Vuto lolimbitsa gombe ndilodandaula makamaka kwa anthu omwe nyumba zawo zimakhala pafupi ndi dziwe zozizwitsa kapena zachilengedwe. Kuwona kokongola pamadzipo kumapangitsa kuti nyumba zikhale zowoneka bwino komanso zamalonda, zomwe zimapangitsa mtengo wawo. Kuti musangalale ndi kulumikizana ndi madzi nthawi yayitali, ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito yoteteza m'mphepete mwa nthawi yake. Kupanda kutero, madzi, okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yowononga, amatha kupangitsa kuti dothi lichepe pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndipo lingathandizenso kugwa kwake. M'mphepete zosowa ndi owopsa kwa munthu ndi katundu wake (wosunthika komanso wosasunthidwa), chifukwa nthaka "imatha kutuluka pansi pa mapazi anu" nthawi iliyonse. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri mbewu zomwe zidabzalidwa pamalopo ndi opanga mawonekedwe. Ndikwabwino kusamala pasadakhale kuti mulimbikitse gombe losungiramo, osadikirira kuwonekera kwa zizindikiro zowopsa zakuyamba kwa chiwonongeko cha gombe. Ngati njira zodzitetezera sizinachitike munthawi yake, chiwonongeko cha gombe chitha kuyimitsidwa. Pali maukadaulo angapo ogwira mtima omwe amakupatsani mwayi wogwira ntchito yoteteza m'mphepete mwawotsika kwambiri.
Chitetezo
Kuchepetsa ngozi zowonongera kumphepete mwa nyanja kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa madzi kumapangitsa chitetezo champhamvu. Gululi la ntchito zoteteza pagombe limaphatikizapo matekinoloje potengera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma galions, ma geomat, mataya, mitundu ya konkriti, komanso nyumba zapadera zopangira konkriti.
Njira # 1 - makondomu
Magalimoto amatchedwa maukonde opangidwa ndi waya wam'mbali torsion, womwe umayikidwa pamalo osungiramo mabokosi, womwe umadzazidwa ndi miyala yayikulu. Kuti zikhale zolimba pang'onopang'ono pazomangira zanu pansi, zomangira zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakati pawo, mabokosiwo adapota ndi waya. Pambuyo podzaza kabowo ndi kudzaza miyala, zomwe zimatchedwa "mabatani" zimayikidwa, zomwe sizimalola kukhoma lina la bokosilo kuti "lisunthe" mbali.
Ma gombe am'malo osungira, okhala ndi zida za gabion, samatsukidwa ndipo samasambira. Kwa zaka zambiri, ngalande za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimasungidwa nthawi yachitetezo cha gombe, zasungidwa. Ukadaulo uwu, womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kale ku Europe, wapeza ntchito ku Russia. Mutha kuwona mapangidwe a gabion pamadziwe, mitsinje, njira zopitilira ndi madzi ena ambiri.
Mphepete mwa mtsinjewo mumakongoletsedwa bwino ndi miyala ya gabion yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika a geometric. Mwala wachilengedwe, womwe umakhala m'mabokosi opangira mauna, mogwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhalango yophukira
Njira # 2 - mulu wa pepala la PVC
Mapepala opangira mapepala omwe amapangidwa pamaziko a PVC ndi zida zophatikizira amakupatsani mwayi wolimbitsa gombe munthawi yochepa kwambiri. Njira yodzitetezera ku banki imawonedwa ngati ndalama zochepa. Chachikulu kwambiri, mulu wa pepala la PVC ndi woyenera kukonza magombe. Chimodzi mwazabwino za nkhaniyi ndi kuthekera kwa kugwiritsanso ntchito kwachiwiri. Pakukhazikitsa, milu ya pepala imayikidwa khoma lowongoka. Kulumikizana kwodalirika kwa zinthu zoyandikana kumatsimikiziridwa ndikuwonetsa kutalika kwa nthiti iliyonse papepala lililonse. Kumiza kwa mapepala amtundu umodzi wa mapasa a PVC kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida za hydraulic zosankhidwa molingana ndi nthaka.
Chiwonetsero choyikika cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa milu yazipangizo zopangidwa ndi zinthu za PVC kulimbikitsa phiri losanja la chosungira kapena zachilengedwe
Kuteteza kukongoletsa gombe
Gulu lachiwiri la zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachitetezo cha m'mphepete zimaphatikizapo miyala yachilengedwe ndi milu yamatabwa. Zinthu zachilengedwe izi sizingateteze kokha mabanki a matupi amadzi kuti asakokoloke, komanso kuwapatsa chidwi.
Njira # 1 - matabwa
Hardwoods imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyambira pakupanga milu ya mitengo. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa cha izi, larch kapena thundu amasankhidwa. Zokonda kwambiri zimaperekedwa kwa larch yaku East Siberian, yomwe, ikakhala m'madzi, imatha kusunga katundu wake kwa theka la zaka. Gombe lokwera, lopakidwa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya larch, losankhidwa mosyanasiyana, likuwoneka modabwitsa. Makamaka ngati pali nyumba yomangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo yozungulira pafupi ndigalasi lamadzi. Mapangidwe a konkriti, kumene, amataya milu yamatabwa, chifukwa imawoneka imvi komanso yosalala. Komabe, pakupita nthawi, nkhuni zimatha kuda, zomwe zimadetsa machitidwe okongoletsa a mawonekedwe oteteza gombe. Kuchuluka kwa mitengo yamdima yakuda kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chinthu chamoyo m'madzi. Mukamasankha mtundu wamitundu, nyengo zomwe zili m'derali ziyenera kukumbukiridwa.
Kukhazikitsa kwa milu yamatabwa kumatha kuchitika kuchokera pagombe pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera kapena njira yosavuta yolemba. Mitundu yamakono ya dredger imakulolani kuti mukweze milu yamatabwa kuchokera kumbali yosungira. Kulimbikitsa mabanki a matupi amadzi mothandizidwa ndi mitengo ndikutheka kuchita dothi losuntha komanso lotayirira.
Mzere wooneka bwino wa mitengo yosalala ikutsimikizira kukongola kwa gombe la madzi osungira, kulepheretsa kusintha kwake mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yowononga yamadzi. Kulimbitsa gombe ndi milu yamatabwa kumapereka njira yabwino padziwe
Njira # 2 - mwala wachilengedwe
Kutaya kwa gombe ndi miyala yachilengedwe yamiyeso yosiyanasiyana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagombe osaya kwambiri. Mtengo wa kotsetsereka kwa gombe suyenera kupitirira 20 digiri. Ngati pali misewu yolumikizira miyala kapena miyala, miyala imagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'malo ovuta kufikako, ntchito imachitika pamanja. Asanayike mwala, kukonzekera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikofunikira. Ngati titanyalanyaza magawo awa, ndiye kuti miyala idzangomira munthaka yodzaza ndi madzi. Pofuna kupewa izi kuti zichitike, ndikofunikira kuyika pagawo lolimbikitsidwa lam'mphepete mozungulira, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati geotextile, geogrid kapena geogrid.
Mphepete mwa nyanjayo imalimbikitsidwa ndi phula laling'ono, lomwe maselo ake amakhala ndi miyala yoyala bwino. Makoma a maselo amateteza kutsekeka kwa mwala woponderezedwa kulowa mumsewu wosungira
Chipangizo chamiyala yamiyala pomanga m'mphepete mwa nyanja chosungira chokongoletsera. Ntchito yosautsa kwambiri yokhazikitsa mabwalowa imachitidwa mwakonzedwa ndi omanga
Njira yovuta kwambiri ndikulimbitsa mzere wam'mphepete mwa nyanjayi mothandizidwa ndi "bwalo lamiyala". Mawuwa mchilankhulo cha akatswiri odziwa ntchito amatchedwa kuti kugoneka kwamiyala (miyala yomwe mulifupi mwake imapitilira 10 cm). Pamwala uliwonse, malo omwe amasankhidwa amasankhidwa, poganizira mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wake. Nthawi yomweyo, miyala ikuluikulu imasinthidwa pamanja ndi master mason. Pakusintha, katswiri m'munda wake amatha kukoka matumba angapo. Njira yotchinjiriza yam'nyanjayi imalumikizidwa ndi kuyesetsa kwakuthupi, koma pamapeto pake sizingalimbikitse mzere wa gombe la chosungira, komanso ndikupatsanso mawonekedwe apadera.
Kupititsa patsogolo kwam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zomera
Njira yowononga nthawi komanso nthawi yambiri ndi chitetezo cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a bioengineering. Ndi njira iyi, magombe azosungira amateteza kukokololoka:
- biomats zopangidwa kuchokera ku filakisi kapena coconut ulusi;
- zomera zosankhidwa mwapadera ndi akatswiri kuti azidzala m'mphepete mwa nyanja;
- mtengo ndi mwala wachilengedwe.
Zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mitengo ya msondodzi (msondodzi, popula wakuda, ndi zina), komanso zitsamba (sea buckthorn, amorphous, vesicles, etc.). Ma macrophytes ndi oyenera, omwe amaphatikizapo sedge, katemera, bango, marsh iris, mannik, magazus, calyx ndi mitundu ina yazomera, moyandikana ndi madzi. Zomera zonse zimayenera kukhala ndi mizu yamphamvu, yopanda nthambi. Zomera zimasankhidwa poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa kukana kwawo kusefukira kwamadzi. Turf wokonzeka waikidwa pagombe. Njirayi imatchedwa kuti sodding m'mbali mwa nyanja.
M'mphepete mwa dziwe lochita kupanga, lomwe limamangidwa pamalo omwe panali mitsinje yakale, adalimbikitsidwa pobzala mbewu ndi mitengo ya msondodzi
Njira yothandizirana ndi kudzutsa madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja imagwiritsidwa ntchito matupi amadzi, momwe madzi samathilira 1 m / s.
Matsiku achitetezo cha pagombe
Mukamapanga chopangira chosungira pamalowo, yesetsani kulimbikitsa m'mphepete mwa mtsogolo.
Kukhazikitsa kwa milu ya mitengo kumachitika pa siteji yopanga mbale ya chosungira. Pambuyo pakupanga m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amadzaza ndi madzi.
Ngati akukonzekera kukhazikitsa polojekiti yayikulu, ntchito zoteteza mabanki zimaperekedwa ku makampani aluso omwe ali ndi zida zapadera komanso anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino. M'matupi amadzi achilengedwe, ntchito imachitika pa nthawi yoyenera yopewera kapena munthawi yochepa pomwe pali chiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kusintha kwakanthawi kwa vutoli kumasunga ndalama komanso kupewa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha zinthu zomangidwa pagombe la nkhokwe.
