De Barao: kodi mungakulitse bwanji mitundu yotchuka ya phweteke mochedwa?

Tomato De Barao anawonekera ku Russia pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zapitazo ndipo anapambana mwachangu chidwi cha olima. Tsopano akupitilizabe kutchuka, ngakhale akupikisana mokhazikika kuchokera ku mitundu yaposachedwa ndi ma hybrids, omwe nthawi zonse amabzala. Izi sizingatheke ngati mitunduyo ilibe zabwino zingapo zosatsutsika. Tomato ali m'gulu la indeterminate, motero, muukadaulo waulimi pali mfundo zina zomwe muyenera kuzidziwiratu pasadakhale. Palibe chodabwitsa chomwe chimafunikira kwa wolima dimba, ndipo De Barao amuthokoza chifukwa chakututa kambiri pantchito yabwino.

Makhalidwe ndi mafotokozedwe amtundu wa phwetekere De Barao ndi mitundu yake

Kwawo kwa phwetekere De Barao - Brazil. Analowa mu Russian State Register mu 2000. Zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika kuti ndizoyenera kulimidwa popanda malire akulima. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pankhani yakucha, ndiyofunika kukhala mochedwa. Zimatenga masiku 115-125 kuti zipse mbewuzo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kubzala De Barao poyera pokhapokha kum'mwera - nyengo yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri pazikhalidwe ndi kumeneko. Pakati pa Russia ndi zigawo zomwe zili ndi zovuta kwambiri, zimalimidwa makamaka m'malo obiriwira.

Tomato De Barao mwachangu adapambana chikondi chamaluwa aku Russia

Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala m'gulu la indeterminate. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kukula kwa tsinde sikungokhala ndi chilichonse, kumapitilira nyengo yonse yomwe ikukula. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, imatha kutalika mpaka 4 m ndi kupitilira. Koma nthawi zambiri wamaluwa amafupikitsa mwachangu, ndikumadula chimtunda chofika kutalika pafupifupi 2 m. Izi zimathandizira chisamaliro cha mbewu komanso zimathandiza chitsamba kuti chizitsogolera zakudya zambiri kuti zipse zipatso. Tomato De Barao adzafunikira trellis, ukonde kapena thandizo lina lomwe mungathe kumangiriza tsinde.

Monga tomato wina wamkati, kukula kwa chitsamba cha De Barao kulibe malire

Zipatsozo zimakhala zokulirapo, pafupifupi kulemera pafupifupi 30 g. Mu burashi iliyonse muli zidutswa 8-9. Ndi maluso aluso olimapo ndi kulima munthawi yabwino kwambiri, unyinji wawo umatha kufika 80-100 g. Amawoneka bwino - - wamtundu umodzi, wamtali pang'ono, wowoneka ngati maula kapena ovoid. Zabwino ndizabwino, mutha kuwerengera makilogalamu 5-6 kuchokera kuthengo. Kulawa ndi bwino kwambiri mwatsopano komanso kukonzekera. Zipatso zomwe zilibe nthawi kuti zipse pachitsamba zimatha kuchotsedwa ndi kubiriwira. Amangokhala kunyumba.

Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake, kusungidwa ndi kusungika, phwetekere ya De Barao ndichosangalatsa osati kwa olima maluwa amateur, komanso alimi aluso

Peelyo ndi yofiyira, ngakhale yopanda banga la lalanje pakabowo, monga mitundu yambiri ya phwetekere. Ndiwocheperako, koma cholimba kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, tomato wa De Barao samakonda kusweka nthawi yakucha ndi kumera. M'mabanki, amawoneka okongola kwambiri, osasamalira mawonekedwe ake ndi kowala. Komanso, zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika ndi kusunga bwino komanso kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Izi zimapangitsa kufunika kwa alimi aluso.

Kukula kochepa komanso mawonekedwe a maula kumapangitsa kuti tomato wa De Barao akhale wabwino kwa kumalongeza kwawo

Pulogalamuyi ndi yokuta kwambiri, yodziwika ndi zinthu zambiri zowonjezera. Kusesa madzi kuchokera ku tomato wa De Barao sikugwira ntchito. Ena amati izi ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Koma kwa iwo zimakhala zabwino phwetekere phala ndi ketchup. Chipatso chilichonse chimakhala ndi zipinda 2-3, mbewu zochepa.

Kanema: De Barao Red mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tomato

Zosiyanasiyana De Barao zimayamikiridwa ndi alimi kuti azitha kubzala mbewu bwino, osati yabwino, komanso kutali kwambiri ndi malo abwino. Matomawa amalekerera chilala bwino, kutentha, kugwa kwamvula yambiri, kutentha kumatsika ndikutsikira, komanso kusowa kwa kuwala. Ubwino wina wosakayikitsa wa mitunduyi ndi kukana kwake kovutikira kwambiri. Ichi ndi matenda owopsa, mliri weniweni wa tomato. Osati kawirikawiri, amadwala matenda ena amtundu (alternariosis, cladosporiosis, kachilombo ka fodya, weniweni ndi wofatsa).

Tomato De Barao nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi kudwala koyambirira

Kanema: De Barao Pink ndi Wakuda

Kutengera ndi "class" ofiira ofiira a De Barao, obereketsa apanga mitundu yonse yazatsopano. Zonsezi zimadziwika ndi zazikulu zazing'ono komanso zipatso zooneka ngati maula, komanso kusowa kwa chisamaliro.

• De Barao Golden (kapena Chikasu). Monga tomato onse achikasu, imadziwika ndi beta-carotene ndi lycopene. Mosiyana ndi tomato wofiira, ndi hypoallergenic. Nthawi yakucha ya mbewu imatenga masiku 120 kapena kupitirira. Tchire limamera kwambiri, masamba ochepa, masamba ndi akulu. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa chipatso ndi 79-83 g. Zokolola - 6.2-6.4 makilogalamu pachitsamba chilichonse.
• De Barao Orange. Nthawi yakucha ya mbewu ndi masiku 125. Mtengowo ndi wamasamba ochepa, masamba alibe akulu, tsinde silikhala lamphamvu. Thandizo lodalirika limafunikira. Zipatso ndi zokongola kwambiri ngati lalanje lagolide, lalanje zimafanana ndi chitsulo chosungunuka. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa phwetekere ndi 65 g. Kubereka ndi pafupifupi 8 kg / m². Izi ndizochepa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, koma zimalipira zabwino chifukwa cha zipatsozo.
• De Barao Pink. Zipatso zimacha kwa masiku 117. Chomera sichikhala champhamvu kwenikweni, tchire limakhala lobiriwira. Mitundu iyi imatha kusiyanitsidwa kuchokera ku mitundu ina ndi ma inford okwera. Zipatso ndi rasipiberi pinki, zokoma kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyana zimawoneka ngati zokoma. Komabe, izi ndizofanana ndi zambiri zamtundu wa pinki. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa chipatso ndi 50-70 g. Zokolola zonse ndi 5.4-6.8 kg pa chitsamba chilichonse. Mwa mitundu yonse, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi vuto lochedwa.
• De Barao Wakuda. Nthawi yakucha nthawi yokolola ndi masiku 115-125. Chitsamba chokhala ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono amtundu wakuda wobiriwira. Peel ya zipatso zakupsa imayalidwa mumithunzi ya chokoleti. Kununkhirako ndikosangalatsa kwambiri, kokoma, pafupifupi popanda wowawasa. Kuguza kwake ndi kwakuwonda, kotsika kwambiri. Kulemera kwapakati - pafupifupi 58 g. Zabwino - mpaka 8 kg / m². Burashi iliyonse imakhala ndi zipatso 6-7.
• De Barao Royal. Kupeza kwaposachedwa kwa obereketsa. Mitundu iyi idaphatikizidwa mu State Register mu 2018. Zogulitsa mpaka pano ndizosowa kokwanira. Tchire ndi lamphamvu kwambiri. Wotambitsidwa zipatso. Zimatha kupitirira miyezi itatu ndipo zimatha pambuyo pa chisanu choyamba. Unyinji wamba wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi 150-160 g. Khungu limakhala lofiirira. Burashi iliyonse imakhala ndi tomato 5-7. Kupanga - 10-15 makilogalamu pachitsamba chilichonse. Zipatso zimawoneka ngati zokoma kwambiri kuposa zonse.
• De Barao Wosiyidwa. Mtundu wina wosowa kwenikweni. Kulemera kwa phwetekere - mpaka 70 g. Peel ya zipatso zosapsa zamtundu wa saladi ndi mikwingwirima yamtundu wakuda wobiriwira, pang'ono pang'ono. Pakucha, kamvekedwe kake kamakhala kofiyira, ndipo kasoyo imakhala njerwa kapena ya bulauni.
• De Barao Giant. Mtengowo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, tsamba lamasamba ambiri. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina pakukula kulolerana ndi mthunzi komanso kuzizira. Zosiyanasiyana zingabzalidwe ngakhale m'malo otsika, komwe kumakhala madzi amvula, mame komanso malo opanda mpweya wofunda kwa nthawi yayitali. Zimatenga masiku pafupifupi 125 kuti zipse mbewuzo. Kulemera kwa zipatso kumasiyana kuyambira 70-80 g mpaka 170-210 g. Khungu limakhala lofiira kwambiri, phesi limakhala ndi mtundu wa saladi wotumbululuka. Zochulukitsa - 5.5-6.4 kg pa chitsamba chilichonse.

Chithunzi: mitundu ya phwetekere De Barao

Zochitika za olima m'minda ya phwetekere De Barao zidawonetsa chidwi. Pazifukwa zina, tomato awa salekerera oyandikana ndi "abale". Chifukwa chake, kuti athe kupeza zokolola zochuluka, amafunika kubzalidwe kutali ndi mitundu ina.

Kanema: Mndandanda Wamitundu Yosiyanasiyana

Kukula mbande ndikuwasamalira

Kukula tomato kudzera mbande ndi njira yochitidwa ndi ambiri mwa anthu olima masamba aku Russia. Kwa De Barao, njira iyi ndiyabwino kwambiri, chifukwa mbewu yake imacha mochedwa. Tomato si wosakanizidwa, chifukwa chake mbewuzo zimatha kusungidwa palokha. Koma popita nthawi, zilembo zamitundu mitundu zikadali "zopanda pake", zokolola ndi mtundu wa zipatso zimachepa. Osachepera kamodzi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndikulimbikitsidwa kusintha zodzala.

Mbeu za phwetekere za De Barao zitha kupezekanso kuchokera ku zipatso zodzikulitsa

Tomato wa De Barao amadzuka mochedwa. Pofuna kukhala ndi nthawi yoti mupange mbewu, mbewu za mbande zimabzalidwa chakumapeto kwa mwezi wa February kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi, ngati mukufuna kukula mu greenhouse. Mukadzala poyera, kubzala mbewu kumasinthidwa kumapeto kwa Marichi. Ntchito yonseyi imatenga miyezi iwiri osawerengeka, yomwe imakhala nthawi yambande yobzala.

Kukula mbande kumayamba ndikusankhidwa kwa mbewu ndikukonzekera. Choyambirira kuchita ndikumiza maimidwe osankhidwa kwa mphindi 10-15 osawonongeka, kuwonongeka kapena vuto lina mu yankho la saline (supuni imodzi ndi theka pa lita imodzi yamadzi). Ma pop-up amatha kuponyedwa nthawi yomweyo. Kuwala kwachilendo kumatanthauza kusapezeka kwa mwana wosabadwayo.

Kulowerera mu saline kumakupatsani mwayi wokana mbewu zopanda phwetekere zosagwira

De Barao samadwala matenda, komabe alibe chitetezo chokwanira. Chifukwa chake, mbewu zosankhidwa zimayamba kunyowetsedwa mu 1% yankho la potaziyamu permanganate kapena 3% hydrogen peroxide yophera matenda ndi kupewa matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Pazifukwa zomwezo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi mkuwa - fungicides. Ndikofunika kusankha njira zamakono zoyambira chilengedwe (Strobi, Alirin-B, Baikal-EM, Fitosporin-M). Mbali yoyamba, nthawi yakukonza ndi maola 3-4, wachiwiri - mphindi 20-25. Kenako mbewuzo zimayenera kutsukidwa pansi pa madzi ozizira ndikuwuma.

Potaziyamu permanganate yankho - imodzi mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Kufufuza ndi biostimulants kumakhudza bwino chitetezo chokwanira cha mbewu, kukana kwawo kuzinthu zoyipa zachilengedwe ndi zipatso. Gawo lomaliza ndikulowa kwa mbewu za De Barao mu yankho la potaziyamu humate, Epin, Kornevin, Emistima-M. Kusanthula nthawi - 45-60 Mphindi. Zithandizo za anthu zimathandizanso chimodzimodzi - kuphika koloko, msuzi wa aloe, madzi a uchi, succinic acid. Koma kuti achitepo kanthu, amafunikira maola osachepera 5-6. Njirayi imagwidwa nthawi yomweyo isanabzalidwe, nthangala zikatha kusambitsidwa.

Madzi a Aloe ndi achilengedwe ochulukitsa, mankhwalawa amathandizira kumera kwa mbeu

De Barao samapereka zofunikira zapadera pamtunda wa gawo lapansi. Mbande ndi dothi loyenera la phwetekere kapena la Solanaceae, lomwe limagulidwa m'sitolo. Pokonzekera dothi lokha, olima masamba amasakaniza chonde chamtunduwu ndi humus kapena kompositi inavunda mosiyanasiyana. Kupanga gawo lapansi ndikumasanja, onjezerani theka la mchenga wowuma, perlite, vermiculite, zinyenyeswazi za peat, zouma zouma zokooneke kapena sphagnum moss. Kuthandizanso kuwonjezera kaboni yokhoma kapena choko choponderezedwa kukhala ufa - izi zithandiza kuteteza mbande ku "mwendo wakuda" ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi mafangasi.

Mukukula mbande za phwetekere De Barao, nthaka yomwe idagulidwa ndi yoyenera

Njira yakukula mbande imawoneka motere:

1. Zophatikiza zathyathyathya, ngati matayala, zimadzaza pafupifupi 2/3 ndi dothi. Gawo lirilonse liyenera kukhala lophera tizirombo toyambitsa matenda pothandizidwa ndi nthunzi, kutentha kapena kuzizira. Zofananazo zimaperekedwa ndi njira yofiyira yofiirira ya potaziyamu permanganate. Dothi limathilira madzi pang'ono, sinthani pamtunda.
2. Mbewu zofesedwa chimodzi nthawi, ndi kuphatikiza pafupifupi masentimita 5. Kutalikirana kwa mzere kuli pafupifupi ofanana. Amakwiliridwa pansi ndi 1 cm, kenanso. Finyani ndi dothi loonda.
3. Zabzala zimathiridwa mu mfuti ya phula, botilo limakutidwa ndi galasi kapena polyethylene, ndipo mpaka amatuluka amasungidwa m'malo otentha kwambiri (osachepera 25 ° C, makamaka 27-32 ° C). Kutentha kwapansi kumathandizira kuyambika kwa mbande. Nthawi zambiri zimatenga masiku 7-10. Munthawi imeneyi, pogona chimachotsedwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa mphindi zisanu ndi ziwiri kuti magawo azilowa mpweya wabwino kuti zitheke komanso kuchotsetsa mpweya wotumphukira.
4. Mbewuzo zikangomera, malo ogona amachotsedwa. Mbande zimafuna kuzizira komanso kuwala kwambiri. Chizindikiro chachikulu kutentha kwa iwo ndi 14-16ºº usiku ndi 18-20ºº masana. Kutalika kochepa kwa maola masana ndi maola 12. Palibe dzuwa lokwanira dzuwa m'malo ambiri a Russia kuti muwonetsetse izi, chifukwa chake mufunika kuwunikira mbande pogwiritsa ntchito mwachilengedwe fluorescent, LED kapena phytolamps apadera. M'masiku atatu oyambirira atabzala mbewu, kuwunikira kozungulira nthawi zonse kumalimbikitsidwa.
5. Mphukira zimathiridwa madzi pang'ono, pomwe nthaka yamvula imayamba kumera. Damba loyambirira lisanawonekere, gawo lapansi limathiridwa kokha kuchokera ku mfuti yothira, kenako ndikusinthidwa ndikumatsirira sabata. Mbewu ikaphuka masamba asanu, nthawiyo imachepera masiku 3-4.
6. Kubira kumachitika patatha masiku awiri kuchokera ku tsamba lachiwiri lowonekera. Pafupifupi theka la ola izi zisanachitike, mbande zimamwetsa madzi kuti zitheke kuzichotsa m'nthaka. Nthochi zimabzalidwa mumiphika wa peat kapena makapu apulasitiki okhala ndi mainchesi 8 cm, odzazidwa ndi dothi lomweli. Kuchuluka kwathunthu iwo amachotsedwa mosamala, kuyesera kuti pakhale mtunda pamizu. Pambuyo pa njirayi, phwetekere limathiriridwa mokwanira ndikutsukidwa kutali ndi mawindo kwa masiku 5-7, kuti dzuwa lowongoka lisawagwere. Ulamuliro wa kutentha ndi womwewo.
7. Pafupifupi milungu iwiri itatha kumera, mbande zimadyetsedwa. Gwiritsani feteleza wa mchere yekha. Mphukira zimathiriridwa ndi feteleza aliyense wa mbande (Rostock, Gumi, Master, Bona Forte).
8. M'masabata awiri omaliza asanabzale, mbande zimawumitsidwa. Amakutengera kumweya wabwino - kukhonde, pakhonde, kunja, ndikuwatchinjiriza ku dzuwa. Choyamba, maola 2-3 tsiku lililonse ndi okwanira, ndiye kuti nthawi yokhala panja imakulitsidwa pang'onopang'ono. M'masiku atatu omaliza ndizofunikira kusiya mbewu kuti "igone usiku" mumsewu. Kutentha kwa 8 ° C ndi pansi pake, tomato amafunika kubwezeretsedwanso m'chipindacho.

Tomato amadzalidwa bwino, ndiye kuti atha kubzalidwa mumtsuko umodzi kuti apulumutse malo pawindo

Vidiyo: Kubzala mbewu za phwetekere kwa mbande

Mabasi ndiwokonzeka kubzala poyera, mpaka kutalika kwa 20-30 cm ndikukhala ndi masamba owona a 5-7. Kupangidwa kwa masamba si chopinga. Gawo laling'ono liyenera kutenthetsa mpaka 12-15ºº.

Mukabzala mbande za phwetekere kukhala malo okhazikika, simuyenera kuzengereza, toyesa zamitundu yambiri zimakhala zoyipa komanso zazitali kuti zizolowere nyengo zatsopano

Zomera zamitundu yonse ya De Barao ndizopanda malire, zamphamvu, choncho palibe masamba awiri osayikidwa 1 m². Mukafika pamtundu wa cheke, malo omwe ali pakati pawo ndi 55-60 cm, mzere kutalikirana ndi 65-70 cm. Kuyambira m'masiku oyambira omwe ali panthaka, amapatsidwa chithandizo. Poyamba imatha kukhala msomali wachidule, tchire litafika kutalika kwa 50 cm, zimayambira zimayamba kumangirizidwa ndi trellis.

Kuti mufikire malo, sankhani tsiku losatentha. Kuti mbeu zisunthe mosavuta, zimathiriridwa bwino pafupifupi ola limodzi asanatero. Kukula kwa dzenje kumatengera mtundu wa dothi - lomwe limakulitsa, osafunikira kwambiri kuzika mizu. Pafupifupi, ndi 20-30 cm.Pansi pake yikani phulusa la phulusa la nkhuni ndi kanyuni kakang'ono - izi zimateteza mbewu ku matenda ndikuwopseza tizirombo tambiri. Mbeu zokulira (40 cm ndi kupitilira) zibzalidwe pa 40-45º.

Kubzala mbande za phwetekere m'nthaka sikusiyana kwambiri ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi mbewu zina zam'munda

De Barao ndi mitundu yoletsa kuzizira. Komabe, mbewu zazing'ono sizitha kulolera kutentha. Ngati matumba obwerera akuyembekezeka, ma arc amawaika pabedi lamundawo ndipo amalimba ndi china chilichonse chofunda chodutsa mpweya. Mwambiri, pakatha sabata yoyamba ndikubzala, tomato amalimbikitsidwa kuti atetezedwe ku dzuwa mwachindunji, motero oyera spanbond, agril, lutrasil abwera pano.

Zinthu zokutira-mpweya-zoteteza - kuteteza koyenera kuzizira ndi kutentha

Vidiyo: Kubzala mbande za phwetekere mu wowonjezera kutentha

Kubzala mbewu panthaka ndikukonzekera njira

Tomato De Barao amayesedwa kuti ndi woyenera kusiya. Koma kuti muthe kukolola zochuluka, chikhalidwecho chimayenera kupereka malo oyenera kapena osachepera pafupi.

Monga tomato onse, mitundu iyi imakonda kutentha komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa. De Barao amabala zipatso bwino ngakhale pang'ono, koma chisankho chabwino kwambiri chodzala ndi malo otseguka, otenthetsedwa ndi dzuwa. Zomera zamphamvu siziopa kukongoletsa ndi kuwomba kwa mphepo, koma zimayambira palitali lonse ziyenera kumangirizidwa ndi chithandizo. Kotero kuti tchire lonse limalandira kutentha ndi kuwala pang'ono kapena pang'ono, mabediwo amachokera kumpoto kupita kumwera.

Tomato De Barao mizu yake imabala bwino ndipo amabala chipatso ngakhale pang'ono, koma bwino malowo azikhala otseguka komanso dzuwa

Kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndikofunikira kwambiri pakulima mbewu iliyonse. Pamalo omwewo, De Barao amathanso kubzala kwa zaka zitatu. Kenako mukufunikira nthawi yayitali. Lamuloli limagwiranso ntchito pakufika pambuyo pa Solanaceae wina. "Achibale" (biringanya, mbatata, tsabola belu) nawonso osayenera monga oyandikana nawo. Amakhudzidwanso ndi matenda ofanana ndi tizirombo. Ngati mabedi ali pafupi, kupewa "mliri" ndizosatheka, ngakhale De Barao akukaniza kwambiri matenda.

Biringanya, monga mbewu zina zochokera ku banja la Solanaceae, ndi omwe sanachite bwino kukhala ankhoswe komanso anansi

Patsogola kwa phwetekere, nthanga zilizonse, Dzungu, Cruciferous, anyezi, adyo, amadyera ndi oyenera tomato. Kulima kumawonetsa kuti kuyandikira kwa dimba la sitiroberi kumathandizira kwambiri pazomera zonse ziwiri - kukula kwa chipatso kumawonjezeka ndipo, potengera, zokolola.

Udindo wa dothi De Barao ulibe zofunikira zambiri. Chikhalidwecho chili ndi "mikhalidwe" yochepa chabe - gawo lapansi silikhala lophatikiza, lolemetsa, ndipo madzi apansi ayenera kubwera pafupi kuposa mita. Kusunthika kulikonse kwa mizu sikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mtundu uliwonse wa tomato. M'dothi lokhazikika, mbewu zimamera pang'onopang'ono. Nthaka lolemera limalepheretsa kubzala wamba, ndikupangitsa kuvunda. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli, mchenga wowuma (8-10 l pa mita ya mzere) umawonjezeredwa ku dongo ndi peat gawo lapansi pokonzekera mabedi. Mulingo wa asidi-asidi umakhala ngati ufa wa dolomite, phulusa lamatabwa, ndi phulusa laphwanyika kuti likhale louma (200-400 g / m²).

Dolomite ufa - deoxidizer wachilengedwe wa dothi, malinga ndi mlingo womwe umalimbikitsa, ulibe mavuto

Mukabzala pamalo otseguka, bedi la mundayo limakonzedwa pasadakhale, kuyambira kugwa. Malo osankhidwa ndi omwe amakumbidwa, kutsukidwa kwa masamba ndi zinyalala zina. Feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira njirayi - humus kapena chowunda makilogalamu (4-5 kg ​​/ m²), superphosphate yosavuta (45-50 g / m²) ndi potaziyamu nitrate (25-30 g / m²). Iwo omwe amakonda kuvala zovala zapamwamba amatha kugwiritsa ntchito phulusa la nkhuni (0,7 l / m²) ngati gwero la phosphorous ndi potaziyamu.

Chiwembu chosankhidwa kubzala tomato chimakumbidwa kwambiri, pochotsa mbewu ndi zinyalala zina

Chapakatikati, pafupifupi masabata atatu asanabzalidwe, kama wake amamasulidwa ndikuthira feteleza wa nayitrogeni - urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate. Zoyenera (15-20 g / m²) siziyenera kupitilira mulimonse. Nitrogen ochulukirapo m'nthaka imafooketsa chitetezo chomera ndipo imathandizira tchire la phwetekere kuti limange mwachangu masamba obiriwira kuti awononge mbewu yamtsogolo. Ndi zoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa ndi zinyalala zatsopano monga gwero la macroelement awa. Mavalidwe apamwambawa amatha "kuwotcha" mizu yofesa ya mbande. Kuphatikiza apo, awa ndi malo oyenera kuswana momwe mazira ndi mphutsi za tizirombo ndi spores za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi yachisanu. Kuti musavutike ndi majeremusi, mundawo ukhoza kuthiriridwa ndi madzi otentha kapena njira yothira ya pinki ya potaziyamu permanganate patatha masiku 7-10 mutabereka.

Humus - njira yachilengedwe yowonjezera chonde m'nthaka

Amakonzekeranso pasadakhale kuti abzale tomato mu wowonjezera kutentha. Mu nthawi yophukira, dothi labwino kwambiri la 10-15 masentimita amachotsedwa, ndikusintha ndi humus kapena gawo lina lachonde. Ngati izi sizingatheke, onjezerani dothi labwino pamwamba. Magalasi mkati mwake ndi nkhope zina amapukutidwa ndimayimidwe a laimu otumphukira. Pa chifukwa chomwechi, m'malo obiriwira, omwe ali ndi zitseko ndi mazenera otsekeka kwambiri, bomba laling'ono la sulufule limawotchedwa.

Feteleza onse ofunikira amawonjezeredwa panthaka. Patatha masiku 5-7 zitachitika izi, dothi limakhetsedwa ndi madzi otentha kapena 3% yankho la Bordeaux madzi, sulfate yamkuwa ndi kumangika ndi pulasitiki wokutira mpaka kuphukira. Pafupifupi sabata imodzi kuti mubzale tomato, mudzafunika kumasula bwino ndikuwonjezera phulusa la nkhuni pa 0,5 l / m².

Nthaka yomwe ili mkuwonjezera kutentha iyenera kuyeretsedwa musanadzalemo tomato

Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa samadzala mbande, koma mbewu za phwetekere. Ku Russia, kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya De Barao chifukwa chakacha mochedwa, njirayi ndiyoyenera madera akum'mwera okha. Komabe, iye alibe zina zabwino.

• Dongosolo la mizu muzomera, lopanda malire ndi mabokosi kapena makapu, ndi lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu. Zotsatira zake, ma bus amalandila michere yambiri.
• Tomato mwachilengedwe amasinthika ndi dzuwa. Sakuyenera kutetezedwa ku nthambo zachindunji.
• Sitepe yolowera pansi siyikuphatikizidwa. Tomato, poyerekeza ndi mbewu zina zam'munda, zimalekerera njirayi bwino kwambiri. Komabe izi ndizowonjezereka kwa mbewu.
• Mbande kutchire ndizovuta kwambiri kuvutika ndi "mwendo wakuda". Matendawa atha kuwononga gawo lalikulu la mbewu zamtsogolo zomwe zili kale pamlingo.

Choyipa chachikulu cha njirayi ndi kumera pang'ono kwa mbeu. Nthawi zambiri wolima mwiniyo ndiye amayambitsa izi, kuyesera kuwabzala m'mamawa, pomwe nthaka sinatenthe ngokwaneleyo. Komanso, zomwe zimayambitsa zimatha kukhala zochulukirapo chinyezi m'nthaka, ngati mvula ndi mvula, kutentha kochepa.

Bedi limakonzedwa mwanjira yomweyo ngati yobzala mbande. Chithandizo chokhwima komanso chodzaza mbewu. Kuti mphukira ziziwoneka mwachangu, ndibwino kuti zimere ndikuzigwira kwa masiku angapo m'malo otentha wokutidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa kapena yopyapyala. Chovala sichiyenera kuloledwa kuti chiume.

Amabzalidwe pamalo pokhapokha ngati chisanu chikuwonjezeranso chisanu. Madera akumwera lino ndi theka lachiwiri la Epulo, m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia ndi bwino kuchedwetsa njirayi mpaka zaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi.

Mabowo ali pabedi amapangika, kutsatira malangizo omwe abzala. Mbewu 4-5 zimayikidwa mu iliyonse, ndikusiya kusiyana pakati pawo masentimita 2-3. Pamwamba ndi chopondera chopendekera cha humus chosakanizika ndi zinyalala za peat, kuwaza pang'ono. Mbewuzo zimakuzika ndikukula kwa masentimita 3-4. Tisanaphuke, dothi lophimbidwa ndi polyethylene osati kuthilira, pambuyo - ndi chilichonse chofunda chonyamula mpweya pa arcs. Amachotsedwa pamene tchire lifikira kukula kwa mbande, yokonzekera kubzala pansi. Pogona zidzateteza osati kuzizira zokha, komanso ku kutentha, mvula yambiri.

Mukabzala nthangala panthaka, phwetekere imadulidwa, ndikusiya mbewu zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zophukira pabedi

Popewa kukula kwambiri kwa mbeu, mbande zimadulidwa. Pa mbande zomwe zidapanga masamba owona a 2-3, chomera chimodzi chokha chatsalira mu dzenje lirilonse, champhamvu kwambiri ndikuwoneka bwino. Zimayambira za zotsalazo zimadulidwa pafupi ndi dothi momwe zingathere. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwatulutse, mutha kuwononga mizu.

Popewa kukula kwa matenda oyamba ndi fungus, mbande zosefera zimathiridwa ndi choko chophwanyika kapena sulufule ya colloidal. Phulusa lamatanda lophimbidwa limalowetsedwa m'nthaka pakulima.

Kanema: Kubzala mbewu za phwetekere pamalo otseguka

Kusamalira mbewu poyera komanso potentha

Kusamalira tomato De Barao sikovuta kwenikweni. Koma poika mbande pamalo osatha, tchire limayamba kukula kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, posachedwa adzafunikira michere yambiri. M'malo mwake ,ukadaulo waulimi wamtunduwu, kuphatikiza umuna, umangophatikiza madzi okhazikika, mapangidwe a chitsamba ndikusunga mabedi oyera. Muyeneranso kuganizira kuti De Barao ndi tomato wamkulu komanso wamkulu. Mukabzala mu wowonjezera kutentha, kutalika kwake kumayenera kukhala kosachepera 3 m, kuti mbewu zimve bwino.

Monga phwetekere ina iliyonse, mitundu ya De Barao imakonda chinyezi. Koma izi sizikugwira ntchito pakuwonjezera chinyezi ndi kusisima kwamadzi pamizu. Chifukwa chake, pakukula mu wowonjezera kutentha mukatha njirayi, iyenera kuthandizidwa. Ndipo ngati thankiyo yamadzi ilipo, onetsetsani kuti mwaphimba ndi chivindikiro. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa phwetekere kwa phwetekere ndi chinyezi cha mpweya pamlingo wa 50-55%, ndi nthaka - pafupifupi 90%.

Nthawi yabwino kuthirira madzi wowonjezera kutentha ndi m'mawa kutacha. Tomato poyera amatha kuthiriridwa madzulo. Koma nyumba zobiriwira usiku nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi, motero, ndipo chinyezi chimachulukana.

Madzi amayenera kutenthetsedwa mpaka kutentha pafupifupi 25ºº. Njira yoyenera kwambiri ndi kuthirira. Ngati ndizosatheka kuzichita mwamagulu pazifukwa zilizonse, madzi amathiridwa m'matumba omwe anakumba mumataulo akuya masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Mukathilira mwachindunji pansi pa tsinde, mizu imawululidwa ndikuuma. Iwo m'magulu sayenera tomato kuthirira mbewu kuchokera kuthirira, hose, kukonkha. Izi zimakwiyitsa kugwa kwakukulu kwa masamba, maluwa ndi mazira azipatso.

Njira yabwino kwambiri ya phwetekere ndi kuthiririra, komwe kumakuthandizani kuti muunyowetse nthaka

Mbande zomwe zangobzalidwa kumene zimathiriridwa madzi ambiri, zimatha pafupifupi malita 5 a madzi pachitsamba chilichonse. Ndipo pakadutsa masiku 7-10 dothi silifuna chinyezi. Asanafike maluwa, tchire limathiriridwa madzi kawiri pa sabata, zomwe ndi 2-3 malita. Masamba akatseguka, gawo loyenda limakulitsidwa mpaka 4-5 l, nthawi pakati pa njira ndi masiku 7-8. Kawiri pa sabata ndikokwanira kwa mbeu za akulu, zofanana ndizofanana. Njira yabwinobwino kwa iwo ndiyosowa koma kuthirira kambiri. Kusinthana kwa chilala kwanthawi yayitali ndikutulutsa madzi kumayambitsa kusweka kwa chipatso. Pafupifupi milungu iwiri tisanatolere tomato woyamba, kuthirira kumachepetsedwa mpaka zochepa. Izi zimathandizira kachulukidwe ndi shuga mumkamwa.

Madzi zikafika pamasamba a phwetekere, chiopsezo chotenga matenda a fungus chikuwonjezeka, maluwa ndi mazira amagwera kwambiri

Nthawi iliyonse mukathirira, chinyezi chikamamiza, nthaka imayimitsidwa pang'ono pang'ono. Mulching ikulola kuti madzi azisungika m'nthaka, ndikuwonjezera madongosolo pakati pa njira. Zimapulumutsanso kwambiri nthawi yolima dimba.

Mukamakula tomato poyera, pafupipafupi kuthirira kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo. Ngati nthawi ya chilimwe imakhala mvula, imatha kuchita popanda mvula yachilengedwe. Chikhalidwe sichimakonda kuthirira kwamvula m'nthaka, chifukwa chake, ndimvula yayitali komanso yamvula yambiri pabedi, ndikofunikira kumangapo kansalu, kuiteteza kumadzi owonjezera.

Tomato wa De Barao akupitilizabe kubzala zipatso zoyambirira, chifukwa chake, kuvala zinayi zapamwamba kumachitika nthawi yayitali, osawerengera oyambitsa feteleza pomera. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe kuti mulimbe kwambiri kuti mupeze kudzikundikira kwa ma nitrate m'michero.

Koyamba tchire limadyetsedwa masiku angapo asanafike maluwa. M'mayambiriro a kukula, mbewu zimafunikira nayitrogeni, kotero kulowetsedwa kwatsopano manyowa, ndowe za nkhuku, masamba a nettle kapena masamba a dandelion ndizoyenera kwambiri. Chomalizidwa chimayenera kusefedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1:10 kapena 1:15 ngati zinyalala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira. Olima ena amawonjezera supuni ya Nitrofoski, Azofoski ndi malita 10 a yankho.

Kufunikira kwa kulowetsedwa kwa nettle ndi feteleza wina wofananako atha kuweruzidwa ndi kununkhira kwa mawonekedwe

Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba ndichabwino. Imachitika milungu iwiri itatha yoyamba. Kotero kuti mazira achiberekero osapunthwa, ndipo tomato akucha kwakukulu, mbewu zimafafaniza ndi yankho la boric acid (2-3 g pa lita imodzi yamadzi).

Pafupifupi mwezi ndi theka lisanafike tsiku lokolola lomwe likuyembekezeka, phwetekere ya De Barao imatha kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza aliyense wovuta kutengera vermicompost. Njira ina ndi yisiti. Ufa wouma ndi ma briquette amathandizanso. Wotsirizayo ayenera woyamba kuphwanyidwa. Zopangira zimasungunuka m'madzi ofunda, ndikuumirira pafupifupi tsiku limodzi. Musanagwiritse ntchito, onjezani 50 g shuga ndi madontho 20 a ayodini pa 10 malita.

Zomera za tomato zitha kugulidwa ku malo aliwonse odziwika

Chovala chotsiriza chomaliza chimayesetsa kukulitsa nthawi ya zipatso. Wonongerani mbewu yoyamba ikakolola. Kukucha tomato kumafunika phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Gwero lachilengedwe la macronutrients awa ndi phulusa. Kutengera momwe nyengo ilili mumsewu, imabweretsedwa mu mawonekedwe owuma kapena kulowetsedwa kumakonzedwa ndikuthira makapu awiri a zida zopangira ndi lita imodzi ya madzi otentha.

Phulusa la nkhuni limapatsa tomato ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, yofunikira pakucha zipatso

Nthawi yabwino yothira feteleza aliyense ndi madzulo. Ngati mukufunakuvala mizu ndikulimidwa, dothi liyenera kuthiriridwa pafupifupi theka la ola lisanachitike njirayi kuti isatenthe mizu. Pakatikati pa kumwa pafupifupi malita pafupifupi 1.5 malita.

Kanema: Tawonani tomato wa De Barao mu wowonjezera kutentha

Mapangidwe a tomato osakhazikika amachitika nthawi yonse ya masamba okhazikika ndi gawo la masiku 10-12. Chosiyira malo onse omwe amakhala ndi tchire lomwe limamera mu phesi limodzi. Mtundu woyamba wa maluwa utapangidwa (nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pamasamba 9-12 masamba), chotsani mbali zonse za masamba ofanana ndi masamba (otchedwa stepons). Ndiye kuti, tchire ndi thunthu lopanda kanthu ndi maburashi azipatso. Masamba amangokhala pamwamba kwambiri, osapitirira zidutswa 6-8. Tsinde likafika pati kutalika kwa 1.5-2 m, kuzitsina, kuchepetsa kukula. Izi zimathandizira chisamaliro chobzala ndipo zimatsimikizira kuti michere yambiri imayambira zipatso.

Stepsons za phwetekere - ofanana nawo akuwombera

Kupanga mapangidwe kumakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera zipatso ndikukulitsa zipatso. Pa gawo lotsika lachitatu la tsinde, lomwe limafika kutalika pafupifupi 1 m, mwana wopeza wamphamvu ndi wosakhazikika amasankhidwa, ena onse amachotsedwa. Maluwa atangotulutsa maluwa, itsina pachikuto. Tsopano udindo wake udzaimbidwa ndi wopeza womaliza.

Kupangidwe kwa chitsamba kumachitika potsatira malingaliro otsatirawa:

• Chida chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chimayeretsedwa asanadulidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kumizidwa mu njira yakuda yofiirira ya potaziyamu permanganate.
• Nthawi yabwino kwambiri yochitira njirayi ndi m'mawa kwambiri. Masana, "mabala" omwe adalowetsedwa amakhala ndi nthawi yopuma. Kuyambira pomwe madzi othirira omalizira kapena ovala pamwamba, osachepera tsiku ayenera kudutsa.
• Stepsons imachotsedwa ikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 6-8.Iiwo amathyoledwa kapena kudulidwa, ndikusiya "chitsa" chaching'ono. Mukuchita izi, chisamaliro chiyenera kumwedwa kuti chisawononge khungu pa tsinde. Stepsons zimatulukira, kugwada, masamba - kumbali.

Kupangidwa kwa chitsamba cha phwetekere De Barao kumachitika nthawi yonse yazomera

Kanema: Kupanga kwamtchire kwa phwetekere

Ndemanga zamaluwa

De Barao - tomato wabwino wogonjetsedwa ndi vuto lakachedwa. Koma kuti akolole zokolola zabwino, ayenera kubzalidwa m'mamawa. Ndimabzala muFebruary, koma pomwepo padzakhala kukulira pofikira, makamaka ngati kulibe kuwabwezera m'mbuyo komanso kutentha.Ndimachita izi - ndikawona kuti chomera chili pamwamba pa chizolowezi, ndikudula 15 cm kuchokera pamutu panga, ndikudula masamba am'munsi ndikuyika gulu lonse m'madzi. Akazika mizu, ndimadzalanso miphika. Nthawi ikakwana, ndimera. Kenako maburashi amayikidwa pafupi ndi nthaka yomwe. Koma mumsewu ndimabzala zokhazo zomwe sizimayenera kukhala wobiriwira. Ndipo komabe - amakonda dziko lokhala ndi manyowa. De Barao Red ndi Pinki ndimakonda. Chakuda - Sindikudziwa, ndipo Chikasu sichili cha ine, ngakhale ena amakonda.

Astra

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Tomato De Barao amasungidwa nthawi yayitali komanso osatayika. Ndipo nawonso amakana kwambiri chifukwa cha vuto lakelo. Ngati atadwala, ndiye kuti pambuyo pake kuposa onse.

Eugene

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Ndili ndi De Barao panja pobzala mpaka pakati pa 3.5 m. maburashi khumi ndi anayi, onse obiriwira okhaokha nthawi ya chilimwe. Kalasi. Ngakhale imakhazikika ikagona.

Alex940

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De Barao Golden wobzalidwa chaka chatha. Zokoma. Koma pazifukwa zina adangokoma kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Ngakhale wakucha pachitsamba nthawi yonse yotentha.

Vlada

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Sizinawonekere kuti De Barao anali ndi mavuto ambiri ndi mwana wawo wopeza. Maburashi ndi masamba ndi ochepa. Ndipamene amamangidwa ndikuyimilira, ndiye kuti ndizosangalatsa kuzitsina, ngati mu mitengo iwiri, osati 4-5.

Freken10

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De Barao ndizosangalatsa. Adabzala zaka zingapo poyera. Chaka chatha, mitundu yonse yotheka: yofiira, lalanje, yapinki, golide, yakuda ... zinakhala zabwino. Ndimasilira mabanki. Ndimakula pamathandizo mu tsinde limodzi, mu Ogasiti kutalika kwa 1.5 m ndidadula korona osati wopondera. Ndipo popeza palibe masamba pa tsinde kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zokolola zimafalikira m'mabanki, mtengo wa tsinde, wokutidwa ndi tomato, umakula nthawi yonse yophukira. Chisanu chisanachitike, ndimakolola (tili nacho kwinakwake pakati pa Okutobala), mawonekedwe awo siogulitsa kwambiri, koma mwezi wina ndi tomato. Ndimalima De Barao chifukwa cha kumalongeza, komanso ngati chomenyera pakati posunga kukoma ndi kukoma.

Ezhik777

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M'dera la Novgorod (makilomita 600 kumpoto kwa Moscow), tomato amakula bwino. Bush De Barao ndiwokwera kwambiri, imayenera kumangirizidwa ndi mitengo yolimba. Osabzala mumsewu - osakhala pabwino nthawi yayitali mu Ogasiti, koma kwachedwa. Palibe chilichonse mwa iwo chomwe chiri chapadera, chabwino, ngakhale tomato wokhazikika, osagwirizana ndi matenda. Ngati simupeza wopeza ndi kumangiriza, idzagwa ndikukula m'munda wonsewo.

Aprilnata

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Ndimadziona kuti ndine wosazindikira wokhala kunja nthawi yachilimwe, ngakhale kuti nyumbayi ili kale ndi chaka choyamba. Malo athu siabwino kwambiri, kuwonjezera pamenepo, malowa ndi amphepo, ndi zovuta kulima zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, makamaka chifukwa titha kuyendera dzikoli pofika kumapeto kwa sabata. Koma chaka chino tinapeza wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo sitingathe kukana kudzaza "chida" cha dzikoli ndi tomato ndi nkhaka. Ndidasankha mitundu ya De Barao Orange mwamwayi, malingana ndi chithunzi chokongola kwambiri komanso malingana ndi zomwe wopanga adalonjeza zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kokula zokolola zambiri malo obiriwira. Apa ndipamene ndinawerenga ndemanga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya De Barao ndipo ndinazindikira kuti zinakhala zamtundu wa phwetekere. Mbewu zofesedwa malinga ndi kalendala yoyendera mwezi ya anthu okhala m'chilimwe. Pali mbewu zambiri m'thumba, ndipo zonse zinamera limodzi. Pakapita kanthawi, ndinali ndi nkhalango yonse ya mbande pazenera. Mbande za De Barao ndi zamphamvu komanso zopanda chiyembekezo. Tomato De Barao mu wowonjezera kutentha adasungunula kuposa mamita awiri. Amatha kukula kwambiri ngati kukula kwawo sikungachepetse mzere wobiriwira. Mwana wopeza anali wofunikira nthawi zonse. Sitinadwale, monga mbande zogulidwa, zomwe zinayesa kupukuta ndi kuda. Ndikuganiza kuti kukula kwambiri kwa tomato ndikulakwitsa kwanga, ndinayenera kuyitsina. Anawedza, koma kunalibe zipatso zambiri. Mwa njira, tchire zomwe zimamera mumsewu zinali squat, koma panali zipatso zambiri. Zowona, nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa tomato mumsewu kunali kocheperako poyerekeza ndi wowonjezera kutentha. Tomato enieniwo ndi okongola kwambiri - lalanje wowoneka bwino, wopaka mawonekedwe. Kuguba kwake ndi kotsekemera, kaso. Khungu siliri loonda, lomwe ndilabwino kwambiri pakuchita mchere. Tomato sanaphulike, anali ndi mchere wangwiro, motero De Barao anali wokoma komanso watsopano. Ndidakali ndi matumba awiri a lalanje De Barao, ndidzabzala mitundu yambiri chaka chamawa.

Antika

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De Barao akhala akubzala kwa chaka chachitatu motsatizana, akukhuta kwambiri, nthawi zonse ndi zokolola. Kulawa, zachidziwikire, ndizochepa kuposa tomato wamkulu, koma ndizoyenera kukolola. Ndidzabzala.

Kalasitale wa Chilimwe78

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Ndidabzala mitundu ina ya De Barao, tsopano ndimagula ndi kubzala chaka chilichonse. Ndiwopatsa thanzi komanso wosalimbana ndi matenda. Mabasi owonetsedwa ndi zipatso. Makamaka zosiyanasiyana De Barao Black. Amadyera zidebe zanga zatsopano, monga zipatso. Iye ndi wokoma komanso wokoma. Ndipo sindikuyankhula za mchere. Wabwino kwambiri kulawa komanso wokongola m'mitsuko.

Lyudmila Gushchina

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Ine ndimakula De Barao Black; chipatso sichinakhalepo chopanda kanthu. Si yayikulu, siabwino kumalongeza. Mu mtsuko, tomato wamitundu yambiri amawoneka bwino.

VERA LUBIMOVA

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Pa tchire 40, nthawi zonse ndimabzala 2-3 De Barao. Kwa ine, izi ndi zovuta zopanda zovuta pokhudzana ndi matenda, kukula, kusamalira ndi kututa.

Maria Ulyanovskaya

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Kuphatikiza pa "class" ofiira ofiira a De Barao, palinso mitundu ingapo yochokera kwa iwo. Pakati pawo, mlimi aliyense adzapeza zomwe amakonda. Mitundu yonseyi imadziwika ndi kusatetezeka bwino, kusasamala mosamala komanso kutha kubala zipatso nthawi zonse nyengo yabwino. Makamaka pakulima De Barao kuyenera kuperekedwa kuti apangidwe chitsamba. Zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku gawo lopanda malire, kukula kwa tsinde sikungokhala ndi china chilichonse.