Amitundu (dzina lachilatini - Gentiana) ndi dzina lachilengedwe la zomera mazana angapo, osatha ndi chaka, akukula pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi (kupatula Africa ndi Antarctica), choncho amasiyana ndi maonekedwe, komanso kukula komanso kusamalira.
Komabe, ndi mtundu woterewu umene umatilola kuti tikwaniritse izi, Kudzala mitundu ingapo ya gentian m'minda, mukhoza kukwaniritsa maluwa omwe amapitirira nthawi yonseyi. Ndipo maluwa a gentian ndi odabwitsa: iwo amaimiridwa ndi mitundu yonse ya buluu - kuchokera ku buluu mpaka kufiira, koma palinso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maluwa oyera, achikasu, a pinki ndi ofiira.
Mukudziwa? Chomeracho chinalandira dzina lake lachilatini kuti lilemekeze mfumu ya Illyria - dziko lakale lomwe lili kumadzulo kwa Balkan Peninsula - zomwe, malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, adachiza nthendayi ndi madzi achiyuda. Ponena za dzina lachi Russia la chomera, chirichonse chiri chophweka kwambiri pano: mizu ndi masamba a Amitundu ali ndi kulawa kowawa, chotero gentian.
Mitengo pafupifupi 90 ya gentian imalimidwa. Mitundu yambiri ya ku Ulaya ya gentian imakula mwakuya kwathu, koma mitundu yake ya ku Asia ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri.
Ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti, chifukwa cha zonsezi, Gentian sichinafikepo kutchuka pakati pa florists, ndipo pali zifukwa zomveka za izi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya gentian komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe, zimakhala zovuta kupereka malangizowo kuti azisamalidwa. Komabe, kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chiri choyenera kwa mitundu yosiyana ndi yosayenera?
Palinso malo omwe gentian amawoneka kuti amawongolera mozizwitsa ndikukula mu malo okonzedweratu, koma maluwa omwe sanayembekezerepo sanayembekezere. Koma zinatenga mamita ochepa okha kuti asunthe chomeracho, ndipo vutoli linathetsedwa palokha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, gentian - chomera chopanda nzeru komanso chosadziwika. Ndipo ndibwino kuyesa kukula maluwa okongolawo pa chiwembu chanu.
Kusankha malo okula gentian
Monga tafotokozera kale Kusankhidwa kwa malo ndi kusankha nthaka kwa gentian kumadalira makamaka mmene gentiana imakula m'chilengedwe. Mitundu ina ya zomera imakonda malo a dzuwa, ena amakhala omasuka mumthunzi. Amitundu omwe amapanga zojambulajambula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa mapiri a alpine, koma njirayi si yoyenera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera zomwe zimakonda mthunzi wosasunthika ndipo sizitentha kwambiri kumadzulo kumadzulo kwa dera lotseguka komanso nthaka youma.
Malo abwino kwa zomera, nyengo ya maluwa yomwe imachitika mu kugwa, ndi madera ozizira pafupi ndi matupi a madzi. Amakula bwino mu penumbra gentian Andrews. Koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera monga gentian yaikulu, komanso bracteosa, parryi, sceptrum (palibe maina a ku Russian) amafunika kuchuluka kwa dzuwa komanso nthawi yomweyo nthaka yobiriwira. Gentian yozungulira autumn ya Asia imakondanso dzuwa, koma imafuna chinyezi pang'ono m'nthaka.
Kawirikawiri, ziyenera kudziwika kuti mlingo wa capriciousness gentian kuunikira ndi kulengedwa kwa nthaka pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ndi yosiyana: Gentiana ena amatha kukula ndikukula pafupifupi paliponse, kwa ena, kumamatira mwachidwi mikhalidwe yozoloŵera kukula. Komabe, mitundu ina ya gentian imakula kumene pafupifupi zomera zina sizikula. Mwachitsanzo, m'makona ovuta kwambiri a Bavaria, mungapeze mitundu yambiri ya ku Asia ya gentian.
Ngati mukuyesera kubweretsa zofunikira za gentian kumalo akunja, tikhoza kunena kuti mitundu yonse ya zomera imakonda malo okhala ndi chinyezi, nthaka iyenera kuyamwa bwino, koma osati yowonjezera, payenera kukhala kuwala kokwanira, koma kutentha kwakukulu kwa gentian kumapweteka.
Choncho pamapeto pake: Kutentha kwa nyengo yomwe gentian ikukonzekera kukula, yosaoneka ngati yopanda phindu maonekedwe ake ayenera kusankhidwa ndipo kuyesayesa kumafunika kuti chiteteze ku zomera kuchokera masana dzuwa. Malowa ayenera kukhala owala m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma mthunzi madzulo.
Ndi nthaka, vutoli ndi lovuta kwambiri. Ngati mutenga chingwe chopanda pake monga mtundu, mitundu ina imakonda nthaka yowawa, ina - yamchere. Pachifukwa ichi, kudutsa mitundu iyi kumabweretsa chomera chomwe chingamere bwino mofanana pa nthaka ndi msinkhu wosiyana wa acidity. Palibe mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi momwe nthaka ndi anthu aku Asia amaimira a gentian.
Motero, gentian yokongoletsedwa ndi Chitchaina sichikulira ponseponse pa nthaka ya miyala yamchere, ena amtunduwu, amati, Genre Farrer, sakufuna kukhala ndi laimu m'nthaka. Nyama zina za ku Asia, maluwa m'nyengo ya chilimwe (mwachitsanzo, Dauruan, recumbent, ndi ena), mosiyana, amakonda nthaka ndi mandimu komanso acidity. Pali mitundu yambiri ya chilimwe yotchedwa Asian gentians, yomwe imakonda dothi la calcareous, koma idzaphuka pamtunda wina, pokhapokha ngati acidity si yaikulu kwambiri.
Pakuti stemless gentian loam ndi yoyenera, koma zomera, zomwe malo awo akumpoto ndi North America, zimakula bwino potsakaniza peat, pepala nthaka ndi mchenga. Amitundu ochokera ku Asia, makamaka omwe akuphuka mu kugwa, amakonda zinthu monga dongo ndi miyala kuti zizipezeka mu nthaka ya peaty yosavuta. Iyenera kunyalidwa m'maganizo kuti Mwachilengedwe, mitundu ina ya gentian imakula pamtunda wa miyala, ena mumchenga, ndipo ena (mwachitsanzo, Japanese gray genus) amakula phulusa lamoto.
Mitundu yaitali ya gentian, monga lamulo, ndi yovuta kwambiri pa nthaka, chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti mizu yawo yayitali sichimenyana ndi zigawo zazikulu monga dongo kapena miyala. Zitsanzo za zomera zoterezi zikhoza kutchulidwa mitundu ya European - chikasu, gentian, gentian, wofiirira ndi ena. Panthaŵi yomweyi, chikhalidwe cha kuteteza ku dzuwa lotenthedwa chimasungidwa. Mitundu ina yowonongeka ya nthaka imakhala yofunika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, gentian ndi yovuta, yogawikana, ndi hybrids).
Kubzala mbande zazing'ono gentian poyera
N'zotheka kudzala mbande za osatha gentian poyera nthawi iliyonse. Ndibwino kuti muzitha kuchita zomwe sizichitika m'nyengo yozizira, koma panthawi yamadzulo, muyenera kukumbukira kuti kubzala kwadzukulu kumayenderana ndi chiopsezo cha kufesa mbewu kuchokera pansi ndi chisanu mpaka dziko lapansi likhale lolimba kwambiri pamalo atsopano. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, mutabzala gentian mu kugwa, nthaka yozungulira chomera iyenera kukhala yovuta kwambiri.
Ndikofunikira! Mbali ya gentian mizu ndiyokuti mosavuta imatha kuwonongeka. Choncho, kuchotsa chomera kuchoka mu chidebe ndikuchiika ayenera kukhala mosamala kwambiri, kusanunkhidwe ndi kumasula chipinda chadothi.
Mwamsanga mutabzala, zomera zimathirira mochuluka, Kuwoneranso kuti m'masabata oyambirira achinyamata a gentian akuvutika kwambiri ndi kuyanika kwa nthaka, madzi okwanira nthawi zonse amakhala oyenera.
Njira zakubereka
Ponena za gentian, pali njira ziwiri zoberekera: mbewu kapena vegetative njira (pogawa chitsamba, cuttings, layering). Kusankha mitundu ya zamoyo kumadalira makamaka zomera zosiyanasiyana.
Amitundu ali ndi umphawi wochuluka kwambiri akamakula kuchokera ku mbewu, zomwe zimakhala chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Choncho, kuti muwongole zotsatira imalimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mbewu zowonongeka ndikuziika patsogolo, nyengo yomwe ili yosiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo yozizira yomwe imakula pamwamba pamapiri iyenera kukhala miyezi iwiri, mwinamwake mbewuzo zimagona mpaka kasupe wotsatira. Mitundu ina ya gentian imafunika mwezi umodzi kuti ikhale ndi mimba. Pogwiritsa ntchito stratification, nyemba ziyenera kusakanizidwa ndi mchenga zitatu ndikuyika mu chipinda chokhala ndi mpweya wozizira, mpweya wokwanira wabwino ndi kutentha mpaka +7 ° C. Popanda zosankha, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito firiji chifukwa chaichi.
Kubzala mbewu za gentian mu mbande zingakhale kuyambira Januari mpaka April, malingana ndi nyengo ndi mitundu ya zomera. Musanabzala, chidebe cha mbeu chimachotsedwa m'malo ozizira ndikuyika kutentha kwa kumera. Kenaka pitani mwachindunji ku kufesa. Pochita izi, mbewuzo zimafalikira pamwamba pa gawo lachonde lachonde, mofewa amawaza iwo pamwamba ndi kompositi, amawaza nthaka pang'ono ndikuphimba chidebe ndi filimu kapena galasi.
Pofuna kupewa kuyanika, dothi liyenera kupopedwa nthawi zonse (musamamwe madzi), komanso kuti nthawi zonse asamangidwe. Mawanga a Amitundu amaoneka pafupifupi masabata awiri. Izi zikachitika, amayamba pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezereka nthawi kuti ayambe kutsegulira mbeu nthawi zonse.
Kuti kukula kwa mbande kukhale koyenera kusankha malo owala ndi kutentha kwakukulu (pamtunda wotentha wa +18 ° C).
Pambuyo popanga masamba awiri enieni, mbande imathamanga mu makapu osiyana. Poyera nthaka gentian akhoza kubzalidwa kumapeto kwa kasupe - oyambirira chilimwe. Mtunda pakati pa zomera siziyenera kukhala zosachepera 20 cm Monga tafotokozera, mpaka gentian idakhazikika bwino, kuthirira nthawi zonse n'kofunika kwambiri kwa mbeu.
Njira ina yobzala mbewu gentian ndi yozizira yofesa pansi. Bedi liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera (limalimbikitsanso kufesa nthaka), ndiye kuti nthanga zing'onozing'ono zimayikidwa pamtunda, zimangowonjezera pansi, zikuluzikulu zimadetsedwa ndi dothi lochepa. Mofananamo, mbewu zikhoza kufesedwa miphika yokonzedwa, yomwe imayikidwa pamalo othuthuka, makamaka m'munsi mwa chiwembu kumene chisanu chimadzaza.
Kuchuluka kwa mbeu gentian kumayamba kuphulika m'chaka chachitatu.
Kugawa chitsamba
Kugawidwa kwa chitsamba kumabzala mitundu ina ya gentian. N'zosatheka kugwiritsira ntchito njira yotereyi poyerekeza ndi mitundu yomwe mizu imakhala ndodo imodzi, yomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mukhoza kugawaniza anthu ambiri a ku Asia, akuyamba kugwa, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maluwa a mitundu ina.
Ndikofunikira! Chofunika kwambiri kuti mutengere bwino chitsamba ndikuyesetsa kuti muzitha kuzungulira dziko lapansi, kukumba chomera kuti musamawononge mizu yochepetsetsa, ndi kuthirira mochuluka mutabzala.
Timasankha chitsamba chokalamba bwino cha gentian, mosamala kuchikumba pansi ndikuchigawaniza 2-3 zidutswa ndi fosholo kapena mpeni. Gawo lirilonse liyenera kukhala ndi ziphuphu ndi chidutswa cha muzu wokwanira kukula. Mutha kuyamba kubzala mbeu zazing'ono kumalo osatha, komabe ndibwino kuti muwaike m'magawo osiyana kuti chomera chimangire mizu yabwino (pazifukwazi, simungathe kubzalapo mbali ya chitsamba, koma kumagawanika). Muyeneradi kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi ngati dothi pa webusaitiyi ndi lochepa kwambiri. Komabe, ponena za mitundu monga kasupe gentian, ndi mitundu ya mazunzo ndi opium, zotetezo zoterezi ndizosavuta - magentians awa ndi osavuta kugawaniza, ndipo amalekerera ndi kuika.
Nthawi yogawira chitsamba imadalira mtundu wa mbewu. Maluwa otsegulira gentian amagawidwa m'dzinja, mutatha maluwa (mbewu panthawiyi ikuponyera mphukira zazing'ono m'munsi mwa chitsamba, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawanika), ndi mitundu ya zomera monga, Amitundu, osauka, otsika, dinar - ndi bwino kubzala kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Gentian stalker imagawidwa kumayambiriro a masika, isanayambe maluwa, Farrer's gentian mu April, ndi gentian nthambi zisanu ndi imodzi mu May. Sikoyenera kugawira chitsamba m'nyengo yachisanu m'madera omwe nyengo ikuda kwambiri, ngati chisanu chimabwera mofulumira kwambiri, kapena ngati chomera chikutha mofulumira kwambiri.
Ponena za gentians ukufalikira chilimwe, mungayesenso kugwiritsa ntchito kugawanika kwa chitsamba ngati chomera chakale kwambiri, koma palibe chitsimikizo cha kupambana kwa njirayi. Mfundo yogawira chimodzimodzi, kuti mizu yabwino ya rooting ikhale yoyenera, ikulimbikitsidwa choyamba chodzala muzitsulo zakuya popanga mizu.
Ngati pali kukayikira ngati kuli kotheka kugwiritsira ntchito magulu a gentian kapena mtundu wina wa gentian, pali lingaliro losavuta: Ngati gentiana imakula ndi ziphuphu, ikhoza kugawidwa, ngati ikukula ndi rosette imodzi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira yofalitsira mbewu.
Cuttings
Kuberekera kwa gentian cuttings n'kofunika kwa mitundu ya Chitchaina yomwe imatha pachimake. Kuchokera ku chomera chimene sichinafike pachimake, zing'onozing'ono za cuttings zimadulidwa ndikuikidwa m'manda osakaniza ndi mchenga (zabwino kwazifukwa siziyenera), peat ndi tsamba humus. Ndikofunika kuti mapangidwe a gawolo sali dongo kapena laimu. Mlengalenga wa rooting yabwino iyenera kukhala yowuma kwambiri, pamene chomera chiyenera kukhala bwino.
Nthawi yothandizira pamodzi imadalira mtundu wa gentian. Gentian Farrer, masamba asanu ndi limodzi ndi Lawrence adadula m'nyengo ya chilimwe ndipo amatenga timadontho tochepa kwambiri (osachepera 6 cm). Nyama yokongoletsedwa ku China ndi gentian imathandizidwa kumayambiriro kwa autumn, chifukwa imayamba mizu mofulumira.
Mukudziwa? Lamulo lotsatira lingathandize: Patapita nthawi maluwa a gentian amatha kukula.
Mulimonsemo, sikutheka kudula maluwa a gentian, ndipo osachepera kugwiritsa ntchito mphukira ndi masamba monga cuttings.
Zitsamba zopanda kanthu zimapangidwa ndi maluwa otchedwa spring gentian, komanso kasupe gentian. Cuttings bwino kudula kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Njira yoberekerayi ikuyeneranso kwa osiyana-siyana a gentian ndi a Lagodechians, koma zidutswa zawo zimayenera kudulidwa pamzu womwewo.
Ponena za mitundu ina ya gentian, imatha kuphatikizidwa, koma mphukira zoterezi zimayambira mizu yoipa, kotero kuti rooting imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zokopa zapadera, komanso malo obiriwira opangira chinyezi. Mbali yapansi ya phesi iyenera kumasulidwa ku masamba. Chikhalidwe chofunika - rooting iyenera kuchitika pamalo ozizira.
Njira yina yofalitsira gentian ndi kuika. Ndikokwanira kugwadira pansi mtunda wautali wa chomeracho, kuwawaza pakati ndi dothi lachonde kwambiri ndikukonzekera ndi katundu wochepa kapena pini. Ngati dothi lathyoledwa, kugwa kwake kudzayamba mizu, ndipo ikhoza kugawidwa ndi chomera cha mayi ndikuyika mu mphika kuti ikule.
Kusankhidwa kwa abwenzi a gentian
Kukonza zosankha za gentian kumaphatikizapo zofunikira zake za nthaka, kuunikira ndi chinyezi: Zokwanira kupeza chomera chomwe chili ndi zofanana - ndi munda wa munda uli wokonzeka! Ndikofunika kuti abwenzi asapondereze chomera mwa kukula kwambiri. Azimayi akuluakulu a gentian amawoneka kuti akuphatikizana ndi ferns ndi mbewu zakuda, zomera za kutalika zingakhale pamodzi ndi saxifrage. Zinyama zokhala ndi zozizwitsa pansizi zimapanga nyimbo zochititsa chidwi m'gululi ndi mabelu, sage, sedge, muscari, irises, rezuha ndi Levisa. Momwemonso, zomera zilizonse zam'mapiri - chivundikiro cha pansi kapena rosette - chidzakhala choyenera monga wokondedwa.
Sankhani abwenzi akuyeneranso kudalira nthawi ya gentian. Choncho, gentianas maluwa oyambirira ayenera kutetezedwa ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. Ntchitoyi ikuchitidwa bwino. tulips, daffodils ndi maluwa ena.
Kodi mungasamalire bwanji mukukula?
Kusamalira gentian kungakhale kosavuta kapena, mosiyana, kumafuna khama lalikulu - izo zimadalira momwe mukufunira mtundu wa mbewu omwe munabzala ndi momwe zinthu zoyambirira zinasankhidwira. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa nthawi yaitali ya gentian, monga malo osankhidwa bwino omwe akufika onetsetsani kuchuluka kwake kwa kusamalira zomera.
Kusamba madzi
Mitundu yambiri ya gentian imafuna kuthirira nthawi zonse. Nthaka sayenera kuuma, yomwe ndi yofunikira kwambiri nthawi isanakwane maluwa, komanso panthawi ya maluwa yokha. Ngati, chifukwa cha mvula yambiri, dothi, m'malo mwake, limanyowa kwambiri, m'pofunika kumasula nthawi zonse kuti chinyezi chisasunthike kuzungulira zomera ndikupita pansi.
Ponena za kuthirira gentian, ziyenera kukumbukira kuti mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, yomwe imafuna kwambiri asidi a nthaka, musalole kuti madzi ovuta azilekerera. Vuto likhoza kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ofungunuka kuchokera ku firiji kapena madzi amvula, ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse sizimakhala bwino, komanso kuti madzi amvula si abwino pafupi ndi mizinda ikuluikulu. Смягчить водопроводную воду можно, добавив в нее древесную золу, торф или лимонную кислоту.
Kuonjezerapo, muyenera kupewa kuthirira madzi otentha a gentian - izi zingachititse kuvunda kwa mizu ya mbewu.
Kudzetsa udzu
Kuperekera pa nthawi ya gentian kumathandiza kuti chitukuko chikhale bwino. Ngati simukuyambitsa ndondomekoyi, n'zosavuta kuthana ndi namsongole kuzungulira chomeracho, popeza mizu yolimba ya gentian sichita mantha okhudzidwa nawo. Kuphatikizana kungathandize kuthana ndi kufunika koyang'anira namsongole. Mbalame yokongoletsera yokongola ndi yangwiro pazinthu izi.
Feteleza ndi kuvala
Amitundu samasowa chakudya, Komanso, chomeracho chimakhala ndi feteleza chochulukirapo kuposa choipa. Apanso, lamuloli likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ambiri a gentian, koma palinso mitundu yochepa yopanda nzeru yomwe imalekerera mosavuta zowonjezereka za mankhwala kapena mchere.
Kawirikawiri, gentian ikhoza kudyetsa peat kamodzi pachaka m'chaka, kuphatikizapo kumeta tsitsi laling'ono (chifukwa cha mitundu yomwe simukusowa dothi la acidic) - Guano mbalame za ku Peru, koma mtundu uwu wa feteleza umachita mwamphamvu, koma zotsatira zake zimatha mofulumira kwambiri) .
Ngati dothi liri losavuta, feteleza zokhazokha za rhododendrons zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popangira madiresi, komanso ngati pali mchere wochuluka m'nthaka - Kuphatikiza pa peat, zamoyo zowonjezera ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku osakaniza.
Pambuyo kudyetsa, chomeracho chiyenera kuthiriridwa bwino, kuti feteleza zisakanike bwino ndi nthaka. Zina zothetsera vutoli zingathenso kusamba masamba a gentian, koma feteleza ochulukirapo pakali pano ayenera kukhala ochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi njira yodyera.
Kudulira mitundu yambiri ya gentian
Mwa mtundu uliwonse wa kudulira gentian ndikofunikira kokha kwa mitundu yayitali. Pakati pa maluwa, mukhoza kudula mphukira zingapo kupanga maluwa, sikumapweteka mbewu. Pambuyo kuyanika, maluwawo amadulidwa, koma izi zimayambidwa osati mochuluka chifukwa chofunikira kuti kusungidwa kwa chitsamba kukwaniritsidwe. Mphukira zouma siziyenera kudulidwa mwamsanga, izi zikhoza kuchitika kasupe lotsatira, pambuyo pa mphukira zazing'ono zimayamba kuchoka ku chitsamba.
Mmene mungagwirire ndi tizirombo ndi matenda
Kawirikawiri, gentian ndi yosagonjetsedwa ndi tizirombo ndi matenda. Mavuto oterewa amayamba chifukwa cha chisamaliro chosayenera Njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kusintha kusintha kwa zinthu.
Kotero Vuto lalikulu la gentian - zowola mizu - chifukwa cha madzi osagwa panthaka. Slugs ndi nkhono zimatha kugunda mbewu chifukwa cha chinyezi chokwanira. Zifukwa zomwezi zingathe kufotokozedwa, ndi matenda ena oopsa omwe amapezeka mu gentian.
Tizilombo tiyenera kusonkhanitsa, kutulutsa chinyezi m'nthaka (kutsegula kapena kupanga dongosolo lokonzekera), kapena, ngati kuli koyenera, kuziika pamalo oyenera.
Wintering gentian
Mitundu yambiri ya chilengedwe cha gentian imakula mu nyengo yovuta kwambiri, choncho kukhala ndi nyengo yozizira yolimba, ndipo zotheka kuti chisanu chikhale chosasunthika. Amitundu akhoza ngakhale pachimake pamtunda wosasangalatsa, ndipo pambuyo pake, ngati kuti palibe chomwe chinachitika mmawa wotsatira.
Komabe, ngati nyengo yozizira imatentha ndipo palibe chisanu panthaka, ndi bwino kuphimba chomeracho. Kuti muchite izi, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito nthambi za coniferous kapena zinthu zina zomwe zili pafupi.
