Mphesa ndi chikhalidwe chosasangalatsa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wa kubzala zinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zophatikiza zomwe zimasinthidwa kale ndi nyengo ziyenera kubzalidwa. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda opatsirana ndikupewanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Komanso, kuti muthe kukolola zochuluka, muyenera kutsatira luso la kulima ndikuthandizira kupewa. Kuti mukwaniritse bwino, mphesazo zimathiridwa madziwo mutatenga nkhokwe zokhwima komanso malo okhala. Kudzikongoletsa ndi ndere kudzachotsa mphutsi za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso michere ya bowa. Kulephera kutsatira njirayi kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola komanso kuwonongeka pakuwoneka ngati mipesa ndi zipatso. Mizu, mphukira, inflorescence, masamba a masamba angakhudzidwenso. Tchire limakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa oyandikana nawo.
Chifukwa chiyani muyenera kukonza mphesa nthawi yophukira
Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, tizirombo tambiri timakhalabe tambiri mozizira. Zowonongeka zazikhalidwe panthawi imeneyi zitha kuwoneka zazing'ono. Zotsatira zake zimangodziwonetsera kokha pakukula.
Mafangayi ochulukirachulukira nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa chomera.
Kupopera kuphulika kwa nyundo, mutha kuthana ndi:
- thonje. Matendawa amakhudza masamba ndi zipatso. Amapanga zophimba. Otsatsa a matendawa ndi mikangano, yomwe kwa nthawi yayitali imakhalabe ndi moyo, kukhala pansi ndi impso;
- zowola zakuda. Mawonekedwe a kirimu amawoneka pamasamba masamba. Ngati sanapatsidwe, munda wamphesawo udzawonongedwa kwathunthu.
- anthracnose. Zotsatira zoyipa za bowa zimakhudza kapangidwe kake mkati ndi kunja kwa mbewu. Zotsatira zake, njira zoyika pang'onopang'ono zimayambitsa;
- Botrythiosis (zowola imvi). Zizindikiro zakugonjetsedwa zimagwera mphesa. Zomwe zimayambira sizingayende bwino. Spores amalowa muzomera kudzera mafunde amphepo;
- oidium. Amadziwika kuti powdery mildew. Chithunzi cha chipatala cha matendawa ndi chofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa.
Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atizilombo munthawi yake, mutha kuchotsa mphutsi zamatamba, nthata za akangaude ndi ma aphid.
Zipatso pa nthawi yophukira sizikhudzidwa, popeza nthawi imeneyi zokolola zayamba kale kukolola. Zotsatira zake, chiopsezo cha poyizoni wa fetal sichitha konse.
Madeti a yophukira mphesa
Kukolola nthawi ndi nthawi yothira kumera zimadalira nyengo.
- M'madera akumwera, njirayi imagwera pa Seputembara 7 mpaka 17.
- Wamaluwa omwe amakhala mkatikati mwa msewuwu amalimidwa kuyambira pa Seputembara 20 mpaka 30.
- Kubzala kumpoto, mphesa zoyambirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kututa mu 7-15 mwezi woyamba wa yophukira. Tchire limakonzedwa nthawi yomweyo mutachotsa mphesa zakupsa zakupsa.
Kukonzekeretsa mphesa kupopera mbewuzo, wosamalira mundawo ayenera kudula nsonga za mphesa ndi kudula, kuchotsa masamba owuma.
Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ndi mkuwa wa sulfate pokonzekera, muyenera kuyembekezera kugwa kwa masamba ndi kutsekedwa kwa masamba.
Mukufulumira ndi chithandizo, wokhalamo chilimwe adzangotentha mbewuzo. Poterepa, mphesa zimapopera mu theka lachiwiri la Okutobala.
Malangizo okonzera mphesa m'dzinja
Njirayi siyovuta. Yankho lomwe lidakonzedwa molingana ndi malangizo omwe adadza ndi zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatsanuliridwa m'mayiponi wamasamba. Kuchulukitsa kwa mtengo uliwonse wa mphesa ndi malita 1-2.
Osangobzala chomera chokha, komanso dothi lozungulirani. Mwanjira imeneyi, mphutsi ndi zomera zomwe zatsala m'nthaka zimawonongeka.
Asanalaze, nyakulima ayenera kuvala magalasi otetezera, kupumulira, ndi magolovesi a mphira. Kukonza kuyenera kuchitidwa nyengo yofunda.
Zotsatira zabwino, maola 4-5 osatulutsa mpweya ndizokwanira. Panthawi imeneyi, mankhwalawa amakhala ndi nthawi yogwira.
Kukonzekera ndi njira yophukira yophukira
| Mankhwala / mankhwala | Kuphika | Matenda / Tizilombo | Kugwiritsa |
| Iron sulfate | 10 l amadzimadzi 500 g a kapangidwe kake. | Oidium Anthracnose Spotted necrosis Khansa ya bacteria Osa Zoyota | Kumwaza kumachitika pokhapokha mukakonza kapangidwe kake. Kukonzanso kumayikidwa osati kokha ku mbewu, komanso pansi. Njira yothetsera vutoli imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira ndi prophylactic. |
| Mikal | Pomaliza, yankho chachikulu chopangira ayenera kukhala 0,25%. | Powdery mildew | Pakati pa sabata mukalandira chithandizo, ndizoletsedwa kukhudza chitsamba. |
| Folpan | Pa 1 ha, ndi 1.5-2 kg yokha ya mankhwala omwe amamwa. | Downy khosi | |
| Vitriol wabuluu | 50 g wa chigawochi amadzipereka mu 5 l amadzimadzi. Mankhwalawa amapangidwa mu pulasitiki kapena galasi. | Spray, kutsatira algorithm wamba. | |
| Urea | Yankho limakonzedwa kuchokera ku 10 l yamadzi ndi 300 g ya mankhwala. Ngati mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati prophylaxis, kuchuluka kwa gawo lalikulu kumachepetsedwa katatu. | Spider mite, aphid, bushworm. | Zomwe zimapangidwira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi ndi iron sulfate. Zovuta zake zimapatsa mphamvu. Njira yothetsera vutoli imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira nthaka ndikuwongolera mipesa. Chifukwa chake, mphutsi zimatha. |
| Soda yankho | 10 g madzi kutenga 10 g wa soda. | Osa | Kumwaza tchire |
| Mtondo wachangu | 1 makilogalamu a zosakaniza pa ndowa imodzi yamadzi. | Mpesa Woyera | |
| Fundazole | Kuchuluka kwa madzi pa 10 l amadzimadzi ndi 10 g. | Zabodza komanso ufa wouma. | Pokonza ikuchitika 2 zina. Njira yachiwiri ikuchitika masabata atatu itatha yoyamba. |
| Iodini | ½ supuni ya tiyi ya ayodini imawonjezeredwa mumtsuko wamadzi. | Gray zowola | Njira yothetsera vutoli imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mitengo ya mpesa. |
| Kusakaniza kwa sopo ochapira ndi phulusa lamatabwa. | Mu 10 l lamadzi yikani theka la sopo kapu ndi 500 g la phulusa. Zotsatira zake zimakakamizidwa kwa maola atatu. | Downy khosi | Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphesa |
Mipesa yochitidwa imatha kuda. Wopatsa vinyo sayenera kuchita mantha.
Pambuyo pake, mtunduwo umakhala ndi mthunzi wamba.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito Fundazole, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ufa uyu samasungunuka bwino m'madzi ndipo samasiyana pakazuka. Mankhwalawa ali ndi kalasi yachiwiri yowopsa.
Iron sulfate nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira yophukira, koma osavomerezeka kuti mugwiritse ntchito kasupe. Izi zimatha kupangika mphesa. Anthu ambiri okhala pachilimwe amanyalanyaza malangizowo kuti ateteze chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa impso kuchokera ku madzi oundana.
Mankhwala azikhalidwe ndi otetezeka kuposa mankhwala. Sizivulaza zomera ndi anthu omwe amakonza. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuthirira.
Njira zochizira mphesa mu kugwa kwa tizirombo ndi matenda zimaphatikizidwa mndandanda wazotsatira zoyenera. Pokonzekera nyengo yozizira, wosamalira mundawo asayiwale za kuvala kwapamwamba, kuthirira koyenera ndikututa kwa odulidwa. Gawo lomaliza ndikuteteza minda yamphesa. Tikateteza chikhalidwe chathu ku matenda opatsirana komanso tizirombo pakugwa, wosamalira mundawo nthawi ya zipatso adzapatsidwa zipatso zambiri zapamwamba.
Wophatikiza vinyo sayenera kunyalanyaza njira zofunikira zaulimi, wowerengeka, njira zachilengedwe ndi zovuta. Kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo, iye adzathandiza kupewa mavuto akulu. Kupewera panthawi yake ndiye njira yakhalira yamphesa yonse. Kuchokera kwa mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi 1-2, ngakhale zitsamba zolimba zimatha kuvutika.
