Kodi buckwheat ndi chiyani, amadziwa ngakhale omwe sali okhudzana ndi ulimi muzochita zawo zaluso. Nzosadabwitsa, chifukwa ndi mbeu yofunika kwambiri ya mafakitale, kuchokera ku tirigu omwe amapereka tirigu ndi ufa. Kuonjezerapo, ndibwino kutsogolera mbewu zambiri.
Vitamini PP imachokera ku masamba ndi maluwa a mbewu, ndipo zowonongeka kuchokera ku zokolola za zomera - ufa, udzu, ndi nthanga za tirigu - zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chakudya cha ziweto. Kumayiko akummawa, nthanga za chikhalidwe cha tirigu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapilo. Chomera, kuwonjezera, chiri ndi mtengo monga chomera cha uchi: kuchokera pa 1 ha ya mbewu mukhoza kupeza pafupifupi makilogalamu 100 a uchi ndi zina zambiri.
Dziko lakwawo la buckwheat ndi East ndi Southeast Asia. Chomeracho chinayambika ku mbewu pafupifupi zaka zikwi zinayi zapitazo, m'mapiri a India ndi Nepal, kumene amatchedwa "mpunga wakuda". Ndizochokera ku banja la Grechishny ndipo zimayimilidwa ndi mitundu yambiri, zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pa ulimi ndi buckwheat. Amagawidwa m'magulu awiri a subspecies: ambiri otayika komanso wamba. Chofunikira kwambiri pa mafakitale a zakudya ndi wamba.
Mukudziwa? Chikhalidwe cha Buckwheat chinatchedwa Asilavo atabweretsedwa kwa iwo kuchokera ku Byzantium m'zaka za VII. Malingaliro ena, dzina lakuti "buckwheat" linawonekera chifukwa kwa zaka zambiri chikhalidwecho chinalimidwa makamaka ndi amonke achi Greek ku nyumba za amonke. Tsopano m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, buckwheat amatchedwa "beech tirigu chifukwa cha kufanana kwa mbewu zake ndi mtedza wa beech. Motero dzina la mtundu wa chilatini: Fagopyrum -" bukovidny mtedza. "Nkhaniyi imalongosola za mitundu yolima ya buckwheat, yomwe imakonda kwambiri kulima kwa mafakitale.
Diploid mitundu ya buckwheat
Mitengo ya diploid ndi tetraploid imatulutsidwa. Kusiyanasiyana pakati pawo ndikuti diploid imakhala ndi ma chromosomes 16, ndi matope a 32 -.
Pofuna kukolola bwino, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo ndi zinthu zina zakunja, monga lamulo, osachepera awiri kapena atatu a buckwheat amafesedwa pamalo amodzi.
Ndikofunikira! Buckwheat sangathe kufesedwa kumalo kumene mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda agwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu zapitazo.
"Vlad"
Buckwheat cultivar "Vlada" ndi diploid yomwe imamera chomera, tsinde la ribbed limene limafika kutalika kwa mamita 1. Masamba ndi amtundu wambiri, amtundu wobiriwira, amakhala ndi pubescence pang'ono, pita kumsana, pamwamba pa tsinde. Raceme, inflorescences, maluwa ang'onoang'ono, mtundu wa pinki wotumbululuka.
Chipatsocho ndi tchalitchi, chophatikizidwa, chakuda. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndizomwe zimagwirizanitsa, nthambi yabwino, kucha zipatso, komanso kukana kubzala mbeu ndi malo ogona. Kufesa kuyenera kuchitika kumayambiriro kwa tsiku, kupeĊµa kuchedwa, chifukwa izi zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mbeu za mtsogolo.
Zowonjezera zokolola ndi 16.5 c / ha, zomwe zalembedwa m'mayiko a CIS - 28.1 c / ha (2007). Nthawi ya zomera za zomera ndi pafupi masiku 83. Ndili ndi zida zamakono komanso zamakono. Zisonyezo za ngakhale za buckwheat tirigu za zosiyanasiyanazi ndi 90.4%; mbewu zokolola - 75.6%; nthanga yachitsulo - 61.8%. Kukoma kwa phala kumayesedwa pa mfundo zisanu.
"Dikul"
Zosiyanasiyana za buckwheat "Dikul" zili ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi "Vlad" zosiyanasiyana. Tsinde laling'ono, limafika kutalika kwa masentimita 70-95, kuwala kobiriwira, ndi pubescence yofooka. Masamba ndi ang'onoang'ono, amtundu wambiri wamtundu umodzi, wobiriwira, ali ndi pubescence wofooka. Ma racemose a inflorescence kapena corymbose, maluwa oyera ndi pinki.
Zipatsozo ndizofiira, zowonongeka, zofiirira. Zosiyana-pakati-nyengo, nyengo yake ikukula imakhala pafupifupi masiku makumi asanu ndi atatu. "Dikul" imatengedwa ngati mitundu yokolola bwino. Ambiri ali ndi anthu 16.1 pa hekitala, ndipo chiwerengero chake ndi 25.8 oposa pa hekita (2003). Zimasiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo zamakono komanso zamakono. Mndandanda wa uchi wa tirigu ndi 75%; mbewu zokolola - 70%, cereal kernel - 53%. Kukoma kwa phala kumayesedwa pa mfundo zisanu.
"Mvula"
Mvula yambiri ya buckwheat "Mvula" imakhala ndi kabukhu kamodzi kokha m'malo mwa corymbose, yomwe ili pamwamba pa mphukira. Inflorescence ndi yaikulu, imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 7, osati maluwa ambiri. Mitengoyi imakhala ndi mphukira yaikulu yomwe ili ndi pafupifupi 4-6 mawanga.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, ena mwa otsogolera ndiwo: mbatata, lupins, datur. Buckwheat yokha idzakhala yoyenera kutsogolo kwa: oat, beets shuga ndi mbatata.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yayikulu-yofalikira, pakatikati ya nyengo, ndipo imatsutsana ndi malo ogona. Nyengo yokula imatha masiku 70-80. Mbewu zokolola - 73%, mapuloteni - 16.3%. Mtengo wapatali wa "buchala" Mvula - 27.3 c / ha (1991). Mitengo yabwino, yoyenera kugwirizanitsa molunjika. Zokolola zochuluka zimabereka pa dothi lachonde.
"Carmen"
Mitundu ya Buckwheat "Carmen" - yemwenso ali woimira mitundu ya diploid, zomera zowonongeka. Ili ndi tsinde lopanda tizilombo tochepa, lomwe limakhala lalitali la masentimita 86. Masambawo ndi ofiira, omwe amaoneka ngati a mtima ndi a katatu, amakhala pamwamba pa tsinde ndi zojambula, zitsulo, ndi zofiira zochepa komanso popanda pubescence.
Inflorescence wandiweyani, racemose, ili pa yaitali peduncles. Maluwa ndi mtundu wa pinki wotumbululuka, wochepa. Chipatso ndikatchalitchi, ali ndi mawonekedwe a diamondi, mtundu wakuda. Avereji zokolola - 17.3 c / ha; zolemba zambiri - 24.7 c / ha (2003). Nyengo yokula ndi pafupi masiku 79.
Zokolola za mbewu - 67.7%, tirigu wochuluka - 65%, kukoma kwa mbewu kumaphatikizapo mfundo zisanu. Amadziwika ndi maimidwe olimba, nthambi zabwino, maluwa ndi kucha zipatso. Njira yabwino yoyeretsera - magawo awiri.
"Klimovka"
Mitundu ya Buckwheat "Klimovka" ili pakatikati pa nyengo, yosagwira malo ogona ndipo imakhala ndi zipatso zazikulu (tirigu). Nyengo yokula imakhala masiku 79. Kutalika kwa tsinde ndi 98 masentimita. Zokolola za buckwheat za mitunduyi ndizowonjezereka, chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 17.4 pa hekitala. Omwe amatsogola kwambiri ku Klimovka ndi mbewu zowonongeka, nyengo yozizira ndi udzu wachaka.
"Safira"
Mitengoyi imakhala ndi mbola yomwe imapangidwa ndi nthiti, imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 75. Masambawa ndi osakanikirana, akubiriwira, amadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimapu Racemose inflorescence, pa yaitali peduncle, yaing'ono-kakulidwe maluwa, woyera-pinki.
Chipatso ndi tchalitchi, maonekedwe a diamondi, bulauni. Kufesa mbewu zamtunduwu zimayenera kuchitika m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za mwezi wa May, kuphatikizapo kuchedwa, chifukwa izi zimabweretsa zokolola. Amasiyana ndi maluwa abwino ndi kucha kwa tirigu. Sredne-osasunthika kukhetsa mbewu ndi malo ogona.
Sapphire "Safira" imapereka zokolola zabwino, chizindikiro chokhala ndi chiwerengero cha 22.5 c / ha; chiwerengerochi ndi 42.6 okwana pa hekitala (2008). Nthawi ya zomera imakhala pafupifupi masiku 86. "Safi" mu khalidwe limatanthawuza mitundu yamtengo wapatali ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi zamakono. Nkhumba ndi zazikulu, ndondomeko ya usana ndi yaikulu - 91%. Kuchokera kwa chimanga ndi 73.3%, maso a mbewu - 56.7%. Kukoma kwa phalaku kumawonetsedwa pa mfundo zisanu, croup ili ndi mapuloteni 14.5%.
"Darkie"
Zosiyanasiyana za buckwheat "Darkie" ili ndi tsinde lakuthwa, lomwe limatha ndi burashi imodzi. Chomeracho chimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 72 mpaka 102. Masambawo ndi osachepera, amodzi-atatu, amtundu, opanda sera komanso pubescence.
Mitundu, khalani pansi pa peduncles ya 8-14 mu burashi. Maluwa a mtundu wa pinki wotumbululuka, tchalitchi chamtundu, wamaliseche, wooneka ngati diamondi, wakuda ndi chokoleti. Chomeracho chimabala zipatso, mpaka 14.3 c / ha.
"Aronia"
"Black" buckwheat imachokera ku zosiyanasiyana "Yubileinaya-2" mwa njira ya kusankha yekha. Izi ndizakupsa, nyengo yake ikukula sizoposa masiku 75. Mitengo ya zomera ndi yaitali, pafupifupi masentimita 100 wamtali, ili ndi nthambi yabwino. Maluwawo ndi abwino, okoma, maluwa ndi oyera.
Chipatso cha Buckwheat "Chokeberry "yaying'ono-yakuda, yakuda, imakhala ndi mapuloteni 14 mpaka 17%. Iyo ili ndi luso labwino la zamakono komanso za tirigu, zomwe zimatulutsa tirigu zimakhala zoposa 77 %.Zomerazo zimakhala zosagwirizana ndi malo ogona. madera.
Mitundu ya tetraploid buckwheat
Tetraploids ya buckwheat imadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola, kubzala mbewu, mapuloteni apamwamba mu zipatso, kukhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zowonjezera komanso zosayenerera. Ganizirani mitundu yanji yomwe ili ndi matenda.
Alexandrina
Masamba a Buckwheat "Alexandrina" ali ndi tsinde lamtundu wokhala ndi masentimita 89. Masambawo ndi obiriwira, amawonekedwe a mpweya, amawombera mphuno, amawombera, osakhala ndi pubescence ndi ma deposit. Inflorescence ndi yovuta kwambiri, yomwe ili pamtunda wautali, maluwa ndi aakulu, otumbululuka pinki. Chipatsocho chimakhala chochepa, chamtundu umodzi, chamtundu wakuda. Kawirikawiri zokolola za zosiyanasiyana Alexandrina ndi 18.1 c / ha; chiwerengerochi ndi 32.7 oposa pa hekita (2004).
Nthawi ya zomera imatenga masiku 87. Zida zamakono ndi zokolola zakwera. Zokolola za tirigu - 68.2%, mbewu yambewu - 63.7%. Analimbikitsa kulima koyamba kwa buckwheat ya zosiyanasiyana, kufesa nthawi pasanathe zaka khumi zoyambirira za May. Mukamalima, amafunika kudzipatula ku mbewu za diploid. Njira yabwino yoyeretsera - magawo awiri. Amakhala ndi maluwa okoma komanso okoma bwino, mosagonjetsedwa pokhetsa mbewu ndi malo ogona.
"Bolshevik-4"
Mitundu Yambiri "Bolshevik-4" imakhala ndi mphamvu, yokwera, kufika mamita 1. Nkhumbazo ndi zazikulu ndipo zimathamanga (91-100%), zomwe zimadziwika ndi makhalidwe apamwamba a zamakono. Njere isanatheke sizimafunikanso kupatulidwa mu tizigawo ting'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapereka zokolola zabwino za tirigu - mpaka 86%.
Kukoma kwa phalaji kumayerekezera ndi mfundo zisanu, mapuloteni omwe ali m'mbewuyi ndi okwera kwambiri - 15-16%. Kawirikawiri zokolola - 19.1 c / ha, kupitirira - 32.2 c / ha zinalembedwa mu 2008. "Bolshevik-4" pakatikati, nyengo yokula imakhala masiku 68 mpaka 78. Kusiyana kuwonjezeka kukana kwa frosts, malo ogona ndi kugwa kwa tirigu.
"Eliya"
Sungani "Eliya" - chomera cha mtundu woongoka, chili ndi tsinde lakuya. Masambawa ndi amtundu umodzi, amtundu wobiriwira, amasandulika muvi wozungulira, wopanda sera kapena pubescence. Miyambo yotchedwa inflorescences, maluwa akulu, kuwala kofiira. Nkhumba ndi zazikulu, maonekedwe a diamondi, tchalitchi chachikulu, chakuda.
Kawirikawiri zokolola ndi 17.1 okalamba pa hekitala, pazitali ndi 33.2 (1997). Zotsatira za mbewu za tirigu -73-74%. Chomeracho chimagonjetsedwa ndi malo ogona ndi kupasuka, chodziwika ndi zabwino maluwa ndi kucha. Njira yabwino yoyeretsera - yosiyana. Zokolola zabwino ndizopakati pa loamy ndi dothi lopanda, ndi mzere wambiri wofesa, ndi kuchuluka kwa mbeu ya buckwheat 1,2 miliyoni ma PC / ha.
"Lena"
Zosiyanasiyana za Buckwheat "Lena" ndi chomera chodziwika bwino cha mtundu wa tetraploid. Ili ndi tsinde lolimba lomwe limakhala lolimba, lofikira kutalika kwa masentimita 95, kuwala kobiriwira. Masamba ndi ofiira, avy, mtima wautatu, wopanda pubescence. Inflorescences wandiweyani, mabala, pautali peduncles, woyera-pinki maluwa.
Zipatso ndi rhombic, zazikulu, zitatu zamtundu umodzi, zofiirira. Zosiyanasiyana ndi pakati pa nyengo; nyengo yokula imatha masiku 88. Kawirikawiri zipatso za tirigu ndi 13.8 c / ha; chiwerengerochi ndi 25.5 centre pa hekita (2003). Zizindikiro zamagetsi ndi tirigu ndizitali, ngakhale uchi wa mbewu ndi wabwino kwambiri - 99%. Zokolola za tirigu - 72%, mbewu yambewu - 55%.
Kukoma kwa phala kumayesedwa pa mfundo zisanu. Kumera koyambirira m'mwezi woyamba kapena wachiwiri wa May akulimbikitsidwa ndi mitundu iyi. Njira yabwino yoyeretsera - magawo awiri.
"Marita"
Marita ndi mmodzi mwa omwe amaimira mitundu yatsopano ya tetraproid buckwheat. Chomeracho chimakhala chokhazikika, chokhazikika, tsinde lake ndi lopanda kanthu, lobwedezeka, limafika mamita 1 mu msinkhu. Masamba ndi a sing'anga, wobiriwira, wooneka ngati mtima, katatu, wavy, wopanda pubescence ndi kuvala sera. The inflorescence ndi maluwa, lalikulu maluwa, mtundu wotumbululuka pinki.
Chipatso ndi tchalitchi chachikulu, chooneka ngati diamondi, chakuda. Zowonjezera zokolola ndi anthu okwana 19.1 pa hekitala, chiwongoladzanja chachikulu ndi 35.7 oposa pa hekita (2008). Nthawi ya zomera ndi yaitali - masiku 94. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yamtengo wapatali, imakhala ndi makhalidwe apamwamba kwambiri.
Buckwheat nthawi zambiri amamenyedwa ndi tizirombo: Cockchafer, mbewa, wireworms ndi nematodes.
Nkhumbazo ndi zazikulu, ndondomeko yofanana ndi yapamwamba - 97,9%, chiwongoladzanja cha cereal ndi 72%, nthenda ya tirigu ndi 74.8%. Kukoma kwa phalaji kumayesedwa pa mfundo zisanu, mapuloteni okhutira ndi 14%. Amalimbikitsanso kufesa koyambirira, kupewa kuchedwa, kuti asawononge mbewu. Polima, iyenera kukhala yosiyana ndi mitundu ya diploid.
"Minsk"
Zosiyanasiyana za mtundu wa "Minskaya" zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu yambiri yopangira mitundu yambiri ya Istra. Chipinda "Minsk" wamtali, chodziwika ndi nthambi yabwino. Maluwa ndi aakulu, oyera. Nkhumba zazikulu.
Kawirikawiri zokolola ndi 12.3 -25.4 q / ha. Chomera chiri pakatikati pa nyengo; nyengo ya zomera imakhala masiku 79 mpaka 90. Lili ndi khalidwe lapamwamba ndi la mbewu, zokolola zoperekera - 73%, mapuloteni okhutira - 16.8%. Amamasula bwino komanso amakula, osagwira malo ogona.
