Asanayambe kupanga njuchi, woyambitsa mlimi amayenera kuphunzira mwachidule zofunikira za njuchi. Mutu uno uli ndi mfundo zoyenera kwa mlimi woyamba: kumene mungayambe, momwe mungasankhire njuchi, mtundu wa mng'oma, chisamaliro choyenera, ndi zina zambiri.
Zowonjezera za njuchi, muyenera kudziwa poyamba
Zowona za njuchi kwa oyambirira ndi mtundu wa zilembo. Choncho, m'pofunikira kusunga nzeru. Monga mlimi wamaluwa, mumaphunzira nthawi zonse. Mabuku ndi zolemba zapadera za njuchi zidzakuthandizani apa. Ndipo kuti musapeze zongopeka zokha, koma komanso zothandiza, mukhoza kupempha thandizo la mlimi wodziwa zambiri.
Chipangizo ndi kukonza ming'oma
Aliyense amene akufuna kupanga njuchi akufunsa funso: ndiyambe kuti. Choyamba chofuna kulembedwa kwa boma. Ngakhale mukukonzekera kusunga njuchi imodzi, muyenera kupeza pasipoti pamalo owetera njuchi.
Kenaka, timasankha malo a njuchi. Malo abwino kwambiri a njuchi ndi kumbuyo kwa mpanda waukulu kapena pafupi ndi mitengo. Mthunzi wa mitengo umathandiza tizilombo kukhala ndi microclimate ya kukhalamo m'chilimwe, ndipo mpanda waukulu umapanga ming'oma kuchokera kumphepo. Simukuyenera kukhala ndi njuchi m'chigwa: izi zidzakuthandizira kukulitsa matenda a fungal, zomwe zidzasokoneza ntchitoyi.
Ndikofunikira! Pafupi ndi njuchi, sipangakhale malo odyetsera mbalame - izi ndizo njuchi zodya njuchi, nkhuku, nkhuku. Ndikofunika kuti muwonetsere pasadakhale kuti anansi anu m'dera lanu sabala mbalame zoterozo.
Mng'oma wabwino uyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:
- Chojambulachi chiyenera kuteteza njuchi ku kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha, mvula ndi chinyezi. Mng†™ oma ayenera kutenthedwa, koma m'chilimwe makoma a dongosololo sayenera kukhala otentha kwambiri. Ngati mng'oma uli ndi mipanda imodzi, khoma linga silimachepera 3 masentimita. Pazithunzi za khoma lawiri, mpata pakati pa mpanda ndi wodetsedwa ndi moss.
- Mng†™ oma umapangidwira kwambiri kuika chipatsocho, komanso kusungirako zakudya zamtchi ndi chimanga (cornflower). Chojambulacho chiyenera kupangidwa kuti muthe kusintha ma volume ake.
- Mng†™ oma ayenera kukhala wokonzeka kusamalira ndi kusamalira. Zopangidwe ziyenera kusokonezeka mosavuta.
- Mbali zonse za mng'oma zimapangidwa mofanana. Ming'oma yomweyi ingathandize kwambiri mlimi komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito.
- Mng†™ oma ayenera kukhala ndi njira yapadera yothana ndi nkhupakupa: pansi chochotsedwera, galasi lapadera ndi tray.
- M'nyengo yozizira, chisa chimakhala chochepa, chiwerengero cha mafelemu chachepetsedwa. Malo otsala sayenera kukhala opanda kanthu, ndizozoloŵera kuzidzaza ndizitsulo zotsegula.
Kuyanjana kwa banja la njuchi
Mu bizinesi ngati njuchi, nkofunika kudziwa kumene angayambire. Woyambitsa mlimi akuyenera kuti adziŵe ndi zofunikira za mgwirizano wa njuchi.
Njuchi yamtundu (banja) ndi selo yapadera lomwe silingayanjane ndi mabanja oyandikana nawo. Njuchi ya njuchi imakhala ndi mfumukazi, njuchi zogwira ntchito ndi drone. Pamodzi, amaimira njuchi - mbali yogwira, yogwira ntchito.
Gawo lomangika ndi chisa cha njuchi. Chisacho chimakhala ndi zisa ndi ana aang'ono. Chisa - chinthu choyenera cha banja la njuchi. Zimapangidwira zonse zobereka mwana, komanso kupanga zogulitsa ndi zowonjezera uchi, komanso kuteteza banja. 
Mu njuchi njuchi, mamembala onse ali ofanana kwambiri. Palibe munthu mmodzi amene angakhale ndi moyo wokha. Ntchito za moyo zimagawidwa mosamalitsa pakati pa mamembala.
Zakudya Zakudya Zakuchi
Mu malo owetera njuchi kwa oyamba kumene, muyenera kudziwa komwe mungayambe pa nkhani ya zakudya zokhudzana ndi njuchi. Njuchi zimadyetsa chakudya chokha chokha. Pa nthawi yokolola uchi, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito timadzi tokoma kuchokera ku zomera za maluwa ndi kusandulika kukhala mungu wamaluwa ndi uchi. Kuchokera kumapeto kwa mtsogolo kumakonzekera mungu.
Ndi kusowa kwa timadzi tokoma, osonkhanitsa njuchi akhoza kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ena oyenera: madzi a zipatso zokoma ndi zipatso, pedi, ndi zina zotero. Ngati banja la njuchi liribe chakudya chokwanira, limaloledwa kudyetsa beet kapena sosi ya shuga. Komabe, kuyesera uku ndi kanthawi kochepa, ndipo uchi wokometsa uchi ukhoza kuvulaza m'nyengo yozizira.
Malingana ndi nyengo ndi zofunikira za kusonkhanitsa uchi, kukula kwa chakudya cha njuchi kumasiyana. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, pali ambiri omwe amaika mazira muming'oma ndipo ntchito yamphamvu ikupitirira, njuchi ziyenera kudyetsedwa. M'nyengo yozizira, banja limadya zombo za uchi. Anthu akuluakulu a njuchi ndi ana aang'ono mu gawo la larval amadyetsa kuvala pamwamba. Njuchi zazikulu zimagwiritsa ntchito uchi ndi mungu. Popanda uchi, njuchi zidzafa, choncho pamene mukuyenda kutali, njuchi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa uchi kwa masiku angapo.
Pakapita masiku angapo atatha, mazira a mphutsi amadyetsa mkaka wa njuchi. Ichi ndi chakudya chapadera. zopangidwa ndi zofiira za njuchi. Kuyambira tsiku lachinai, achinyamata amayamba kudyetsa chisakanizo cha uchi, mungu ndi madzi. Pambuyo kusindikiza anawo, kudyetsa kwaimitsidwa.
Mphutsi m'madontho (mfumukazi maselo) amadyetsa mkaka wa njuchi nthawi zonse. Gulu lapadera la njuchi, lomwe limasamalira chiberekero chachikulu, limapatsa mkaka wotere ndikulidyetsa mosasamala nyengo. Pambuyo pochoka chisa (maselo a njuchi yamasiye) ndikusunthira m'maselo apadera, chiberekero chingakhale moyo masiku angapo chifukwa cha uchi kapena chakudya cha shuga ndi uchi.
Njuchi zobereketsa
Kuphunzira zonse za njuchi ndi kulima njuchi kwa oyamba kumene, muyenera kudzidziwa bwino za njuchi. Mitundu iwiri ya kubalana ndi yachilendo kwa azisoni: zosangalatsa za anthu osiyana ndi azimayi omwe amakhala m'tchire ndi kuphulika (kusamvana kwa njuchi imodzi kumalo ena).
Pachiyambi choyamba, moyo wa njuchi umayamba ndi kuika mazira. M'nyengo yozizira, mfumukazi imapanga chilumba chatsopano, ndikuyika mazira mu selo iliyonse mkati mwa zisa.
Mtundu wachiwiri wa kuswana ndi gawo lachilengedwe la njuchi. Kuberekera kumachitika pamene coloni ikugwera m'magawo awiri. Gawo limodzi, lomwe liri ndi 40 mpaka 70% la anthu a mng'oma, limakhala ndi mfumukazi wakale pamalo atsopano. Pali mwayi wopulumuka mchigawo chatsopano komanso mumzinda wakale.
Pochita zibwenzi ndi drones (njuchi zamphongo), mfumukazi yachinyamatayo imawuluka nyengo yabwino kuyambira 12 mpaka 17 koloko madzulo. Drones amasonkhanitsidwa mochuluka makilomita angapo kuchokera ku njuchi. Chiberekero chimachokera kamodzi katatu patsiku ndi okwatirana pawiri ndi 7-8 drones.
Gawo lotsatira la chitukuko cha njuchi ndilosiyana: dzira, larva, pupa, pupa.
Momwe mungapezere ndi kusunga uchi
Uchi wopangidwa mwatsopano nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mtundu wonyezimira, komabe umakula mvula. Njuchi zitasindikizidwa, mavitamini ambiri amakhalabe m'maselo. Chifukwa cha mazira a uchiyi amasungidwa kwa zaka zambiri (zaka 10-20). Komabe, alumali moyo wa uchi umadalira makamaka yosungirako.
Uchi ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Kusintha kwa uchi kuchokera kumadzi kupita ku nthaka yolimba kumatchedwa crystallization (shuga).
Mukudziwa? Madzi osakanikirana a uchi akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ngati mutayisunga kwa masabata 5-6 pa 0 ° C, ndiyeno muziumirira pa 14 ° C. Uchi ukukonzedwa moterewu umakhalabe madzi kwa zaka ziwiri.
Mitundu yosawerengeka ya mchenga ndi uchi wamchere sizimayenderana ndi shuga. Uchi wokongola wa chilengedwe umawoneka bwino pakapita nthawi.
Kuweta Njuchi kwa oyamba kumene kumaphatikizapo kudziwa za malamulo oti asungire uchi.
Kuti musunge makhalidwe onse othandiza a uchi, muyenera kutsatira malamulo osavuta awa:
- Khalani uchi mu chidebe cha galasi ndi chivindikiro cholimba. Chidebecho chiyenera kukhala chouma, popanda zofukiza zosayenera.
- Musasunge uchi m'firiji. Kutentha kumabweretsa nayonso mphamvu.
- Musalole kuti madzuŵa a dzuwa adzike mu chidebe cha uchi, mwinamwake mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatha kuchepa ndipo mavitamini adzawonongedwa.
- Uchi sayenera kusungidwa m'chipinda chozizira kwambiri. Sungani kutali ndi mabatire otentha.
- Musasunge uchi pafupi ndi pickles, zakudya zosuta ndi zinthu zofanana ndi zonunkhira.
- Malo abwino kwambiri oti asungire uchi ali mu kabati youma, kutali ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi zofukiza zina.
Matenda a njuchi
Kuphunzira zofunikira za ulimi wa njuchi kwa oyamba kumene, nkofunika kuti tisanyalanyaze nkhani monga njuchi. Pali matenda ambiri a njuchi omwe amabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa alimi. Kupewa nthawi ndi chithandizo kudzapulumutsa kuchokera ku mapangidwe ndi kufalikira kwa matenda a njuchi. Chizindikiro chachikulu chosonyeza kukhalapo kwa matenda ndi khalidwe lochepa la njuchi.
Matenda amatha kukhala odwala kapena osakwanira.mi Matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi owopsa kwambiri. Gululi likuphatikizapo ana owerengeka, ofooka, foulbrood ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Matendawa amafunika thandizo lachipatala. Matenda a nyengo amayamba chifukwa cha zitsitsimutso zowonongeka ndi matenda opatsirana.
Matenda a njuchi amagawanika kukhala opatsirana komanso osagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (fungal matenda, bacterioses, rickettsia, matenda opatsirana). Matenda owopsa nthawi zambiri amasangalala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kupewa matenda a njuchi kumadalira zochitika zapadera. Njira zothandizira zonsezi ziyenera kuchitika mwatsatanetsatane, ndi kukonzekera ndi kukonza njuchi. Ntchito ikuchitika kumayambiriro kwa masika - nthawi imene matendawa sanafalikirebe.
Zida zothandiza kwa mlimi woyamba
Kuyamba koweta njuchi kwa "dummies" ayenera kuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri komanso kutetezedwa kwathunthu ku njuchi. Pachifukwa ichi, adapanga zida zothandiza njuchi. Njira zoyenera kuonetsetsa ziyenera kuwonetsedwa motetezedwa ndi chitetezo cha anthu oyandikana nawo.
Chitetezo cha ntchito ku njuchi
Oyamba kumene anayamba kungoyamba njuchi sikuvomerezeka kuyendera njuchi popanda njira yapadera yotetezera. Zida zambiri zoteteza zili pamsika (zovala zosiyanasiyana, maski, magolovesi). Komabe, monga kamera, mungagwiritse ntchito zovala zowononga njuchi. Yesetsani kusankha zovala zazikulu komanso zabwino, izi zimathandiza kwambiri ntchitoyi.
Ndikofunikira! Ndikofunika kudziwa chinthu chimodzi chofunika pa ulimi wa njuchi: ngati mumadzipangira nkhope yanu yotetezera, gwiritsani ntchito mdima wofiira. Mtundu wa kuwala ndi wosayenera - umapangitsa kuti anthu asamawoneke.
Ndi mwambo kuteteza nkhope ndi maski ndi chimango chowala. Maski awa amapanga malo otetezera pakati pa nkhope ndi gridi.
Njuchi zimakopeka kwambiri ndi danga pakati pa nsapato ndi zovala. 
Zotsatira zake zikhoza kukhala zilembo kwa osaka ndi skiers, zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo a masewera. Gawolo ndiloyenera kwa nsapato iliyonse ndipo idzakupatsani chitetezo chodalirika.
Magolovesi amtundu wamba angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuteteza manja. Komabe, magolovesi ayenera kukhala okhuthala mokwanira kuti asateteze njuchi kuti asamapse manja.
Mukudziwa? Alimi ena amagwiritsa ntchito maofesi odzaza a ojambula ngati chitetezo. Kuti muchite izi, mitsuko ikulumphira ndikutseka pamutu pa khosi. Choncho, mtengo wotsika kwambiri Mudzapeza zovala zabwino zoteteza.
Chimene mukufunikira kusamalira bwino njuchi
Kuweta njuchi, pali malamulo angapo ogwirizana komanso othandiza omwe sayenera kunyalanyazidwa. Alimi ambiri osadziwa zambiri amatsegula zisa zawo kuti aziyendera kangapo patsiku. Kufufuza kawirikawiri kumayambitsa kuswa kwa kutentha kwa ming'oma. Kuwonjezera apo, njirayi imasokoneza njuchi ndikuchepetsera kukula kwawo.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito malo owetera njuchi sizidalira nambala ya kuyendera ming†™ oma, koma chifukwa cha ntchito yabwino. Ntchito yodalirika kumalo owetera njuchi amatanthauza njira zowonjezereka kwa nthawi yochepa komanso zochepa zofufuza. Kuti muzisamalira bwino njuchi, muyenera kukonzekera bwino ntchito ndi nthawi yobwerezabwereza. Pofuna kusamalira njuchi kumapeto kwa nyengo, alimi a novice adzakhala okwanira kwa mphindi 15-20. Kuti muyang'ane njuchi ya njuchi yosalemba bwino, mudzafunika maminiti khumi.
Kukonzekera kwakukulu kumafuna kufufuza nthawi ndi nthawi pa nthawi yotentha kuti mayi woika njuchi aziika mazira, njuchi zimagwira ntchito zawo, ndipo njuchi imakhala ndi malo okwanira. M'miyezi yozizira, kuyendera sikunakonzedwe. Yesetsani kutulutsa kutentha kwa ming'oma.
Ndikofunikira! Mutagwira ntchito ndi njuchi musasiye makina, zovala zonyansa kapena zida m'malo omwe ana ang'ono angakhale. Zowonjezerazo zimakhalabe mbola yoopsa, yomwe ingabweretse chifuwa kwa ana.
Chida cha zipangizo zogwirira ntchito ndi njuchi
Mudzafunika zida zochepa izi:
- Chisel mlimi. Ichi ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chogwira ntchito ndi njuchi. Chiseliti ili ndi ntchito zambiri: gwirani chithunzi chochotsamo mumng'oma, chotsani njuchi glue (propolis), kuyeretsa sera, kuwonetsa amayi mowa.
- Mpeni wa njuchi. Mpeni wakonzedwa kuti udule uchi watsopano ndi mafelemu.
- Kaburashi chifukwa akuwomba njuchi ku mafelemu.
- Pulogalamu kutsegula uchi ndi kuchotsa njere.
- Lekala pansi pa malo okhala ndi sitolo ndi malo odzipangira mafelemu omwe apachikidwa.
- Kusuta fodya. N'zosatheka kugwira ntchito ndi njuchi popanda kusuta fodya. Utsi amafunika kuti pakhale njuchi.
- Kusuta fodya. Osuta fodya amagwiritsa ntchito utsi wa chitoliro chawo kuntchito yawo. Popanda chubu, tanthauzo lonse la njuchi limatayika.
Momwe mungasankhire mlimi woyamba woweta njuchi
Osati kawirikawiri kuti afunse funso: momwe angasamalire njuchi, Poyambitsa alimi chinthu chofunikira ndicho kusankha mfumukazi yabwino njuchi. Mu ming'oma ya njuchi, zimakhala zovuta kuona chiberekero, koma tiyenera kuzindikira njuchi -kazi kamodzi - ndipo mudzakumbukira. Njuchi zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, zimagwira ntchito njuchi komanso zimakhala ndi mimba yaitali. Kuwona chiberekerocho chiyenera kukhala pakati pa chisa cha selo ndi ana kapena pafupi ndi mphutsi zatsopano. Pa theka la nyengo ya chilimwe, chiberekero chikhoza kupezeka pazithunzi zakunja (uchi ndi burgundy malo a uchi).
Mukapeza chiberekero, yesani kuyesa: Ngati mapiko akuphwanyika, ngati miyendo ndi mimba zavulala. Kenaka mvetserani ku khalidwe la mazira (ana). Chiberekero choyenera chimayika mazira mu selo iliyonse (popanda mipata), kumadzaza zisa. Ngati mwanayo atapyapyala, pali zowonongeka - chiberekero sichitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo iwe uyenera kuchitapo kanthu. 
Komanso tcherani khutu ku nambala ya njuchi ndikudyetsa nkhokwe. Mu khola la njuchi, mu April payenera kukhala osachepera 1.5 makilogalamu a njuchi (6 mafelemu), kuyambira May mpaka August - osachepera 3 makilogalamu (12 mafelemu). Kuwonjezera apo, mu njuchi njuchi ayenera kukhala ndi chiberekero cha fetal, 6 makilogalamu a chakudya, mafelemu 4-5 a ana ndi mafelemu 1-2 a njuchi. Kawirikawiri njuchi zimagulitsidwa m'makina a plywood. Ndikofunika kupeza njuchi zobala bwino m'nyengo yozizira bwino komanso zosagonjetsedwa ndi matenda.
Pa njira ya mlimi wa novice, pangakhale zokhumudwitsa, nyengo zovuta, ndi mavuto ena ambiri. Pofuna ulimi wa njuchi kuti ubweretse chisangalalo ndi phindu, ndi bwino kuphunzira zofunikira zopezeka njuchi kwa oyamba kumene ndikukonzekera ku zotsatira zabwino.
