Kugula ng'ombe ya mkaka sikophweka.
Pa nkhaniyi, ndi bwino kupeza zambiri zomwe zingatheke ponena za mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya ng'ombe zomwe zinalengedwa kuti zipeze mkaka kwa iwo.
Muyeneranso kuyesa kuyamwa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa mitundu yosankhidwa.
Ndibwino kuti mudziwe kuti ndi mitundu iti yomwe imabzalidwa kumalonda am'deralo, ndikugula ng'ombe ya mtundu womwewo.
Kwa zaka zambiri, kuchokera pa mndandanda wa mitundu yonse ya ng ombe za mkaka, mitundu yambiri idasankhidwa bwino yomwe ikukwaniritsa zosowa za wokhala mkaka.
Ng'ombe za Holstein
Ng'ombe za mtundu wa Holstein zinabadwira ku America ndi Canada. Cholinga chachikulu cha kulengedwa kwa mtundu umenewu chinali kupeza nyama yakuda ndi yoyera yomwe ili ndi mkaka waukulu komanso thupi lamphamvu.
Mu 1861, mtundu watsopano wa ng'ombe wakuda ndi woyera (Holstein friezes) unawonekera. Kuyambira mu 1983, ng'ombe izi zapeza dzina lake ndipo zidzulidwa kwa nthawi yayitali m'gulu la oweta ziweto.
Ng'ombe zambiri za Holstein zojambula mumdima wakuda ndi motley. Komanso, palinso zinyama zokhala ndi khungu lofiira-motley.
Kulemera kwa ng'ombe yaing'ono kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 650, ndipo chinyama chachikulu chimakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 750. ngati mungathe "kunenepa" ng'ombe ya Holstein kulemera kwake kwa 800-850 kg, kenaka ganizirani kuti mwakweza zinyama. Kulemera kwa ng'ombe imodzi kukhoza kufika 1200 makilogalamu.
Khalani ndi holsteins bwino kwambiri, mitsempha ya mkaka ikuwoneka bwino, ndipo minofu imayesedwa osati mowala monga momwe ena akuyimira.
Udder wokha ndiwophuka kwambiri, wochuluka kwambiri, mwamphamvu kwambiri pamimba pamimba. Ng'ombe zoposa 95%, udder umapangidwira mu mbale.
Mlingo wa mkaka wa ng'ombe umadalira momwe nyengo ya m'deralo imakhala panthawiyi.
A Holstein omwe amakhala m'mapulasi otentha, amapereka makilogalamu opitirira 10000, ndipo kuchokera ku ziweto zomwe zimakula mu nyengo yozizira, zikhoza kukhala zoposa 7,500 makilogalamu a mkaka.
Koma chowonjezeracho chidzakhala chakuti mafuta okhudzana ndi mafutawa amagawidwa mosiyana, ndiko kuti, pachiyambi, mkaka umakhala ndi mafuta ochepa, ndipo chachiwiri - ndi okwanira.
Pakupha ng'ombe izi, zokolola za nyama zidzakhala 50 - 55%.
Ng'ombe za Ayrshire
Ng'ombe za Ayrshire zinaberekedwanso m'zaka za zana la 18 ku Scotland podutsa Dutch, Alderney, Tiswatera ndi Flemish ng'ombe. Kunja, ng'ombe izi zimapangidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri, zogwirizana ndi thupi.
Msana wa iwo uli wamphamvu, koma woonda, sternum ndi wawukulu ndi wakuya. Mutu ndi waung'onong'ono, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pamaso. Minyanga mithunzi yowala lalikulu mokwanira. Khosi ndi lalifupi komanso lochepa, lopangidwa ndi zikopa zazing'ono.
Kusintha pakati pa mapewa ndi mutu ndi kosavuta. Zolemba zochepa, koma zolemba bwino. Minofu imakula bwino. Khungu la ng'ombe izi ndi loonda, ndi tsitsi lodziwika.
Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mbale zoumba bwino, zowonjezera bwino, zowonongeka, zomwe zimayikidwa pafupipafupi. Mtundu wakale wa ng'ombe izi unali mthunzi wofiira ndi woyera, ndipo ng'ombe zina zinayamba kuwoneka zoyera ndi mawanga ofiira, kapena thupi lonse linali lofiira mumdima wofiira ndi malo oyera.
Chikhalidwe cha nyamazi ndi chovuta kwambiri, chimatha kuchita mantha, zimatha kusonyeza kukwiya. Ng'ombezi, ng'ombezi zimakhala bwino kwambiri, koma pamatentha amayamba kuyenda mofulumira.
Kulemera kwa ng'ombe pakakula kungakhale 420-500 kg, ndipo ng'ombe - 700-800 makilogalamu.
Nkhumba zimabadwa zochepa, makilogalamu 25-30 aliwonse.
Ng'ombe za Aurshire apereke mkaka wochuluka. Pa nthawi yonse ya lactation, mkaka wa 4000-5000 wa mkaka wokhala ndi mafuta 4-4.3% ungapezeke kuchokera ku ng'ombe imodzi.
Chifukwa cha mafuta awa mkaka wa ng'ombe izi, ma globules ang'onoang'ono a mafuta amatha kupezeka.
Mitundu ya nyama ya Ayrshire imayesedwa ngati yokhutiritsa. Kuchokera ku khola imodzi ya 50-55% ya kulemera kwace kudzapita ku nyama.
Zimakhalanso zosangalatsa kuwerengera za momwe zimakhalira ng'ombe.
Ng'ombe za Dutch
Ng'ombe za mkaka za ku Denmark zimatengedwa kuti ndi oimira otchuka kwambiri a mitundu imeneyi. Mtundu uwu unabzalidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yachilendo, kotero poyamba ndi wosasunthika.
Lero, ng'ombe zosiyanasiyanazi zikukula m'mayiko 33. Ng'ombe za mkaka za ku Dutch zili mitundu itatu: wakuda ndi motley, wofiira ndi motley ndi Groningen. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo ndi nyama zakuda ndi zoyera, dzina lachiwiri la ng'ombe za ku Frisian.
Kwa zaka 150 za kubadwa kwa ng'ombezi, akatswiri a zinyama akwanitsa kulimbikitsa zinyamazi pamlingo pamene akwaniritsa miyezo yonse yapamwamba. Poyamba, ng'ombezi zinkangoganizira nyama, sizinatengedwe mokwanira kumalo a minofu.
Lero, ng'ombe izi sizipereka kambiri mkaka, komanso khalani ndi thupi labwino.
Mafupa awo ali amphamvu, misana yawo ili ngakhale, yachitatu ya ng'ombe ya ng'ombeyo ili yayikulu ndi yolunjika, ng ombe za Friesian.
Nkhuku izi zimapangidwa patsogolo ndi mbali zapakati za thupi. Udder ndi waukulu, lobes ali ogawidwa mofanana, nkhono zimakonzedwa molondola. Ngakhalenso ziweto zimenezi komanso panali zofooka, akhala akutha kuthetsa ntchitoyi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Malingana ndi zokolola, mkaka woposa makilogalamu 4500 ukhoza kupezeka kuchokera ku khola imodzi, komwe zizindikiro za mafuta okhutira adzakhala pafupifupi 4%.
Zifuyozi zikukula mofulumira kwambiri, chifukwa chaka choyamba chamoyo mwana wa ng'ombe akhoza kupeza pafupifupi makilogalamu 300 a kulemera kwake.
Ng'ombe yaikulu ikhoza kulemera makilogalamu 500-550, ndi ng'ombe - 800-100 kg.
Nkhumba zimabadwa zazikulu, 38-40 makilogalamu.
Ngati chinyama chimalemera bwino, ndiye panthawi yophera nyama ya chiwerengero cholemera cha ng'ombe zidzakhala 55 - 60%.
Ng'ombe zofiira
Ng'ombe zofiira kwambiri ndi ng'ombe zakumwa za mkaka, koma anthu ena amatha kukhala ndi ng'ombe ndi mkaka.
Mtundu uwu unatchedwa dzina lake chifukwa cha mtundu wa chiweto - mtundu uli wofiira, ndipo mtundu umasiyana pakati pa kuwala kofiirira ndi mdima wofiira.
Pangakhale malo oyera pa khungu, makamaka mimba kapena miyendo. Kwa ng'ombe, mtundu wakuda wa sternum ndi nsana ndizoyimira.
Kutalika, ng'ombe zimatha kukula mpaka 126-129 masentimita, ngati zimayesedwa kuchokera kufota.
Ng'ombe zofiira ndi ng ombe za mkaka ndi zizindikiro zonse zakunja. Amakhala ndi mafupa ofunika, thupi lalitali, lamng'onoting'ono, mutu wodabwitsa. Khosi liri lalitali, loonda, lopindidwa ndi zikopa zambiri za khungu.
Sternum ndi yakuya, yopapatiza, kuponderezana sikukuyenda bwino. Chiunocho n'chokwanira, chosakanikirana m'litali, sacrum ikhoza kukwezedwa pang'ono. Vuto la mimba ndi lalikulu, koma khoma la m'mimba silimveka. Mizere yamphamvu ndi yolunjika.
Udder umapangidwa bwino, mofanana ndi wozungulira, wausinkhu wofiira, wowuma mu kapangidwe.
Nthawi zina zimakhala zotheka kukumana ndi ng'ombe zomwe udder wawo sungapangidwe bwino, ndiko kuti, uli ndi mawonekedwe osasintha, ndipo magawowo sakudziwika bwino.
Ng'ombe zofiira zimakhala zosavuta kuzizoloŵera nyengo yatsopano, kutenthetsa kutentha, kusowa kwa chinyontho ndi kudya udzu wonse m'munda kuti muyende.
Zolakwa zakunja zingathenso kuganiziridwa kuti ndi zopanda ziwalo, kupopera kochepa, komanso kupapatiza pang'ono.
Mitundu ya ng'ombe zamtundu uwu sikula bwino, kulemera ndi kochepa. Ng'ombe zomwe zakhala zopanda 3 kapena kuposa nthawi zimakhala zolemera makilogalamu 450-510. Ng'ombe-opanga akhoza kupeza mamita 800-900 a kulemera kwa thupi.
Nkhumba zimabadwa pa makilogalamu 30-40 malinga ndi chiwerewere.
Nyama zokolola ndi 50-55%.
Kawirikawiri, zokolola za mkaka pa ng'ombe zimapanga 3500-4000 makilogalamu mkaka ndi mafuta okhala ndi 3.7-3.9%.
Ng'ombe za ng'ombe zamtunduwu
Ng'ombe za kholmogory zimatengedwa kuti ndizo zomwe zimayimira mitundu ya mkaka. Kawirikawiri amajambula mu mdima wakuda ndi wa variegated, koma nthawi zina mungapeze ng'ombe za mitundu yofiira-ndi-variegated, yofiira ndi yakuda.
Thupi la nyama izi ndilozaza, miyendo ndi yaitali, kumbuyo ndi kutali ndi, ngakhale sacrum ikhoza kukhala 5-6 masentimita kuposa momwe imafota, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri.
Chiunocho chimakhala chachikulu, chophwanyika. Kubwerera kumbuyo, bwino kwambiri. Miyendo imakhala bwino., iwo amafotokoza bwino ziwalo ndi matope. Mimba ili yovuta, yozungulira. Sternum bwino bwino, koma osati kuya.
Kukula kwa minofu kumakhalanso ndibwino. Khungu ndi zotanuka, zosakanikirana. Udder ndi wautali, ma lobes ali opangidwa mofanana, zikopa zimakhala zozungulira, kutalika kwake kumatha kusiyana ndi 6.5 mpaka 9 cm.
Mutuwo ndi waung'ono, wopangidwira pamaso. Minyanga ndi yaifupi.
Gwiritsirani ntchito mkhalidwe watsopano wosunga ng'ombeyi mwamsanga.
Mayi amalemera pafupifupi 480-590 makilogalamu, mu ng'ombe - 850-950 makilogalamu.
Ng'ombe zazikuluzikulu zinapeza pafupifupi makilogalamu 800, ndi ng'ombe - 1.2 matani.
Nkhumba za ng'ombe izi ndi zapamwamba kwambiri.
Ndi kukhuta kwabwino kwa mchere wonse wa nyama 55-60% adzapatsidwa kwa ng'ombe yoweta.
Kuchulukitsa mkaka ndi kwakukulu, kuchokera ku ng'ombe yomwe mungapeze kuchokera ku 3600-5000 makilogalamu a mkaka wokhala ndi mafuta okwanira 5%.
Pa lactation, ng'ombe ikhoza kubala mkaka woposa makilogalamu 10,000.
Yaroslavl mtundu wa ng'ombe
Ng'ombe za Yaroslavl zinamera m'zaka za m'ma 1800 m'dera la Yaroslavl chifukwa cha kuswana. Imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yabwino kwambiri m'mayiko a CIS.
Mtundu wa ng'ombezi ndi wakuda kwambiri, koma pali anthu a black and motley ndi ofiira ndi motley shades. Mutu nthawi zonse umakhala woyera, mazunguzungu amaumbidwa m'maso, ndipo mphuno ndi mdima. Komanso mimba, mchira wa mchira ndi miyendo yapafupi imakhala yoyera.
Ng'ombe yaikuluyo imakhala ndi masentimita 125-127, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala 460-500 kg. ng'ombe zikhoza kulemera 700-800 makilogalamu.
Mitundu ya miyala ya Yaroslavl imakhala yamoto, mitunduyo ndi yochepa kwambiri. Thupi limakhala lochepa, miyendo ndi yochepa komanso yopepuka.
Chifuwacho ndi chakuya koma chopapatiza, kuchotsa pang'onomkulu amauma. Khosi liri lalitali, lodzaza ndi zikopa zazing'ono za khungu, zomwe ziri zoonda kwambiri ndi zotanuka mu mawonekedwe ake.
Nkhumba zonenepa mu ng'ombe izi zimapangidwa pang'ono. Minofu imakula bwino., ndi kuzungulira kufupi kwa thupi.
Mutu wa ng'ombezi ndi wouma ndi wopapatiza, mbali yapambali imakhala yochepa, nyanga ndizowala, koma mapeto ali mdima.
Kumbuyo kumakhala pakati pawiri, sacrum nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati denga, kawirikawiri zoterezi zimakhala zochepa kwambiri monga thupi lochepa kwambiri mu ma ischial tubercles ndi drooping. Mimba ndi yayikulu, nthitizi zimakhala zosiyana. Udder ndi kuzungulira, bwino kwambiri.
Nkhono za kutsogolo ndizowonjezera pang'ono kuposa zam'mbuyo, zomwe ziri zosiyana ndi ng'ombe za Yaroslavl.
Chaka chimodzi, ng'ombe imodzi imatha kubereka pafupifupi 3500 - 6000 makilogalamu a mkaka ndi mafuta okwanira 4-4.5%. Pa lactation yoyamba, 2250 makilogalamu akhoza kumwa mowa.
Nyama ya ng'ombe za Yaroslavl zamitundu yabwino, zomwe zimaperekedwa kuphedwa zingakhale 40-45%.
Ng'ombe za mtundu wa Tagil
Ng'ombe za Tagil ndi ng'ombe zokha. Zimakhala zochepa, pamene kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 125-128, misa imatha mpaka 450-480 makilogalamu.
Ng'ombe zowoneka kunja, zimakhala zowonongeka, ngati thupi limathamanga kwambiri (153-156 cm). Chifuwacho chimakhala chakuya, khosi ndi lolunjika ndi lalitali, ndi khungu laling'ono.
Khungu lenilenilo ndilokhazikika. Mutu ndi wautali, wouma. Kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe izi zimakhala zochepa komanso zopapatiza. Msana wammbuyo ndi wabwino, wamphamvu. Udder umawongolera bwino, mavupa amaikidwa molondola komanso amakhala ndi nthawi yaitali.
Khungu la ng'ombe za Tagil makamaka ndi mitundu yakuda ndi yosiyanasiyana, koma palinso zofiira, zofiira, zofiira ndi variegated, komanso nyama zoyera ndi zakuda ndi zofiira.
Nkhumba, mphuno ndi ndondomeko za nyanga zili zakuda.
Zoipa za mtundu uwu zimapezeka kokha kunja, ndiko kuti, ng'ombe ikhoza kukhala nayo thumba laling'ono kwambiri, mosalongosola miyendo kapena miyendo yopanda bwino.
Ng'ombe zimenezi zidzayenda mu mpweya wabwino kupita ku moyo, zizoloŵezi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Ntchito yobereka ya ng'ombe ikuchitidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka kugonjetsedwa kwa zaka zaka 15-20.
Ng'ombe za Tagil zili ndi makhalidwe abwino. Patsiku, gobies imakhala yolemera 770 - 850 g, ndipo kulemera kwao kwa zaka zoposa chaka chiri ndi makilogalamu 400 mpaka 480. Nyama yamtunduwu imatulutsa mafuta, nyama imatha kupezeka. Ambiri amasungidwa ku 52-57%.
Ng'ombe zimenezi zimayamwa bwino - kuchokera ku ng'ombe imodzi mukhoza kumwa makilogalamu oposa 5000 a mkaka ndi mafuta 3.8 - 4.2%.
Tsopano muli ndi mndandanda wa oyenerera kwambiri ng'ombe za mkaka ndipo mungathe kugula ng'ombe yamphongo kale kapena ng'ombe yaing'ono ndipo muzisangalala mkaka m'mawa uliwonse.
