Russia idadziwa mbatata pansi pa Peter I. Mtengo watsopano udazika nthawi yayitali, koma kenako udayamikiridwa, ndikulengeza kuti “mkate wachiwiri”. Tsopano m'minda yaminda imamera ponseponse, chifukwa nyengo ya Russia ndi yabwino kwambiri pachikhalidwe. Zamasamba ndizosasamala kwambiri posamalira, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti tubers titha kungoponyedwa m'maenje ndikuiwalika za iwo. Kupeza zokolola zochulukirapo ndizosatheka ngati sizinabzalidwe pa nthawi yake, ndikofunikira kukonzanso mundawo ndikubzala nokha.
Kodi ndibwino liti kubzala mbatata?
Choyimira chachikulu chodziwika nthawi yodzala mbatata m'dera linalake ndi nyengo ndi nyengo, komanso gulu la mitundu yomwe mitunduyi ndi yake.
Pakati pa Russia ndi dera la Volga, mbatata nthawi zambiri zimabzalidwa masiku khumi oyambirira a Meyi. Kumpoto Kumpoto ndi Kumpoto-West - pamalire a kasupe ndi chilimwe. Ku Urals ndi Far East - pa 20 Meyi. Ku Siberia - koyambirira kwa Juni. Kudera la Black Sea, Crimea, ku North Caucasus - koyambirira kwa Epulo.
Kutalika kwa nthawi kumatengera osati nyengo yam'madera, komanso mtundu wa mbatata
Mbatata za mbatata zimakonda kutentha kwa dothi. Ndikabzala m'mawa kwambiri, kukula kwake kumachepera, mbande zimawonekera mochedwa, ngakhale patsogolo pa mbatata, zobzalidwa sabata kapena awiri pambuyo pake. Zochulukitsidwa zimachepetsedwa kwambiri, pafupifupi ndi 15-20%.
Nthawi yomweyo, chisanu chomwe chinanenedwerachi si chopinga pakufika. Ma Tubers amalekerera kutsika kwa kutentha kwa mpweya kupita -5ºº. Kuzizira kumakhala koopsa pokhapokha ngati mbande zotalika masentimita 3-5.
Woyamba kubzala mbatata, kucha mu 55-60 masiku. Osachitanso izi kale kuposa dothi lakuya kwa masentimita 7-8 limatentha mpaka 8ºº. Kuti muwone ngati nthawi yakwana, zizindikiro za wowerengeka zithandizira - maluwa amitengo yamaluwa, masamba akutali otseguka (masamba amafika pafupi kukula kwa kobiri limodzi), ma dandelion amawoneka.
Kuphuka kwamaluwa kumatanthawuza kuti nthaka yatentha bwino, mutha kubzala mbatata kale
Njira inanso yakuwunika ndikutenga dothi lapansi kuchokera pakuya kwa 10-12 masentimita ndikuwaponyera pansi. Ngati yangokhala yopunduka, dothi limakhalabe youma. Ndipo ikagawika zidutswa zingapo - dothi lakonzeka kubzala. Ngati ingagundike pazinthu zazing'onoting'ono, gawo lapansi likuwuma kale, muyenera kubzala mwachangu. Nthaka imayamba msanga ngati kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu kuti ichotse matalala a chisanu, kuwaza ndi humus kapena zinyalala za peat ndikulimba ndi polyethylene yakuda.
Musanadzalemo mbatata, ndikofunikira kumveketsa kutentha kwa dothi
Mitundu yoyambira-kubzala imabzalidwa koyambirira kwa Meyi. Zokolola zimatha kukolola pambuyo pa masiku 65-80. Koma pakati pa olima dimba, nthawi zambiri satchuka kwambiri. Mbatata zotere sizisungidwa, zimadziwika ndi kukhuthala kochepa komanso kusapezeka kwa kukoma.
Mitundu yakucha pakati (yakucha nthawi 80-85 masiku) yabzalidwa zaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi. Ogulitsa minda amawayamikira chifukwa chotulutsa bwino komanso kulekerera chilala.
Tsiku lomaliza lodzala mitundu yotsika pang'ono (masiku 95-110) ndi pakati pa Juni. Kupanda kutero, mu nyengo yabwino ya mbewu, simungathe kudikirira mpaka chisanu choyamba. Mbatata zamapeto zimabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo. Ubwino wake wosasunthika ndikusunga mtundu, kuthekera komanso chitetezo chokwanira kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, olima dimba ambiri amatsogozedwa ndi kalendala yoyendera mwezi, yomwe pachaka imawonetsa masiku omwe ali abwino kwambiri komanso osavomerezeka chifukwa chodzala mbewu inayake. Mu 2019, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mbatata:
- mu Meyi - 1, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31;
- mu Juni - 1, 18, 19, 23, 24, 28, 29.
Ndipo kukana izi ndikwabwino:
- mu Meyi - 5, 19;
- mu Juni - 3, 17.
Zachidziwikire, simungatsatire izi mosazindikira, osaganizira nyengo tsiku lililonse.
Pali zizindikiro zina zomwe wamaluwa ambiri amatsatira. Mwachitsanzo, samalangizidwa kubzala mbatata pa Palm Palm - tubers zotere nthawi zambiri zimavunda. Lachisanu Labwino komanso Lachinayi Woyeranso ntchito iliyonse yotsata nthawi zambiri imaletsedwa. Mbatata yobzalidwa Lachitatu kapena Loweruka imakhala yotsika kwambiri.
Kusankha malo ndikukonzekera dimba
Malo omwe mbatata m'munda ungayikidwe nthawi zambiri imasungidwa kuti ikhale yotsalira. Koma chikhalidwe chosasinthika ichi chili ndi zofunikira pakukula, zomwe ndi zofunika kuzikwaniritsa ngati zingatheke.
Pamalo omwewo, mbatata zimadzalidwa zaka zitatu, osatinso. Ndiye yopuma nthawi yofananira akufuna. Zinthu zoyambirira kuziganizira ndizotsogola ndi oyandikana nawo. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti musabzale mbatata pambuyo pake ndi mbewu zina kuchokera ku banja la Solanaceae (tomato, tsabola, belu, biringanya, fodya, physalis). Kupanda kutero, mumachulukitsa chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka mochedwa, kufinya, komanso kuukira kwa kachilomboka. Dzungu (nkhaka, zukini, squash) amakhalanso ndi vuto lakumapeto, motero ndikulinso kuyikanso. Ndipo kukhalapo kwa bedi lamunda wapafupi ndi sitiroberi kumapangitsa kuwukira kwa wayaworm ndi nematode pafupifupi kosapeweka.
Biringanya, monga Solanaceae aliyense, ndi osafunika monga oyandikana nawo komanso otsogolera mbatata - amadwala matenda omwewo ndi tizirombo
Oyandikana ndi nthangala zilizonse, makamaka nyemba zamtchire, ali ndi phindu pa mbatata. Zomera izi zimadzaza dothi ndi nayitrogeni, amene kachilomboka wa Colorado mbatata ndi wireworm samakonda. Nyemba ndi nandolo ndizabzalidwe bwino pafupi ndi bedi, osati m'misewu, kuti asachotsere michere.
Njira yabwino komanso Cruciferous (mitundu yonse ya kabichi, radish, turnip, swede, radish). Masamba a masamba, omwe amapezeka bwino kwambiri, ndi a banja limodzi. Zomera zina za mizu (beets, kaloti), zokometsera zokometsera, komanso anyezi ndi adyo sizisokoneza mbatata. Zotsalazo zimasinthasintha, ndipo zimasinthiratu tizirombo.
Masamba mpunga wobzalidwa pabedi ndi mbatata sikuti amangotukula nthaka, komanso amasokoneza waya
Mbatata m'magulu samalola udzu winawake ndi parsley. Kukhalapo kwawo kotsatila kumangotanthauza kuchepa kopindulitsa. Iyenso ali ndi vuto lofananalo ndi mtengo wa apulo - zipatso ndizocheperako, kukoma kwawo kumayamba kuipiraipira. Mbatata sizinabzalidwe bwino m'dera la raspberries, aronia, yamatcheri, nyanja yamchere.
Kukhalapo kwa parsley wapafupi kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pakupanga mbatata
Monga mbewu zina zambiri zam'munda, mbatata zimakonda kutentha ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Malo ogona amasankhidwa ofanana, otseguka, ngati nkotheka otetezedwa kukakonzekera. Bedi limayang'ana kumpoto mpaka kumwera.
Kwa mbatata, malo ofala kwambiri ndi osayenera kwa mbewu zina zamunda, koma ilinso ndi zofunika zake pakulima.
Chikhalidwe cha dothi chimakonda kuwala, komanso pabwino, momwe madzi samayenda. Mbatata sizimera munkhokwe, dongo lolemera, malo otsika aliwonse. Madera okhala ndi madzi apansi pafupi nawonso samasiyidwa. Zitha kutsimikizika ndi kununkhira wowuma kuchokera mu dothi, kupendekera kwake kwapadera komanso kukhalapo kwa mbewa zambiri.
Nthaka yabwino kwambiri chifukwa ndi loam, loam sandy, nkhalango sierozem, sod-podzolic dothi, inde, dziko lakuda. Kukula kwa momwe gawo laling'ono lino lingagwirizane ndi mbatata kukhoza kuweruzidwa ndi namsongole omwe akukula m'malo ano. Dothi lofananalo limasankhidwa ndi udzu wa tirigu, coltsfoot, dandelions, clover. Ngati mulingo wa asidi-wosiyana ndi wosagwirizana nawo, umabwezeretsedwa mwachizolowezi powonjezera ufa wa dolomite, dzira la ufa wa dzira ku gawo lapansi la asidi, ndi peat, singano kapena utuchi watsopano wamitengo yamitundu yolumikizana ndi nyemba zamchere.
Dolomite ufa - deoxidizer wachilengedwe wa dothi, ngati Mlingo umawonedwa, ulibe mavuto
M'dzinja, amakumba bedi lamtsogolo la mbatata, kasupe pafupifupi masabata awiri asanabzalidwe, amamasula mpaka masentimita 12 mpaka 15. Nthawi yomweyo, pokumba, organic - 3-5 l ya humus kapena kompositi kompositi ndi mchere - 35-40 g aliyense amawonjezeredwa superphosphate ndi 15-20 g wa potaziyamu sulfate pa 1 m² wa feteleza, ndikuchotsanso zinyalala zonse za mbewu. Potaziyamu amathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa tubers, phosphorous - kuchuluka kwawo.
Humus - njira yachilengedwe yowonjezera chonde m'nthaka
Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa pokonza mbatata zamabedi kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambirira kugwa kobiriwira. Pakatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, amazisenga ndikubzala ndi udzu pansi. Ichi ndi feteleza wachilengedwe wokhala ndi zina zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, ma Legamu osakanikirana ndi Asteraceae amathamangitsa nematode.
Kanema: Kukonza mabedi a mbatata
Kusankhidwa kwa tubers chifukwa chodzala
Nthawi zambiri, chaka chamawa, wamaluwa amabzala mbatata tubers za mbewuyi. Koma mchitidwewu umatsogolera ku mfundo yoti kale patatha zaka 5-7 zosinthika zizindikilo “zimasowa”, zokolola zimachepa, monganso kukula kwa mizu. Kubzala zinthu kumafunika kusinthidwa pafupipafupi.
Kuti tiwonetsetse bwino, munthawi yazomera zambiri, tchire zamphamvu zambiri zimadziwika. Mukugwa, amayang'ana zipatso zawo. Ngati kuchuluka kwa ma tubers ndi ofanana kapena okulirapo kuposa mitundu, ndiye chofunikira kubzala. Ndipo sikofunikira kuti akhale akulu kwambiri.
Kusankha zinthu zobzala nyengo yamawa, zimatsogozedwa ndi zokolola za chitsamba chaka chino.
Mizu yatsopano imagulidwa kokha kwa ogulitsa omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino - m'malo osungirako ana kapena malo ogulitsira apadera. Amatha kupereka zikalata zofunika kutsimikizira mtundu wa mbatata - satifiketi ndi ziphaso zoyenera kugulitsa. Kugula m'malo osiyanasiyana azilimo, ngakhale pang'ono pamanja, ndi chiopsezo chachikulu. Ndikosatheka kutsimikizira kuti izi ndi mitundu yomwe mukufuna. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zobzala zitha kukhala ndi kachilombo.
Njira yoyenera yoyenera kubzala ndi ma tubers okhala ozungulira kapena ovoid mawonekedwe olemera 50-90 g, osachita ulesi komanso osakwinya. Akhale olimba kukhudza, ndipo khungu liyenera kukhala losalala, lopanda mawonekedwe, osakhwima, osawoneka ngati nkhungu. Zotsirizira izi sizingakhale magawo a kutsatira dziko lapansi, koma rhizoctonia. Kupezeka kwa "maso" ambiri ndikulandiridwa, koma sikulimbikitsidwa kugula mbatata zomwe zitaphukira kale. Komabe, gawo lofunikira la zikumera limasweka panthawi ya mayendedwe. Ngati palibe chosankha, onetsetsani kuti mukusamala ndi mtundu wa zikumera - ayenera kukhala mauve, lilac, letesi wobiriwira, koma osakhala akuda. Mu tubers wathanzi, zikumera ngakhale, zotanuka. Chikhalidwe chawo chokhala ngati ulusi chimatanthawuza kugonjetsedwa ndi ma virus.
Mbatata zodzala zimasankhidwa mosamala, iyi ndiye njira yakutsogolo yokolola yambiri
Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe, muyenera kulabadira kufotokozera kwa mitundu, kuyenera kwake kulimidwa kudera linalake. Mitundu yomwe imatulutsanso mbewu zabwino m'zigawo zonse kumpoto ndi kum'mwera ndizosowa kwambiri.
A Agronomists amati mitundu ya mbatata yowotchera ku Russia ndi maiko a CIS iwonetsa bwino kukana bowa wa pathogenic. Ndipo muzu mbewu zakunja kusankha sakhala ndi vuto la nematode ndi tizilombo matenda.
Kukonzekera pokonza mbatata tubers
Pamaso kubzala, mbatata tubers ayenera kukumana vernalization. Izi ndizovuta zonse zokhudzana ndi ulimi, motero, amayamba kuchita zinthu pasadakhale, masiku 30 mpaka 40 asanakonzekere. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, zokolola zimachulukira pafupifupi 20-30%, mbewu za muzu zimakhazikika mwachangu.
Zinthu zobzala zimachotsedwa pamalo osungira ndikuyendera. Mizu yopukutira imayilitsidwa kwa maola 10-12 m'madzi, itenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa 25-28 .С. Nthambi zomwe zilipo zimasweka molondola. Tubers amathandizidwa ndi fungicides kuteteza kukula kwa fungal matenda. Kukonzekera kwachilengedwe komwe kulibe vuto kwa thanzi la munthu komanso kotetezeka m'malo mwathu ndizoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, Gamair, Bactofit, Fitosporin-M, Agat-25K.
Fitosporin-M ndi imodzi mwazomera zofalitsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana
Kenako amabalalika pansi m'chipinda momwe kutentha kosachepera 20 ° C kumayang'aniridwa, ndikuyika nsalu yofewa, pafupi ndi zenera. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kuunikira kochita kupanga, mwachitsanzo, nyali za fluorescent, koma ndiye muyenera kuphimba mbatata ndi pepala kapena nsalu yowala. Mwakuwala, mbatata zimatulutsa solanine, ndikupeza utoto wobiriwira. Izi ndi poizoni tizirombo tina, komanso fungosis wachilengedwe. Pakadutsa masiku onse a 5-7, ma tubers amatembenuka ndikuwazidwa pang'ono ndi madzi kuchokera botolo lothira. Pakatha masiku pafupifupi 10-15, kutentha kumatsitsidwa mpaka 15 ° C kuti "maso" ake adzuke.
Green mbatata tubers amadwala zochepa tizirombo ndi matenda
Ngati palibe malo abwino, mbatata zimatha kuyikika m'matumba owoneka bwino a pulasitiki, ndikupanga mabowo angapo podutsa mpweya, ndikuwakhomera kukhoma kapena padenga.
Ngati palibe malo ena abwino, mbatata zitha kumera panyumba m'matumba apulasitiki
Otchedwa chonyowa vernalization amachitidwanso - kumera kwa tubers m'mabokosi kapena m'mabokosi odzaza ndi perlite, vermiculite, mchenga, zinyalala za peat kapena utuchi. Zosankha ziwiri zoyambirira ndizofunikira - zinthu izi zimamwa madzi bwino, chiopsezo cha kuzungulira kwa tubers ndizochepa. Gawo laling'ono limasungidwa nthawi zonse m'malo opanda chonyowa, kutentha kwa chipinda kuli pamtunda wa 15ºº.
Ndi chinyowa chanyumba, mbatata sizili zobiriwira, koma zikumera zimakhala zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu
Mutha kuphatikiza njira zonse ziwiri. Choyamba, mbatata zimabzalidwa, kenako zimatumizidwa kuti zimere m'mbale zodzala ndi gawo loyenera.
Pafupifupi sabata imodzi asanabzalidwe, mbatata amazidonthetsa ndi ma michere - izi zimakhudza kusakhazikika kwawo, zimawonjezera kusinthasintha kwanyengo ndi nyengo zomwe zimakhala kutali kwambiri, ndikuchepetsa kucha. Amagwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera masitolo onse awiri - potaziyamu wa potaziyamu ndi sodium, Epin, Emistim-M, Zircon, ndi wowerengeka azitsamba - uchi wothira madzi, kaphikidwe ka koloko wowotcha, supinic acid. Mukawonjezera feteleza wa potaziyamu (3-5 g / l) ku yankho, "kukana" kwa mbatata kumakhala bwino, ma tubers amakula mwachangu.
Kanema: Kukonzekera mbatata za mbatata kuti mubzale
Kubzala mbatata pamanja ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera
Mwinanso onse anali kubzala mbatata pamanja. Chifukwa chake, njirayi sifunikira kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Tubers obzalidwa mosiyana mabowo kapena mizere, kenako kugona ndi nthaka. Kutalikirana pakati pawo ndi 25-40 cm (kutengera kukula kwa mbewu ndi mizere ya tchire), mzerewo ndi wa 65-70 cm. Kukula kwa dzenje kumatengera mtundu wagawo - wopepuka kwambiri, ndizofunikira kuti azitsitsidwe. Nthawi zambiri mokwanira masentimita 8-10. Kuphatikiza pa tuber yokha, kuphatikiza ndi humus, phulusa laling'ono la mitengo ndi konkhe anyezi amayikamo. Fungo lake limachotsa tizirombo tambiri. Pamapeto pakufika, pamunsi pa bedi pamakhala thonje. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito "agogo", ndizosavuta kugwirira ntchito limodzi. Wina akukumba mabowo, wachiwiri amawayika ma tubers. Kupanga mizereyi, mutha kuyala bedi, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe, ngati pali kukayikira koyenera kwa diso lanu.
Kudzala mbatata ndi njira yodziwika bwino kwa mlimi aliyense
Kanema: momwe mungabzala mbatata mwanjira yachikhalidwe
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chiwembu pamtunda wa zana limodzi (10 * 10 m), zingwe 14 zitha kubzalidwe, chilichonse chili ndi tubers 25. Malinga ndi izi, mbatata 350 ndizofunikira, zomwe zonsezo ndi 25-28 kg. Ngati muyenera kudzaza mahekitala, pamakhala zitsamba 250 mzere, ndi mizere 142 yonse. Chiwerengero cha mbatata zobzalidwa pamenepa ndi 35,500, kulemera kwawo ndi matani 2.85. Zokolola zapakatikati pakati pa Russia ndi 100-150 kg pa mamilimita zana. Potengera zovuta zonse zaukadaulo waulimi, chiwerengerochi chitha kukwezedwa mpaka 200-250 kg.
Kuphatikiza pa zachikhalidwe, pali njira zina zodzala mbatata:
- Chokhazikika pamtunda. Bedi limasinthidwa kukhala "kabati", yokhala ndi masentimita 50-70. Tuberi timabzalidwa pamisewu.
- Chess. Maenje m'mizere iwiri yoyandikana ndi okhazikika.
- Zingwe ziwiri. Mizere yake imakhazikitsidwa pawiri komanso nthawi yopanda masentimita 30. Mtunda pakati pa mizere iwiri ndi wa mita 1. Mabowo amakhala osasunthika.
Kubzala mbatata kawiri ndi imodzi mwazinthu zamakono
Koma posachedwa, alimi ambiri ochulukirapo sakonda kuvutitsa, kukonza njira kuti ikhale yokwanira. Kuti muchite izi, pamakhala zotsekereza zokhala ndi mapiri komanso obzala mbatata zapadera. Zotsirizirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso madera akuluakulu.
Thirakitala yoyenda kumbuyo kwa galimotoyo imakhala ndi munthu wapaulendo, amene amatula pansi, kenako ndikudzaza mizere, "timadzuka", pomwe timadzaza timadzazidwa, ndi wotumiza mbatata zomwe zimadyetsa mbatata nthawi ndi nthawi. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri woyimitsa ndi thirakitara kumbuyo kwake ndi 60 cm. Musanadzaze mizere ndi ma tubers ndi nthaka, muyenera kusintha mawilo azitsulo kupita ku magudumu amodzimodzi, kusiya njirayo chimodzimodzi.
Mukabzala mbatata ndi thirakitara kumbuyo kwake, njirayi yonse imapangidwa, ma tubers okha ndi omwe amadzazidwa ndi hopper
Kanema: kubzala mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito thirakitara yoyenda kuseri kwa thirakiti
Njira zopangira
Sikuti wolima sakhala ndi zokwanira kubzala. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri osati ma tubers onse obzalidwa, koma gawo lawo. Apa, palinso ndi ming'alu yomwe muyenera kudziwa pasadakhale kuti musawononge mbewu yamtsogolo.
"Maso"
Chinsinsi cha njirayi ndikuti tubers timadulidwa m'magawo angapo tisanabzalidwe mu nthaka. Aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi “diso” limodzi. Makamaka mbatata zazikulu, zopanda chisanu, mbatata zoyenera ndizoyenera izi popanda chizindikiro chodwala komanso kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo. Pali "maso" ochepa pa iwo, koma ndi okulirapo. Tizilombo timeneti timagawika m'magulu ndi mpeni wakuthwa, woyeretsedwa, yemwe amayenera kuwilitsidwa Magawo owazidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi choko chophwanyika kapena phulusa la nkhuni. "Maso" mumizere imayikidwa. Kulemera kochepa kwa "wedges" ndi 5-8 g.
Mbatata za mbatata zimadulidwa kokha ndi mpeni wachilombo kuti utetezeke kufalikira
Pokonzekera kubzala zinthu zimakhala ndi zodziwikiratu. Pafupifupi masiku 20 asanabzalidwe, ma tubers osankhidwa amawazidwa tsiku lililonse ndi madzi ndikuwonjezera kwa biostimulators mu sitolo (0.5 L ampoule). Izi zimathandizira kuti pakhale majeremusi opangidwa mwamphamvu.
M'tsogolomu, mbande zochokera "m'maso" zimafunikira Mlingo wapamwamba wa feteleza. Kupatula apo, nthawi zambiri zonse zomwe zimafunikira zimaperekedwa ndi tuber.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mbatata tokhala ndi "maso" sayenera kukhala ochepa
Njira ina ndikukula mbande kuchokera ku "maso". Kuti muchite izi, amadulidwa limodzi ndi zamkati kuti chimbira chikapangidwe ndikubzala pasadakhale osakanikirana ndi utuchi wonyowa komanso zinyalala za peat. Mbande zimasinthidwa kumunda pomwe masamba owona a 3-4 amapangidwa.
Kanema: mbatata yochokera "m'maso"
Mphukira
M'malo mwake ukadaulo wakale, sugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Kuphatikiza pakupulumutsa ma tubers, njirayi imakuthandizani kuti mubereke mbatata zamtengo wapatali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana mumitundu ingapo ndikusintha zodzala, kuchotsa matenda. Palinso zovuta zina - kusamalira tchire kuyenera kulipidwa kwambiri, chifukwa poyambirira amakhala ofooka chifukwa chosowa michere. Amafunikanso gawo lapansi labwino kwambiri.
Mbatata zapakatikati zoyambirira, zamkaka zapakatikati komanso zapakatikati ndizoyenera kwambiri izi. Amamera m'kuwala, koma popanda dzuwa. M'malo mwa "diso" lirilonse, timiphukira 2-5 timapangika.
Akafika kutalika kwa masentimita 10-15, amalekanitsidwa ndi tuber, kupotozedwa mosamala, ndikubzala m'matumba ang'onoang'ono odzaza ndi sphagnum moss kapena fiber ya coconut, yakuzama pafupifupi 2/3. Chipindacho chimasungidwa kutentha 16-16 ° C, gawo lapansi sililoledwa kupukuta ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawo. Mbande zokhala ndi masamba 4-5 zingabzalidwe kale panthaka.
Kukula mbatata kuchokera kumera kumatha kupulumutsa kwambiri pakubzala zinthu ndikusintha
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito tubers itha kutumizidwanso kuti imere. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku mbatata iliyonse mutha kuphuka 20-45. Kudzaza mita lalikulu lalikulu, palibe zoposa 1 kg zodzala zomwe zingachoke.
Mutha kubzala zipatso m'munda mwachindunji, koma muyenera kuzithyola tsiku lomwelo, kapena tsiku latha. M'mbuyomu, amizidwa kwa maola 6-8 mu yankho la chilichonse chothandizira (Heteroauxin, Kornevin). Pankhaniyi, kuphukira kwa tuber kumatenga masiku 15-20 kuposa momwe kwalongosoledwera pamitunduyi.
Mbande zochokera ku zophukira za mbatata zimafuna chisamaliro chowonjezera
Tizilombo timene timadulira timathanso kubzala, koma tchire limayamba pang'onopang'ono. Amayikidwa padera kuchokera kumera, osasakanikirana. Kupanda kutero, tchire limangokhala "loyenda" poyamba zofooka.
Kanema: mbatata zokulirapo kuchokera kumera
Mini tubers
Ma Mini-tubers ndi mbatata yaying'ono yomwe imamera mu labotale kuchokera ku zimakhala. Poyambirira amakhala osabala, choncho titha kukutsimikizirani kuti zinthu zobzala sizitenga kachilomboka. Zowabwezera zawo zokha ndiye mtengo wokwera. Mbadwo woyamba wa tubers ndiopamwamba kwambiri, wotsatiridwa ndi osankhika, kubereka koyamba, ndi zina zotero.
Miphika yomwe ili pafupi ndi chubu choyeserera, imachulukitsa zipatso zake komanso ndi bwino mabulabhu. Pakatha zaka pafupifupi 6-8, zilembo zamtundu wotayika zimatayika kwambiri, kubzala zinthu kumafunikanso kusinthidwa.
Mini mbatata tubers - osankhika kubzala zakuthupi
Ma Mini-tubers ayenera kugulidwa kokha kuchokera kwa opanga odziwika komanso odalirika. Olima ochepa kwambiri mwamawonekedwe amatha kuwasiyanitsa ndi mbatata wamba wamba.
Njira yakunyumba komanso kubzala mwachindunji mu nthaka mwanjira iyi siyosiyana ndi ya muyezo kukula kwa ma tubers. Chopanga chokhacho ndikuti chithandizo cha fungicide sichitha kupatula.
Mbewu
Posachedwa, alimi ambiri akuyamba kutulutsa mbatata ndi njere. Kuphatikiza pa mtengo wotsika wabzala, njirayo ilinso ndiubwino wina wina - mbewu zimatenga malo ochepa poyerekeza ndi tubers, sizingatenge kachilombo kapena ma virus. Zochitika za olimiwo zikuwonetsa kuti mbatata zomwe zidalimidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zimatulutsa zokolola zazikulu, sizingakhudzidwe ndi zovuta zakumapeto, komanso sizivutika ndi nyengo yakutentha. Mbewu zitha kugulidwa kapena kukololedwa paokha posankha zipatso zingapo zomwe zimawoneka ngati tomato yaying'ono yobiriwira.
Ambiri amaganiza kuti zipatso zobiriwira pamitengo ya mbatata zilibe ntchito, koma zimatha kupatsa nyakulayo ndi mbewu
Osati popanda njira ndi zoyipa. Choyamba, zitha kudziwika zovuta komanso nthawi yayitali ya kulima, komanso kumera kochepa. Zomera zomwe zimachokera ku njere zimakhala modabwitsa kwambiri, ndikupatuka pang'ono pazinthu bwino, ndizotheka kuti matenda, makamaka "miyendo yakuda", atukuke. Mbande zimakhala zosalimba, poika mbewu muyenera kukhala osamala momwe mungathere.
Kumera m'mbewu za mbatata ndikotsika kwambiri, kubzala zinthu kumafunika kusungidwa kwambiri
Nthawi yabwino yofesa mbewu ndi kutha kwa Marichi kapena khumi oyamba a Epulo. Amakhala osakwiya komanso kuloledwa kuwaswa, wokutidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa pokonza. Zabzalidwa m'nthaka yosalala komanso yopepuka, thankiyo iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala "wowonjezera kutentha", kupereka kutentha.
Kutuluka kwa mbande kudikira pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Gawo lachigawo chachiwiri choona, mbande zimadumphira m'madzi. Kusamalira kwawo kumakhala kuthirira nthawi zonse ndikuchiza ndi biofungicides popewa matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Komanso, mutatha kudumphira pansi, 1-2 kuphatikiza feteleza ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni ayenera.
Kuyendetsa mbatata ya mbatata kumanyamula bwino
Mbande zimasamukira kumunda kumapeto kwa Meyi. M'mwezi woyamba, imakokedwa ndi nsalu zoyera paz ma arcs. Nyengo yimoza, vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vikuchitika. Madzi osasamba, koma nthawi zambiri, masiku awiri aliwonse, amasula ndi udzu pafupipafupi. Feteleza amagwiritsa ntchito mchere wambiri.
M'nyengo yoyamba, wosamalira mundawo azilandira zobiriwira za mini-tubers zolemera 10-50 g, zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri mawonekedwe, khungu lake ndi zina zotero. Asungeni ngati mbatata wamba. Zabwino kwambiri zimasankhidwa kwa iwo, zomwe zidabzulidwa chaka chamawa, pomwepo amatenga chodzaza bwino bwino.
Mbewu zoyambirira za mbatata zomwe zimachokera ku mbewu zimasiyana kwambiri kukula, mawonekedwe, khungu, ndi zina.
Kanema: kuyambira kubzala mbewu za mbatata mpaka kukolola
Kubzala mbatata m'nyengo yozizira
Ambiri azindikira kuti mbatata za mbatata zimaphonya mwangozi nthawi yokolola mphukira yotsatira. Chifukwa chake, ali ndi chisanu kwambiri. Katunduyu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeza mbewu yabwino kwambiri. Kafukufuku wa akatswiri asayansi zakuthambo akuwonetsa kuti ma tubers obzalidwa akuya mpaka masentimita khumi amalekerera kuzizira kwa gawo lapansi mpaka -10 ° C popanda mavuto. Ndiye kuti, njirayi sioyenera zigawo zomwe zili ndi nyengo yozama, koma zimayendetsedwa bwino ku Russia komanso kumwera.
Tizilombo tambiri tomwe timalemera osachepera 150 g timasankha kubzala. Ndikofunikira kuti mitunduyo ikhale yoyambirira komanso yosamva. Ayenera kusungidwa pakuwonekera kwa masiku 7-10, kuti khungu limakhala lobiriwira kwathunthu. Izi ziteteza kutchera ku chimbalangondo ndi makoswe.
Bedi lakonzedwa, mwachizolowezi. Tsambalo limasankhidwa kotero kuti silingadzadzidwe mu nthawi ya masika. Zilingo zobzalidwa kumapeto, pomwe usiku gawo lapansi pa bedi likuyamba kuzizira, ndipo thaws masana. Amayikidwa mu cheke cha cheke ndi kutalikirana kwa masentimita 25-30 ndi mzere kutalika kwa masentimita 45-50. Kuya kwa dzenje ndi masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Kuphatikiza mbatata zosazidwa ndi tsabola wofiyira (kuchokera mbewa), kompositi imayikidwamo (manyowa wobooka amakopa chimbalangondo), phulusa ndi anyezi peel.
Kuchokera pamwamba, bedi limaponyedwa ndi nthambi za spruce, zokutidwa ndi udzu wophatikizidwa ndi pepala la pepala, ndikupanga wosanjikiza masentimita 25-30. Kenako imakokedwa ndi zigawo zingapo za chovala chophimba chilichonse.
Kwa nthawi yozizira, mabedi a mbatata amakhala ndi inshuwaransi
Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mulch yonse imachotsedwa, mabedi amatsekanso ndi zotchingira pazingwe. Akuwombera ndi kutalika kwa 4-5 masentimita amathiriridwa ndi yankho la biostimulant iliyonse. Akakulitsa mpaka 10cm, malo ogona amachotsedwa, mbatata zimaphikidwa. Kenako samalani, mwachizolowezi. Zomera zotere nthawi zambiri sizimavutika chifukwa cha vuto lakumapeto, ndipo kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado lilibe nthawi yowazunza.
Kukulitsa mbatata mu wowonjezera kutentha
Monga lamulo, nyumba yobiriwira imasungidwa mbewu zina za m'munda. Mbatata zam'nyumba sizikula kwenikweni. Izi zimamveka pokhapokha ngati pali cholinga choti mbewuyo ithe maola angapo. Mitundu yoyambirira yakucha yokha ndioyenera kulimidwa munkhokwe. Ngati sichitenthedwa, kukana chisanu kwa mitundu iyi ndikofunikanso.
Mbatata zibzalidwe m'matenthedwe otentha mwina kumapeto kwa chilimwe kuti mukakolole Chaka Chatsopano, kapena nthawi yachisanu ndi yophukira, ndiye kuti umacha pofika woyamba wa June. Poyamba, kukhalapo kwa kuwunikira kwanyamayi kumakhazikikiranso, apo ayi mbewu zimakula pang'onopang'ono.
Zilonda zobzala mu wowonjezera kutentha ziyenera kukhala zazikulupo pang'ono kuposa zotseguka (80-100 g). Ayenera kukumbidwa. Njira yolowera kumaloko kumachitika, mwachizolowezi. Amayamba kutenthetsa udzu wobiriwira patatsala sabata limodzi kuti abzale.
Kutentha kwa dothi panthawi yobzala sikuyenera kukhala otsika kuposa 5ºº. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri - mulingo woyenera (mzere kutalikirana pakati pa tchire ndi 25-30 cm) ndipo mizere iwiri (kutalikirana pakati pawo ndi pafupifupi 30 cm, pakati pa mizere mpaka 80 cm, mbatata zimakhala 25-30 cm asanduliza). Kuzama kwa dzenje ndi masentimita 6-7. Ndi ma tubers athunthu okha omwe amabzalidwa, fungo lamadzi limakopa makoswe ndi tizirombo tina.
Kutentha pa nyengo yonse yokukula kumasungidwa pamlingo wa 18-20º,, kukulira mpaka 21-23ºº kokha nthawi yamaluwa. Amathiriridwa katatu, kwa nthawi yoyamba - mbande zikafika masentimita 7-8. Njira yoyenera kwambiri ndi kuthirira. Zitangochitika izi, feteleza wophatikizira am'mimbawo amathandizidwa. Pamaso maluwa, tchire kapena udzu.
Zomera zokhala ndi zokayikitsa pang'ono, zokumbutsa mochedwa blight, nthawi yomweyo kukumba ndikuwononga. Pamalo ochepera a greenhouse, fungus iyi imafalikira nthawi yomweyo.
Ndizomveka kukulira mbatata mu greenhouse pokhapokha pamafuta
Ngati wowonjezera kutentha alibe unheated, mbatata zingabzalidwe kokha mchaka, osati kale kuposa maola masana maola 10 kapena kuposerapo. Madera akumwera kwa Russia, uku ndi kuyamba kwa kasupe, ku Urals ndi Siberia - pakati pa Epulo. Ndikofunikira kuyambitsa zobiriwira zokha kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa ndikuzipatsanso ndi denga lolumikizidwa - motere zimatenthetsa mwachangu. Mutabzala, dothi liyenera kuponyedwa ndi udzu (wosanjikiza 10-15 cm) ndikumangiriza ndi spanbond wakuda, lutrasil, agril. Masamba asanagwidwe adabisika, koma sizimatheka. Humus imayikidwa mu dzenje, iwonso imadzazidwa nayo.
Kanema: Kubzala mbatata m'nyumba
Pafupifupi onse wamaluwa akugwira ntchito yolima mbatata. Powona koyamba, tekinoloje yake yaulimi ndiyosavuta, koma pali zambiri pano. Mukakonzekereratu mundawo ndikukonza timatumba, mutha kukolola zochuluka kuposa kale. Ndipo kukhalapo limodzi ndi njira zachikhalidwe kumatha kupulumutsa kubzala. Tubers amadziwika ndi zabwino kwambiri chisanu kukana, iwo zingabzalidwe ngakhale nyengo yozizira, motero yopeza yokolola yoyambirira.
