Mitengo ya mphesa yopangidwa ndi akatswiri osankhidwa a sayansi yayamba kukhala yamba.
Mitundu yotereyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a zipatso, imabala zipatso komanso nthawi zonse, komanso imakhala yabwino.
Pambuyo pazimenezi, ndi chifukwa cha obereketsa omwe akugwira ntchito pa iwo.
M'nkhaniyi, tikufuna kukudziwani, owerenga athu, ndi imodzi mwa mphesa, yomwe yakhala yotchuka kwambiri mu amateur ndi mafakitale viticulture.
Ndizosiyana ndi "Zamatsenga", zinsinsi zonse zomwe tidzayesa kuwululira m'munsimu, ndikufotokozeranso momwe tingamere mphesa zabwino zokhazokha.
"Zamatsenga" - zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingakusangalatse ndi makhalidwe ake
Mitundu imeneyi inapezeka chifukwa cha asayansi a ku Russia omwe adagwiritsa ntchito njira zoterezi monga "Frumoasa Albe" komanso "Chisangalalo" cha ichi.
Momwemo, adapeza mphesa, zomwe zinatchuka kwambiri osati chikhalidwe chokhalitsa, koma monga njira ya makolo kuti apeze mawonekedwe atsopano. Pakuzala "Chithumwa" ndi wopereka chithandizo ndi zokolola zabwino, makamaka nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi cholinga cha olima masewera.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kutchuka kwa mphesayi nthawi zina kumayambitsa nkhanza ndi izi: pakati pa anthu komanso pakati pa akatswiri, "Chithumwa" chili ndi mayina ambiri, choncho mbande zake zingakhale zovuta kupeza.
Makamaka, maina otchedwa "Kesha-1", "Kesha-2", "Kesha Muscat", "Super Kesha", ndipo pomalizira pake, "FV-6-6", amatchula "Chithumwa" chomwecho. Chowonadi ndi iye pafupifupi zofanana ndi zosiyanasiyana "Kesha", ali ndi makhalidwe omwewo komanso makolo omwewo, koma amakula kwambiri ndipo amatha kulawa bwino.
Mphesa "Zamatsenga" imatchulidwa kwambiri chifukwa imakhala ndi nthawi yakuphuka ngakhale mu nyengo yochepa ya chilimwe, ndipo imakhala yosagwirizana ndi nyengo yosakhazikika. Madzu a mphesa iyi adadziwonetsera bwino m'madera akum'mwera, komanso kudera la kumpoto kwa nyengo.
Magulu a "Zamanyala": kufotokoza za makhalidwe apamwamba, komanso maonekedwe a zipatso
Mphesa za mphesayi ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimakopa winegrowers. Kulemera kwa gulu limodzi kumatha kusiyana ndi 0.8 mpaka 1.2 kilogalamu.
Zipangizo zamakono zaulimi ndi chisamaliro cha chitsamba zimatha kusintha kwambiri zizindikiro izi. Ponena za maonekedwe ena a masango, tiyenera kudziwa kuti ali ndi timene timene timakhala timene timakhala timene timakhala timene timakhala tambirimbiri. Maonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa kawirikawiri imakhala yokhazikika, m'zaka zosawerengeka ndi kuphulika kosavomerezeka, sizingatheke.
Zipatso komanso amadziwika ndi kukula kwakukuluzomwe zingathe kumvetsetsedwa ndi magawo otsatirawa: kutalika kwa mabulosi ndi 3.5 masentimita, ndipo m'lifupi mwake pafupifupi 3.1. Kuchokera pa izi zikhoza kuthekanso kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe ovunda kuposa osiyana.
Kulemera kwake kwa mabulosi amodzi kungakhale ndi magalamu 12 mpaka 16 ndi zina, ngati mupereka chitsamba panthawi ya fruiting ndi zakudya zofunikira. Mitengo imeneyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu woyera wa khungu komanso kukoma kwake kosagwirizana. Pa nthawi yakucha, Mphutsi za mphesa zakudya zonunkhiraChosiyana kwambiri ndi Kesha.
Koma, pambali pa fungo lokoma, zipatsozo zimakhalanso ndi mphamvu yowonjezera shuga, yomwe imapangitsa thupi lawo kukhala lokoma kwambiri. Makamaka, mlingo wa chiwonetserochi pa mapulani a zipatso za zofotokozedwa zosiyanasiyana zingakhale zosiyana ndi 17 mpaka 23%. Pa nthawi yomweyo, acidity yawo siikwera 8g / l.
Kukambirana funso la fruiting mphesa zamtundu mitundu "Zamanyazi"
Zotsatira za zokololazo, zomwe zanenedwa zosiyanasiyana zimatha kukukondweretsani kwambiri, chifukwa zingathe kubala zipatso pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Choyamba, chifukwa cha shrub yaikulu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphukira zopatsa zipatso.
Ponena za anthuwa, ndikuyenera kuzindikira kuti pakati pa chiwerengero cha mphukira, chitsamba chawo chiri pafupi 75-90%. N'zosadabwitsa kuti coefficient ya kubala kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yapamwamba kwambiri - 1.4-1.8. Chizindikiro ichi ndi umboni wakuti osaposera 2 inflorescences kawirikawiri samawombera pa mphukira imodzi, nthawizina pali zitatu (koma pakali pano ndi bwino kuti muyambe kuyesa mbewu).
Chitsamba chimodzi popanda mantha chikhoza kunyamulidwa ndi maso mu kuchuluka kwa masamba 24 mpaka 32. Akatswiri odziwa bwino kuti amatha kusamalira mbewu zambiri komanso kukula kwa mphesa osati zapadera zokha, koma poyerekeza ndi ena.
Kuonjezera apo, tchire timayamba kubala zipatso mwamsanga, makamaka m'chaka chachiwiri titabzala pa malo osatha a kukula kwa mwana wa zaka ziwiri.
Ponena za kuchapa "Chithumwa" mmalo mwake akhoza kutchulidwa ndi oyambirira. Nthaŵi yonse ya nyengo yokula ya chitsamba kuyambira nthawi ya mphukira imayamba mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chiwonongeko chonse cha zipatso, imatenga masiku 127-135. Izi zimapereka kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa September kuti ayambe kulawa ndi kuswa kwathunthu kwa zipatso. Mawu amenewa amalola kukula mphesa zomwe zafotokozedwa ngakhale kumpoto kwenikweni kwa gulu la pakati.
Ndizosangalatsa kuwerenga za mitundu yabwino ya mphesa Burdak A.V.
Makhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe za "Chilakolako", zomwe zimatengedwa ngati khadi lake loitanira
- Zokolola zazikulu kwambiri ndi zazikulu zazikulu za magulu awiri ndi zipatso pa iwo.
- Kukoma kwabwino kwa zipatso.
- Mbewu ili ndi nthawi yaitali yosungirako. Komanso, ngakhale pangoyambika kukhwima kokhazikika, amatha kupereka mauthenga ndi kukoma kwa nthawi yaitali.
- Zipatso zimatulutsidwa mosavuta, kuyang'ana maonekedwe a masango.
- Chitsamba chimachita bwino kwambiri kumveka pamwamba ndi chithandizo cha mchere feteleza (potashi salt + superphosphates).
- Iko imakhala ndi mizu yabwino kwambiri yowonongeka, yomwe imathandizira kwambiri kubereka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
- Ndi nthawi zonse kupopera mankhwala a chitsamba kuchokera ku matenda a fungal, mawonetseredwe a mildew, imvi yovunda kapena oidium sichiwonetsedwa.
- Kulekerera kutentha kotsika mu "Chithumwa" ndibwino kwambiri. Mpesa wake suwopa chisanu pa-25ºС. Koma, ngakhale izi zikutanthauza kubisa mphesa.
- Tikulimbikitsanso kukula mphesazi pazitsamba zogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yosalekeza, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala choncho chifukwa chakuti izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
Zowonongeka za mphesa: Kodi mbulesi angagulitse chiyani?
Ngakhale kuti pali makhalidwe abwino kwambiri omwe amafotokozedwa osiyanasiyana, amakhalanso ndi zovuta zake. Choyamba mwa izi ndi kusowa kwa ntchito za amuna mu maluwa. Ngakhale kuti, ngakhale zili choncho, ndi bwino kwambiri mungu wochokera mungu, komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, mtola wa zipatso umawoneka. Koma ngati chakacho sichinali chokondweretsa pollination, ndibwino kuti asamalire izi mosasamala kuti asasiyidwe popanda mbewu.
Chosavuta chachiwiri ndicho zokolola kwambiri "Zamatsenga". Mwinamwake mukuganiza kuti panali kulakwitsa, koma kwenikweni zonse zinanenedwa molondola.
Kukolola kwakukulu kwambiri kumatha kumangidwa pamtunda, komwe chitsamba sichikhoza kutuluka. Choncho, ngati cholinga chanu sichiri chokolola, koma chokolola chokongola ndi chapamwamba, musaiwale kulinganiza chiwerengero cha mphesa pa chitsamba.
Ambiri amalimbikitsanso kudula mphukira zopanda chitukuko, chifukwa kukula kwake kumatenganso zakudya zina.
Kukula mphesa "Zamatsenga" kunyumba: momwe mungabzala chitsamba
Kubzala mphesa ndizosavuta. Chinthu chachikulu kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso cha izi ndikuchita chidwi kwambiri. Kukwera "Chithumwa" mofulumira, ndipo maluso ake othandizira ali pamtunda.
Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe mphesa zimakula bwino ndi kubala chipatso? Kusankha malo okhala
Zinthu zakunja zikhoza kuwonetseredwa kwambiri mu mpesa, chifukwa chilengedwe chakunja ndi gwero la zakudya kwa mbewu iyi. Choncho, n'kosatheka kumasula nthawi yofunikirayi ndikusankha malo osabzala mphesa.
Choyamba, chikhalidwe chimenechi chimafesedwa bwino komwe chikhoza kulandira kuwala kwa dzuwa. Choncho, sankhani malo pa tsamba lanu lomwe silinasinthidwe pafupifupi nthawi yonse ya kuwala. Mbali yake yakumwera idzayandikira, chabwino, kapena osachepera kum'mwera chakumadzulo.
Chachiwiri, ndizofunikira kuti mphesa zizitetezedwe ku mphepo, zomwe zimakhala zolimba kwambiri ngati zikuwomba kuchokera kumpoto. Pachifukwa ichi, alimi odziwa bwino amalimbikitsa kulima mphesa kumbuyo kwa nyumba, nyumba zina kapena mitengo yamaluwa, yomwe imateteza ngati chomera.
Mfundo ina yofunika yokhudzana ndi kusankha malo a mphesa ndizochitika m'deralo. Chowonadi nchakuti ndibwino kuti musabzalitse mipesa m'madera otsetsereka kapena m'mitsinje, chifukwa mphepo yozizira ikuyenda m'madera amenewo nthawi zambiri imatha. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo, mphesa zimatha kudwala, kapena kutaya zokolola zawo. Choncho, phiri lamtunda kapena kukwera kwapangidwe ndikofunikira kwambiri ku chikhalidwe ichi.
Zopindulitsa kwambiri ndizo zizindikiro za nthaka yomwe mphesa ziyenera kukula. Ngakhale kubala kwake sikukwera kwambiri, chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti malinga ndi mtundu wake zinali zophweka ndipo mosavuta kulola m'madzi. Njira yabwino ikadakhala dothi lakuda, koma ndi kukula pa tchire la mphesa "Losalala" inasonyezanso zotsatira zabwino. Ndi kusabereka kokwanira, chitsamba chiyenera kukhala nthawi zonse ndikudyetsedwa bwino.
Mizu ya mphesa ikukula kufika pamtunda waukulu kwambiri, makamaka mwamphamvu kwambiri. Pa chifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kwambiri onetsetsani kuti madzi akuyang'ana pansi. Sadzasokoneza chitsamba m'njira iliyonse ngati chiwerengero cha zochitikazo chili ndi mamita 2.5.
Chiwembu chakulima: Bwanji kuti musayese munda wamphesa
Popeza mitengo yamphesa yamphesa imakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu, imayenera kubzala. Ndi bwino kupanga mtunda pakati pa tchire limodzi la mzere umodzi mamita 4. Choncho, padzakhala malo okwanira pa kukula kwa mphukira komanso mizu.
Ndi nthaka yopanda chonde, ndi kotheka kuchepetsa pang'ono mtundawu, chifukwa dera la zakudya zakutchire lidzakula. Ngati mutabzala baka m'mitsinje ingapo, ndibwino kuchoka mtunda wa mamita asanu ndi awiri pakati pawo.
Kodi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yobzala mphesa ndi chiyani?
Nthawi yobzala mphesa ikhoza kukhala yaitali kwambiri ndipo idzadalira kwambiri njira yoberekera.
Choyamba, n'zotheka kudzala tchire cha chikhalidwe nthawi yachisanu, ndi kugwa. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu ndi ubwino pa izi kapena kubzala, chirichonse chimadalira pamene mudagula sapling.
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, kumapeto kwa March, mukhoza kuyamba kubzala mbande "zogona", kukulumikiza zipatso ndi kufalitsa mphesa ndi nthambi. M'mbuyomu ndipo, panthawi imodzimodzi, nthawi yotentha, mukhoza kubzala mbande zobiriwira, kupanga "zobiriwira kukhala zobiriwira".
Ubwino wa kubzala kwa kasupe ndi kuthekera kwa chitsamba chaching'ono kuti chilowetse bwino malo atsopano a kukula ndikukula bwino, kuti apulumuke m'nyengo yozizira mosavuta komanso molimba.
Kudyetsa kwadzinja sikunatambasulidwe pang'onopang'ono ndipo malo oyenera kubzala mphesa "zipangizo zogona". Izi zimakhudza mitengo yamitengo ndi cuttings, yomwe, mwa njira, imakololedwa m'dzinja.
Pogwirizana ndi chinthu chomalizira, ndizofika panthawiyi kuti ndizomveka kudzala mphesa. Nthawi yabwino ndikatikatikati mwa mwezi wa Oktoba, kapena pang'ono pang'ono / pambuyo pake, malingana ndi nyengo ndi nyengo ya dera lanu. Chokhachokhacho ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha chisanu chowonongeka kwa mbande, ngakhale kuti ndi chophimba chokonzekera m'nyengo yozizira, iwo amapirira chisanu mwangwiro.
Inoculate mphesa "Zamatsenga" ku katundu: ndi ziani ndi zidule?
Ponena za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithunzithunzi, kubereka kotereku ndi kovomerezeka kwambiri, kuti shrub ikule ndikulowa fruiting mofulumira. Kuti mukhale ndi katemera wabwino, ndi kofunika kwambiri kukonzekera bwino cuttings:
- Zidutswa zautali sizinkafunika, maso awiri ndi okwanira.
- Gawo lomaliza la kudula likulimbikitsidwa kudula mbali zonse ziwiri. Tsinde lomwe laikidwa motere lidzakhala ndi chiyanjano cha pafupi ndi ilo ndipo lidzatha kukhazikika mofulumira.
- Pofuna kusunga chinyezi kwa nthawi yayitali, mukhoza kuyimitsa.
- Musanayambe kumumangiriza, gawo lochepetsetsa lacheka limayikidwa m'madzi. Mukhozanso kuyimitsa mu njira yothetsera vutoli, yomwe imakonzedwa mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala "Humate".
Pokonzekera katundu, chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndicho kuchotsa chitsamba chakale. Kudulidwa pambuyo pa izi kuyenera kukhala kosalala, kutalika kwa hemp ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10. Pambuyo pake, malo odulidwa amafunika kukhala osakanizidwa bwino, komanso amachotsedwa ndi nsalu yonyowa kuchokera ku dothi.
Kugawidwa kwa kudula kumachitika chimodzimodzi pakati pa katundu. Musagawike mwamphamvu kapena mwamphamvu, chifukwa izi zingawononge katundu. Mungathe kubzala zipatso zingapo nthawi yomweyo, ngati katunduyo akulolera ndipo mukufuna kupeza chitsamba chachikulu.
Chofunika kwambiri cha kumtumikizanitsa ndikuti kokha gawo lochepetsetsa la kudula likutsika mugawanika, kotero kuti maso ake ali pamwamba pa katundu. Pambuyo pake, kuphatikizidwa kuyenera kumangidwe kwambiri kuti muwonjezere kukhudzana pakati pa katundu ndi chogwirira.
Komanso, ndikofunika kuti mukhale ndi dothi lonyowa, zomwe zingathandize kuteteza chinyezi ndikuziteteza kuti zisamakhale zovuta. Inoculation imatsirizidwa mwa kuthirira mchere ndikugwedeza nthaka.
Kodi mungatani kuti muzisamalira bwino mpesa?
- Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi mlingo wokhala ndi dothi lozungulira mchenga. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, nthawi yamvula imayenera kuthiriridwa. Kuthirira ndi kofunikira nthawi yamasika. Musaiwale kuti mulch pambuyo pa nthaka. gwiritsani ntchito moss kapena utuchi wachitsulo monga mulch.
- The subcortex iyenera kukhala yachizolowezi ndipo imaphatikizapo humus, nitrogen, phosphates ndi potaziyamu.
- Pafupifupi mbeu - 5-8 maso. Amagwidwa kanthawi kozizira kapena kumayambiriro kwa masika, chisanu chitatha.
- Ndikofunika kuphimba tchire m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka kwa mbande zazing'ono.
- Nthawi zonse kuteteza kupopera mankhwala kumathandiza kuteteza chitsamba ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga. Amayenera kuchitidwa musanafike maluwa a chitsamba cha mphesa komanso nthawi imene zipatsozo zikuyamba kupanga.
