake. Zilonda zowononga nthawi zonse za matenda a fungalso sizingatheke.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuwerenga za zabwino zamakono mphesa
Momwe mungabzalitse mphesa pawebsite yanu molondola ndi mophweka: malangizo ofotokoza
Ngakhale alimi odziwa bwino nthawi zina amapanga zolakwitsa zazing'ono pobzala mbewu yabwinoyi. Zomwe mungalankhule za iwo amene akufuna kubzala mphesa pamalo awo. Pachifukwa ichi, tikufuna kugawana nanu zinsinsi zonse ndi zozizwitsa za izi, ndithudi, zosavuta, ndondomeko.
Sikuti aliyense amadziwa, koma pali njira zingapo zoberekera mphesa. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi wothandiza ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe ake omwe:
- Kubalanso mphesa ndi mbande. Ndi njira iyi, mitundu ya mphesa imakula pokhapokha mizu, pokhapokha ngati sapula siidabzalidwe. Chifukwa cha izi mukhoza kukhala ndi chidaliro cha 100% kuti chitsamba chomwe mukukula chidzakhala ndi mitundu yonse yazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
- Kusindikizira ming'alu yamitundu ya cuttings ya mphesa ku katundu ndi nthawi yaitali yopangira nkhuni. Kubereka kotereku kungatchedwe kogwira mtima kwambiri. Ngati kudula kuli bwino, chitsambachi chidzakula mofulumira komanso chidzatha kulowa fruiting mwamsanga. Ndipotu, zoona zake n'zakuti chitsamba chili kale ndi mizu yabwino yomwe ingaperekedwe kudula ndi zakudya zambiri zofunika. Chinthu chinanso cha katemera ndi chakuti mungathe kupanga pafupifupi chaka chonse: kukulumikiza kudula "wakuda" ku malo "wakuda", "wakuda mpaka wobiriwira", "wobiriwira mpaka wobiriwira".
- Gwiritsani ntchito kuswana matepi a mphesa. Ngati wina wa abwenzi anu ali ndi mphamvu ya mphesa "Super Extra", ndiye mungawafunse kupanga nthambi kuchokera ku chitsamba. Chofunika kwambiri cha njirayi ndi chakuti phokoso labwino ndi lalitali likuchotsedwa kuthengo, limakhala pansi ndipo liri ndi nthaka yosanjikiza. Pamapeto pa nthawi inayake, mphukirayi idzayamba mizu ndi kukhala chitsamba chodzaza. Ngati izo zilekanitsidwa ndi chitsamba chachikulu, ndiye zitatha izo zingakhoze kuziikidwa ngati sapling.
- Kufesa mbewu za mphesa. Kuchokera kwa iwo kumakula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbeu, yomwe pambuyo pa zaka 1-2 ikhoza kuziikidwa ngati full-fledged shrub. Komabe, kawirikawiri ndi kubereka kotere mphesa zimataya mitundu yawo, kotero njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.
Pofotokoza njira zomwe zimabzala mphesa pamwamba, tazitchula kale kuti zabzala pafupifupi chaka chonse. M'malo mwake, kasupe ndi nyengo yopuma, koma nthawi yofika ingathe kutambasula.
Kudzala msipu kungayambike kuyambira kumapeto kwa March, ngati nyengo ili ndi nthawi yokhala yosakhazikika nthawi isanakwane. Panthawiyi, mukhoza kukulumikiza cuttings kapena kubzala mbande zomwe zasungidwa kuyambira autumn.
Iwo akhoza kubzalidwa nthawi ina, mpaka May. Ngati mukufuna kubzala ndi kuthandizidwa ndi mtundu wobiriwira wa sapling wakula ndi mawonekedwe a pakhomo, ndiye kuti ziyenera kuchitidwa bwino kumapeto kwa May - chiyambi cha chilimwe kuti chisanu chosayembekezereka sichiwononge mphukira zake zobiriwira.
Kawirikawiri, ubwino wa kubzala kasupe ndikuti m'chaka choyamba cha nyengo yokula, mpesa uli ndi nthawi yosinthira bwino ndikukula pamalo atsopano. Choncho, zidzakhala zolimba kwambiri pamene nyengo yozizira iyamba.
Koma ubwino wokhala m'dzinja umaphatikizapo kuti nthawi ino ya chaka chodzala zipangizo za kubzala zikuchitika - cuttings ndi mbande. Pachifukwa ichi, ndizomveka kwambiri kuti muwabzala panthawiyi kuti asaume ndi kuonongeka.
Komanso, m'dzinja, nthaka ili ndi chinyezi chochulukirapo, chomwe chimathandizira kwambiri mphamvu ya chitsamba cha mphesa. Chifukwa cha ichi, sapling nayenso safuna kusamala kwambiri ndi kuthirira. Kufika pa nthawi ino ya chaka chikhoza kuchitika kuyambira theka lachiwiri la mwezi wa September komanso pafupifupi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa November, ngati panthawi imeneyo nyengo yozizira yozizira isanakhazikitsidwe.
Choyamba, posankha malo oti mubzalitse chitsamba champhesa, muyenera kuganizira kuti chomerachi chikufuna kuti dzuwa liwone. M'dera lamdima kapena pafupi kwambiri ndi zomera zina, mphesa sizidzakula bwino, mocheperapo kubereka zipatso.
Malinga ndi odziwa bwino vinyo, ndi bwino kulikula kumudzi kwathu kuchokera kumwera kapena kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa nyumba kapena nyumba, zomwe zimatetezera mphepo. Komanso, njira yabwino yolima mphesa ndikumanga mabango apadera kwa iwo kapena kubzala baka pafupi ndi arbors.
Kuti tchire malo okwanira kuti tipange ndi kukula, nkofunikanso kuwabzala mu chitsanzo choyenera.
Popeza kuti mphesa zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi shrub yolimba, tchire tiyenera kubzalidwa patali kwambiri - pafupifupi 1.5-2 kapena 2.5 mamita.
Mtunda pakati pa mizera iyenso ikhale yosachepera mamita atatu. Mukafuna kubzala mphesa pafupi ndi nyumba, muyenera kuchoka ku maziko ndi mamita 0.7-1.
Nkofunika kuti mpesa udabzalidwe pa nthaka yabwino. Pambuyo pake, nthaka ndi maziko a mapangidwe a chitsamba ndi zipatso zake. Chomerachi chimakhala choyenera makamaka dothi lakuda, loam kuwala.
Nkofunika kwambiri kuti nthaka ikhale yosungira bwino chinyezi, ngakhale kuti sichifanana ndi dongo. Mphesa ndi mchenga zomwe sizikhoza kupereka zakudya m'tchire sizigwira ntchito.
Zikakhala kuti palibe nthaka yabwino pa tsamba lanu, kubereka kwake kungabwerere pandekha, ngati kwa zaka zingapo Muzidyetsa nthawi zonse ndi feteleza wambiri.
Ntchito yofunika kwambiri mukamabzala mphesa pamzu wawo sizitsankho zokha, koma Kukonzekera dzenje lodzala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti alimi ogwira ntchito akulangiza kuti aziphika kale kwambiri kuposa kuti azidzidyetsa kwenikweni. Chowonadi ndi chakuti sapling wamng'ono ayenera kupatsidwa zakudya zambiri, kuziyika pansi pa dzenje.
Koma nthawi yobzala, wosanjikiza wa feteleza ayenera kuperewera ndipo, ndithudi, ayambe kuwonongeka ku ma microelements. Choncho, osachepera masabata awiri musanadzale mphesa, tikukumba dzenjelo ndizitali mamita 0.8. Pansi pake 2-3 ndowa za kompositi zimasakaniza, zotsakidwa ndi nthaka yabwino. Mbali ina ya nthaka yosapangidwira yayikidwa pamwamba pa feteleza ndikusiya mpaka kubzala.
Mbeuzo zimagulidwa bwino m'masamba apadera, omwe sangakupatseni zapamwamba zokha, komanso 100% mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya shrub. Mfundo yakuti idawonongeke komanso yosayika idzasonyezedwa ndi mtundu woyera wa mizu yake, komanso mdulidwe wobiriwira wa pamwamba.
Mbewu yotereyo itagulidwa iyenera kusungidwa pamalo amvula, ndi kuyikidwa m'madzi kwa masiku angapo musanadzalemo. Komanso akulimbikitsidwa onetsetsani mizu mwa njira zenizeni mizu kukula stimulants ("humate").
Mbewu yokha imayikidwa mu dzenje mpaka pamtunda wa mizu yake ndipo imayang'aniridwa bwino ndi nthaka. Pambuyo pofika, imakhala madzi okwanira komanso amangiriridwa ku chithandizo. Nthaka kuzungulira mmerayo imayikidwa ndi mulch, ndipo mmera wokha umaphimbidwa.
Kuchulukitsa mphesa za mphesa za Super Extra zosiyanasiyana kwa rootstocks wa mitundu ina
Njira yoperekera mphesa ndi yothandiza kwambiri, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Koma kupatula izi, ndi zophweka. Kwa ichi muyenera kokha kukonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cuttings, ndi maso 2-3. Gawo lawo la pansi pa katemera wabwino limachotsedwa ku mbali ziwiri, ndipo mbali yakumtunda imayamba.
Kuonjezera apo, kukweza mphamvu ya kudula, ndi bwino kuisunga m'madzi musanamangirizanenso.
Nkhumba ndi chitsa chomwe chimatsalira pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa chitsamba chakale cha mphesa. Ndikofunika kuti mdulidwewo ukhale wofunikira, komanso umayenera kutsukidwa mosamala kwambiri.
Pakatikati pali pakati pazeng'onong'ono zomwe zimadulidwa. Pofuna kulumikizana bwino pakati pa katundu ndi chogwirira ntchito, choyamba chimamangirizidwa ndi nsalu kapena njira zina zosapangidwira.
Ndiponso malo ogwiritsira ntchito katemera akulimbikitsidwa kuti azidzola ndi dongo lonyowa. Zotsatira zotsalazo ndizofanana ndi kubzala mmera: thandizo, kuthirira, mulching.
Malangizo kwa chisamaliro cha mphesa mitundu "Super Extra"
- Chitsamba cha mphesa nthawi zonse chimakhala chinyezi, chomwe chiri maziko a kukula kwake ndi mapangidwe a zipatso zake. Onetsetsani kuti muthirira madzi asanakwane maluwa komanso panthawi yopanga masango kuti musunge chitsamba mu nthawi yovutayi. Ndikofunika kusunga mphesa nthawi yamvula.
- Pambuyo pa ulimi wothirira, ndikofunikira kubisa nthaka yomwe ili pafupi ndi mphesa ndi mulch: wosanjikiza wa masentimita atatu a moss kapena utuchi wakuda.
- Mtengo uliwonse wa mpesa umafuna zakudya zina zomwe zingapangitse zipatso zake kukhala zowonjezera. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera komanso feteleza monga minda, phosphate ndi nayitrogeni.
- Kudulira mphesa kumachitika m'dzinja zonse. Mphukira ya mitundu yofotokozedwa imachepetsedwa ndi maso 4-8.
- Pakuti m'nyengo yozizira, izi zosiyanasiyana zimabisala, kuti asavutike ndi chisanu ndi yozizira kwambiri.
- Pa nthawi yomweyi, ngati kuthirira moyenera, zowononga zitsamba za matenda a fungal zikuchitika.
