Mushroom svinushka wotchuka kwambiri komanso wodziwika bwino kwa othawa amwadzidzidzi. Zikuwonekera nthawi yayitali isanafike bowa wina ndipo zimapindulitsa kwambiri mpaka m'dzinja.
Mukudziwa? Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe akunja, bowa la svinushka limafanana ndi khutu la nkhumba. Kufanana kumeneku kumaonongeka m'makutu akuluakulu a bowa. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali mwendo, umene umasungidwa osati pakati pa kapu ya bowa, koma kuchoka kwawo.
Ganizirani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa ndikuwone ngati angadye.
Svinushka woonda (lat. Paxillus integrautus)
Svinushka woonda ndi bowa la banja la Svushushkovye Boletovye. Tsopano bowa amaonedwa kuti ndi owopsya, ndipo mpaka 1981 iwo amawoneka ngati oyenera kudya. Nkhumba zambiri zimakula m'nkhalango zamitundu zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala zofanana ndi mitundu ina ya bowa. Kapu ya bowa imakula mu mamita 12-15 masentimita, ili ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Choyamba, chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ophatikizika pang'ono, kenako amakhala ndi phokoso lopweteka pakatikati. Mphepete mwa pansi, mwinamwake kuyendayenda. Chipewa ndi chamoyo, chimakhala chopuma. Pamwamba pake mumamva ngati fluffy, ndipo kenako yosalala, nyengo yamvula - zomangira. Mapira a bowa ndi owopsa, ofewa poyamba, komanso mu bowa akuluakulu, otayirira. Sizimasiyana ndi fungo lapadera ndi kulawa ndipo zingakhale zovuta.
Pamunsi mwa kapu muli pusudoplates ya mtundu wachikasu wofiira, umene umangowonjezera mosavuta ku kapu yamkati. Nkhumba za mimba - mpaka 9 cm wamtali ndi 2 cm mwake. Pansi pake ndi yosalala, yosalala, yonyezimira, yonyezimira pang'ono kuposa mtundu wake. Spore powder svinushki woonda bulauni. Ambiri osankha bowa amatsutsana za poizoni wa svushka wochepa. Amati amagwiritsa ntchito mushroomwa kuti akhale chakudya nthawi zonse komanso amamva bwino. Tiyeni tiwone, bowa svinushka woonda kwambiri kapena ayi. Choyamba kudya nkhumba mu 1944 kunadziwika. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo wa ku Germany, Julius Schaeffer, anamva bwino, ndipo anayamba kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba ndi malungo. Pambuyo masiku 17 adamwalira. Chifukwa chake chinali cholephera kwambiri cha renal.
Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti zizindikiro za poizoni siziwoneka nthawi zonse osati nthawi yomweyo. Nkhumbayi ili ndi lectin za poizoni, zomwe siziwonongedwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha. Mu zaka za m'ma 80 za zana la makumi awiri Dokotala wa ku Swiss Rene Flammmer anapeza kuti nkhumba zoteteza antigen zimatha kukonza membrane ya erythrocyte ndipo zimapangitsa chitetezo cha mthupi kutulutsa ma antibodies ndi kumenyana ndi maselo awo ofiira. Chotsatira chake, munthu amachititsa kuti magazi asapitirire kuchepa kwa magazi komanso kutaya magazi. Popeza zimatengera nthawi kuti thupi likhale ndi ma antibodies, zizindikiro za poizoni sizingatheke pomwepo. Komanso, kukhudzidwa kwa chiwalo chilichonse ku poizoni wa bowa ndi kosiyana kwambiri. Choncho, mu 1984, mwa dongosolo la wotsogoleli wamkulu wa ukhondo wa USSR, nkhumba yoonda kwambiri inalembedwa mndandanda wa bowa woopsa.
Ndikofunikira! Palibe mankhwala osokoneza nkhumba. Ngati, mutatha kudya bowa, mukumva choipa, muyenera kuonana ndi bungwe la zamankhwala kuti muyang'ane magawo a magazi, kugwira ntchito kwa impso, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuchepetsa madzi ndi electrolyte ndi kusintha zolakwika.
Nkhumba alder (latini Paxillus filamentosus)
Alpine kapena aspen kufesa ndi mitundu yochepa. Adalandira dzina lake kuchokera ku malo okondedwa ofunikira pansi pa aspen kapena alder. Ali ndi zofanana zambiri ndi nkhumba zochepa, koma zimasiyana ndi kapu yomwe ili ndi mthunzi wofiira kwambiri. Zilonda za alpine, komanso tizilonda tating'onoting'ono, ndizoizoni, ngakhale kuti anthu ena omwe amamwa bowa amangozidya moyenera.
Nkhumba yamafuta (kumverera) (lat. Tapinella atrotomentosa)
Mitundu yambiri ya nkhumba ndi nkhumba yoonda komanso nkhumba yambiri. Izi ndi bowa la banja la Tapinella la dongosolo la Boletov. Bowa ali ndi kapu yomwe ili ndi masentimita 5-15 masentimita, yoyamba kugwedezeka, maonekedwe ake, ndipo kenaka imakhala ndi chimbudzi chokhala ngati mapiko. Pamwamba pa kapu ndizodzikongoletsa kapena zosalala ndi mtundu wofiira wa bulauni. Mphepete mwawo muli mzere. Kuchokera kumbali ya pansi kumakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wa amitundu wobiriwira mu bowa wachinyamata ndi bulauni mwa okhwima. Msola uli pafupifupi masentimita 7 ndi utali ndi mamita atatu masentimita a masentimita a mawonekedwe, akhoza kukhala wokhazikika kapena kutsogolo kwasuntha.
Pamwamba pake pali velvety, mdima wofiirira. Kawirikawiri imalowa mu gawo lapansi. Thupi la bowa ndi loyera-lachikasu komanso lopanda fungo lapadera. Amatha kuphulika pamaso pa chinyezi ndipo imadetsa kink. Mphala wambiri wa bowa mtundu wachikasu. Mankhwala a Amoniya amawoneka ndi nkhumba zowakayika mu mtundu wa lilac, ndi potassium hydroxide (KOH) - mumdima ndi wakuda. Svushka mafuta amatanthauza conditionally edible bowa. Kunja kwina kumaonedwa kuti n'kosatheka kapena ndizosawonongeke. Mapira a bowawa ali ndi atromentin (brown pigment), omwe amachititsa kukhala antibiotic ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu zowonongeka, telephoreic acid (blue pigment), omwe amavala utoto wabuluu.
Tapinella panusoidal, kapena nkhumba zooneka ngati khutu (Latin Tapinella inuoides)
Khumba la khutu ndi nthenda. Thupi la bowa likhoza kukhala ndi chikhomo chokhala ndi mapepala apamwamba omwe ali ndi masentimita 16, omwe amasungidwa mwakachetechete kapena osakanikirana ndi mycelium yowumitsa ngati mwendo wawfupi. Pamwamba pa kapu imamvekanso, kenako imakhala yosalala, kuchokera ku chikasu cha chikasu mpaka ku brownish-wofiirira. Mphepete mwa bowa ndi wochepa thupi, umakhala wochepa kwambiri, ukhoza kukhala wochepa. Kuchokera pansi pa kapu muli mbale zochepa kuchokera ku kirimu chachikasu kupita ku lalanje.
Pansi pa bowawo ndi wandiweyani, wonyezimira, wofiirira. Nyama ndi yamtundu, yonyezimira yofiirira, imakhala spongy ikauma. Nkhumba imakula kuchokera kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn singly kapena magulu pa stumps kapena coniferous wood. Bowa lingathe kukhala pamwamba pa nyumba zakale zamatabwa, kuwononga. Nkhumba ya khutu imatchedwa bowa woopsa chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa lectin. Zoizoni zimenezi zimayambitsa maselo ofiira a magazi.
Mukudziwa? Dzinali la bowa tapinella panusovnaya limasuliridwa ngati carpet.
Paxillus ammoniavirescens nkhumba
Bowa uwu amapezeka m'mapaki a m'mizinda ndi m'nkhalango za Italy, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, France, England komanso m'mayiko akumwera kwa Africa. Amanena za chakupha. Kapu ya bowa ndi yamtundu, yandiweyani, yonyezimira, yofiirira, mpaka mamita khumi ndi awiri m'mimba mwake. Thupi la bowa palokha limakula, mpaka masentimita 10. Ambiri amakula mofulumira. Nkhono za bowa ndi zazikulu, zofiirira.
Paxillus obscurisporus
Bowa la nkhumba Paxillus obscurisporus amadziwika kuti ndi owopsya ndipo ali ofanana pofotokozera chaboris (mtundu wa Clitocybe). Zinthu zosiyana ndi zofiirira, osati mbale zoyera pansi pa kapu ndi bulauni, osati zoyera za spores, monga za govorushek. Nthawi zambiri bowa limakula pansi pa mitsinje ya Lindens kapena pamtunda wina. Zili ndi zazikulu kuposa nkhumba zina. Dulani popanda fungo lapadera, kulawa - wowawasa. Chipewa ndi golide wonyezimira, chokhala ndi mamita 4-13 masentimita, ndi mpweya wolimba. Msowa wa bowawo ndi wamtali masentimita 8, umangowamba pang'ono kuchoka pansi kupita ku kapu ndipo umakhala wofiira-wachikasu. Nthawi ya fructification - July - September.
Paxillus rubicundulus
Mbali yamtundu wa nkhumbazi ndi kapu yofanana ndi mapuloteni omwe ali ndi masentimita 15 a mtundu wachikasu wofiira ndi reddish tinge. Mnofu uli ndi mtundu wa chikasu ndipo umasintha ngati utasweka kuti ukhale wofiira. Pamwamba pa kapu ndi yosalala komanso yosalala. Msola uli wamakono, masentimita 8 masentimita, choyamba chikasu, kenako amapeza mtundu wobiriwira-bulauni. Mtundu uwu wa bowa umafalikira ku Ulaya. Ng'ombe za bowa zimakonda kukula pamphepete mwa mitsinje, m'nkhalango zoyera ndi nthaka yonyowa ndipo zimapanga chithandizo ndi alder.
Mukudziwa? Bowa amatchedwa nyama yamtchire. Zili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, amino acid omwe amafunika kuti ubongo ukhale wogwira ntchito, mavitamini a B kuti ateteze dongosolo la mitsempha, fufuzani zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwe a magazi apangidwe, ma beta-glucans omwe amachititsa kuti chitetezo chiteteze, komanso zinthu zambiri zopindulitsa.
Bowa la Paxillus vernalis
Bowa amapezeka m'nkhalango za kumpoto kwa America, Estonia, Great Britain, Denmark. Amapanga symbiosis ndi aspen ndi birch. Nthawi ya fruiting ndi August - October. Chipewacho ndi chowoneka, chingakhale ndi maonekedwe osiyana a mtundu wachikasu. Pamwamba pake ikhoza kukhala yosalala kapena pang'ono yovuta. Pansi pa kapu amaikidwa mbale za chikasu. Mphuno ya bowa ndi yamchere, yandiweyani, yopanda fungo. Mtundu wake wachikasu pa nthawi yopuma umasintha ku bulauni-bulauni. Msolawo ndi wamtalika masentimita 9, masentimita awiri mpaka 2,5.5, mtundu umagwirizana ndi mtundu wa kapu.
Ndikofunikira! Svinushka woonda thupi amachititsa muscarin. Izi ndi poizoni woopsa, womwe umayambitsa poizoni wofanana ndi poizoni wa bowa wofiira. Sichiwonongeka pamene akuwiritsa bowa.
Kudya nkhumba kungayambitse mphepo yamkuntho kuti iwonongeke. Choncho, musanadye nkhumba zina, muyenera kudzipangira nokha - kuika moyo wanu pachiswe kapena ayi. Kodi ndi zotani mtengo kwa inu - kukoma kwa nkhumba kapena moyo, mudzipange nokha.
