Matenda ndi tizirombo ta mphesa: momwe tingazindikire, kuchiritsa, kupewa

Ngakhale alimi odziwa zambiri nthawi zambiri amawonongeka pazinthu zawo chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo. Kuti muthane nawo munthawi yake, ndikofunikira kuti muwazindikire ndikudziwa momwe mungatetezere komanso kusamalira mphesa.

Matenda a mphesa ndi chithandizo chake

Mpaka pano, matenda opitilira 500 a mphesa amadziwika kale. Zomwe zimayambitsa ndizochulukirachulukira kapena kusowa kwa zinthu zofunika m'nthaka kuti mbewu zikule, kusakhalitsa, nyengo zovuta, komanso tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa ma virus. Oopsa kwambiri ndi matenda osavomerezeka a virus, nthawi zambiri akuwononga minda yonse ya mpesa.

Madontho pamasamba a mphesa

Chifukwa cha kuukira kwa bowa kapena majeremusi, mawanga amawoneka pamasamba a mpesa. Amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukula kwake ndi utoto wake kutengera gwero la matenda. Kuwapeza pamasamba, muyenera kuyamba kulandira chithandizo, popeza mawanga awa ndi omwe amabweretsa matenda atsopano komanso amachititsa kuti chitetezo chamthupi chichepe.

Masamba auma

Matenda ambiri ndi omwe amachititsa kuti masamba ayambe kupsa. Matenda obisika a chlorosis amachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuphatikizika kwa michere ya carbonate m'nthaka, pomwe masamba amasintha chikaso ndikuwuma. Zimachitika kuti pakapita nthawi masamba amabwerera, koma amakhala ochepa mphamvu komanso ochepa. Pogaya ndi zipatso. Njira yabwino kwambiri yopeŵera chlorosis ndiko kumasula dothi kwakanthawi, komwe kumathandizira kusinthana kwa mpweya.

Nthawi zina masamba amawuma chifukwa chosowa nayitrogeni m'nthaka. Kuyambitsidwa kwa feteleza wachilengedwe (mullein, zitosi za nkhuku) kudzakhala chipulumutso kwa zomera zodwala.

Kupaka masamba ndi kuyanika masamba ndi chizindikiro cha matenda, mwachitsanzo, chlorosis

Oidium

Oidium (powdery mildew) ndi matenda oopsa komanso ovulaza omwe amayamba chifukwa cha fungus Uncinula necator Burril. Alimi oyambira nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi izi pomwe mphukira zazing'ono zimayamba kukula bwino, ndipo masamba amatuluka pang'ono ndipo utoto wonyezimira umawonekera, wofanana ndi phulusa. Pambuyo pake, imakwirira ma inflorescence omwe akutuluka komanso masango. Popita nthawi, zipatso zazing'ono zimafa nthawi yomweyo, zikuluzikulu zimayamba kusweka kenako kenako nkufa.

Malo abwino kwambiri osasinthika spores a bowa owuma ndiwofunda ndi nyengo yotentha. Mphesa zomwe zimamera m'malo opanda mpweya wokwanira komanso malo okhuthala kwambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi oidium.

Limbikitsani mpweya wabwino wa tchire:

• kumasula mizere ya m'munda wamphesa;
• kudulira koyenera;
• kudula ndi kuthyola nthambi;
• Garter mipesa pa trellis.

Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito oidium, kukonzekera ndi Strobi, Thanos, Teovit Jet, Topaz, Horus. Madeti ndi Mlingo wa chithandizo akuwonetsedwa mu malangizo.

Kulimbana ndi mpunga wa Oidium kumapangitsa kuti mbewu zambiri zithe

Wachikulire

Mpweya wabodza wonamizira, wotchedwa mildew, suli woperewera pakuvulaza kwake oidium. Omwe akhudzidwa ndi matendawa ndi minda yamphesa yomwe ili ndi chinyezi chambiri. Fangayi ya pathogen nyengo yotentha imakhala mwakachetechete masamba a mphesa, ndipo kasupe wake wa zoosporangia, mothandizidwa ndi mvula ndi mphepo, amasinthidwa kukhala masamba ang'onoang'ono omwe akutuluka. Ndi nyengo yonyowa komanso kutentha kwa 10^zaPopeza spores imachulukana mwachangu, poyambira ndikupanga mafuta ambiri, kuwala kwachikasu m'malo onse obiriwira achomera. Popita nthawi, m'malo mwa mawanga pamphepete mwa masamba, mudzazindikira kuwola kwa ufa.

Malo okhala ndi spores nyengo yonyowa amayamba kuvunda, ndipo kutentha kumawuma, ndikupangitsa kufa kwa mbali zomwe zakhudzidwazo. Nthawi yakula, bowa amapanga nthawi zopitilira 10. Choopsa kwambiri ndichakuti mycelium pa mazira a zipatso. Milandu yakufa kwa mbewu yonse ndiyotheka.

Njira zothandizira kuteteza zitsamba za mphesa ku nkhungu zikuphatikiza:

• Kuwonongeka kwa namsongole mumanjira;
• mulching nthaka pansi pa tchire;
• kapangidwe koyenera ka mpesa;
• kuwononga chitsamba kachilombo ka downy mildew;
• munthawi yake garter;
• kusankha mitundu yosagwirizana ndi mphesa.

Popeza fungus imakhudza mkati mwa masamba, ndizosatheka kutero popanda kuchiza ndi dongosolo lamaukidwe kapena kulumikizana (fungicides). Zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwathunthu. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Antracol, Kurzat, Mikal, Golide Wopindulitsa, Ridomil, Thanos (malinga ndi malangizo).

Chithandizo cha anthu ku fungal matenda a mphesa: ndowa yamadzi imadzazidwa ndi zinyalala zam'mera, 250 ml ya tincture wa tiyi wa tiyi amawonjezeredwa, masiku 2-3 akuumirizidwa. Zomwe zimapangidwira, zimasefedwa, zimadziwitsidwa ndi madzi (1: 6), tchire zimapoperedwa nthawi imodzi pa sabata pakumera.

Ndi khofi, utoto woyera umawoneka pansi pa tsamba, kenako ndikupita ku ovary ya zipatso

Gray zowola

Gray zowola nthawi zambiri zimakhudza tchire kumezanidwa, popeza malo ophatikiza ndi kulumikizidwa omwe amatumikira odulidwa osadulidwa ndi abwino pa pathogen. Chapakatikati, kuzizira komanso chinyezi zimathandiza kudzutsa bowa. Zozungulira ndizosavuta kuwona pakudzutsa masamba ndi mphukira. Pambuyo pake amazinga nthambi zachaka ndi zonse zobiriwira. Matendawa amadziwikanso ndi zolengeza pamunsi pa masamba, pa inflorescence ndi masango. Mukangogwira gawo loterolo, mutha kuwona chipilala. M'malo owuma, ngati mphesa sizichiritsidwa ndi fungicides munthawi yake, malo okhala ndi funguswo amadetsedwa ndikuuma. Popewa matendawa, njira zomwezo zaulimi ndi kukonzekera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ufa wa powdery.

Gray rot imatembenuza gulu la mphesa kukhala msuzi wa mushy

Anthracnose

Chimodzi mwa bowa owopsa omwe amakonda chinyezi chambiri komanso nyengo yotentha. Amakhala ngati tizilombo ta matenda a powderyole, amabisala m'malo a kachilombo ka mphesa.

Masamba obiriwira pamasamba a mpesa, ndipo pambuyo pake pamitengo yake yamapulogalamu akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa anthracnose. Mpesa wosweka ndi matenda umafa pang'onopang'ono. Pofuna kupewa komanso kuchitira achiwembu, mwatsatanetsatane ndikukonzekera kukhudzana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito: Acrobat, Antracol, Ridomil, Thanos, Horus, Bordeaux.

Anthracnose amachititsa kuwoneka kwa zilonda pamakola a mphesa

Mawanga akuda

Bowa wina ndi wokonda kutentha komanso malo achinyezi. Matendawa amayambanso kumatchedwa kufalikira kwa mphukira, ascoriosis kapena phomopsis.

Mafangayi amakhudza masamba ndi zipatso za mphesa, koma zimapezekanso pamtunda zamtchire, ndikupanga mawanga ofiira, omwe kenako amasungunuka. Kulowera kwambiri kwa bowa mu mpesa kumachepetsa kukula kwake, ndipo m'kupita kwa nthawi kumabweretsa chiwonongeko ndi imfa.

Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwamphamvu ndi mawanga akuda a magawo osiyanasiyana a mphesa, mutaphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi matupi amanjenje amdima, ndizosatheka kuchiritsa mbewu. Kuti mupewe milandu yovutayi, muyenera kuyamba kupewa, kuchiza tchire mutakolola komanso kumayambiriro kwa masika pambuyo pa kuwonekera masamba ang'onoang'ono. Mankhwala achilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi matenda ena a fungus.

Matenda akuda kuwonera mphesa ndi omwe amachititsa mbewuyo kufa

Tizilombo ndikuwongolera mphesa

Osati matenda omwe amawononga kwambiri minda yamphesa. Tizilombo tina ta mphesa timagwiranso ntchito osati zipatso, komanso kukula kwa mbewu yonse.

Momwe mungasungire mphesa ku ma wasp

Wasp umakhala mumtundu wosakhwima wa mphesa kuti muzisangalala ndi msuzi. Tizilomboti timabowola khungu la zipatsozo ndikusiya masango owonongeka pambuyo pa phwandolo, lomwe limakhala malo abwino kwambiri oti mabakiteriya azikhala. Kuchuluka kwa kuwukira kwa mavu kumachitika mwezi watha chilimwe. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, iwo, m'malo mwake, amabweretsa zabwino zokha pakudya mphutsi za agulugufe ndi kachilomboka.

Wopatsa vinyo aliyense ali ndi njira yake yotsimikiziridwa yowononga madera a mano okoma. Machitidwe oterewa amatchedwa othandiza kwambiri:

1. Kuwonongeka kwa zisa za nyanga zam'mawa kumayambiriro kwamasika kusanachitike tizilombo. Atapenda mosamalitsa malo onse pafupi ndi munda wamphesa ndi kupeza chisa cha nyanga, amaichotsa ndipo nthawi yomweyo amawotcha. Malo omwe idakhalapo amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala aliwonse kuti ateteze chisa. Njirayi singathandize kuchotsa mavu, popeza amachokera ku malo ena oyandikana nawo.
2. Kupanga "misampha" ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chidebe chilichonse chimadzaza ndi zotsekemera za alendo osakonzeka (kupanikizana ndi vinyo wosasa mu chiyerekezo cha 1: 2), ndikuwonjezera madontho khumi ndi awiri a mankhwala aliwonse.
3. Kusuta mavu ndi bomba la utsi. Amawonedwa ngati osagwira ntchito chifukwa amafunika chisamaliro chachikulu kuti apewe kuluma.
4. Ngati mulibe mipesa yambiri, nthambi zotumphukazo zimakutidwa ndi zinthu zopumira zomwe zimapuma, zomangirizidwa kuti tizilombo tisalowe mkati. Mutha kusoka matumba apadera. Njira yake imawononga nthawi, koma ogwira ntchito.

Pambuyo poyendera mavu, mphesa zimakhalabe zowonongeka m'magulu a mphesa - gwero la kubereka kwa bakiteriya

Momwe mungatetezere mphesa ku mbewa nthawi yachisanu

Nthawi zambiri mumamva momwe okhalamo chilimwe amadandaula za mbewa, zomwe nthawi yozizira zimapweteketsa mpesa kwambiri, ndikuphukira masamba onse. Nyama zapoizoni pafupi ndi tchire la mphesa si njira yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi makoswe. Zowonadi, ndi izi sitingawakopa osati poizoni, komanso kwa mpesa. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri ali ndi ziweto. Zikatero, nyambo yapoizoniyo imatsutsana.

Makoswe otentha nthawi yamphesa m'munda wamphesa amawononga zambiri pobzala makungwa ndi masamba a mbewu

Alimi ena okhala m'misasa amayala nthambi zouma, tansy, ndi nthula. Kuphatikiza pa mbewu, mafuta ofunikira, mafuta a Vishnevsky, naphthalene, phula amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oletsa kununkhira. Amamangidwa ndi singano, utuchi, nthambi zazing'ono ndikugona patchire. Koma mu mpweya watsopano, fungo limasowa.

Posachedwa, adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi ndi akupanga zomwe zimawopsa makoswe. Malo okwanira ochita kwawo ndi 200 m². Mosiyana ndi nyambo zakumwa zapoizoni, zimakhala zotetezeka ku ziweto komanso anthu. Ubwino wake ndi wopanda tanthauzo.

Pofuna kuti tisakope mbewa kumunda wamphesa, kukumba kokha komwe kumachitika. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzisunga mphesa yozizira nthawi yotsiriza, pomwe kutentha kumafika - 2-4^zaC kotero kuti makoswe ali ndi nthawi yopeza "nyumba" m'malo ena.

Osaphimba mphesa ndi masamba agwa kapena udzu. Zinyalala zosiyidwa nthawi yachisanu zimathanso kukhala mbewa komanso malo awo oswana.

Patsani mphesa

Pa mphesa parasitiki tsamba, ankamva ndi akangaude. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira tizilombo, chifukwa onse ndi ochepa kukula.

Mpheta Wangaude

Kangaude wobiriwira wopepuka wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 0,5 mm. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira kambuku kamene kamabowola mbewuyo kuposa chomera chokha. Mphutsi zomwe zimadzuka masika, zomwe zimadya masamba a mphesa, zimavulaza kwambiri. Mpaka theka ndi mazana angapo amphutsi kuchokera ku mazira a mkazi m'modzi amakula kwambiri, ndipo atatha masabata atatu amatha kubereka. Nthawi yakula, kangaude amapanga nthawi 12.

Malo owala amawonekera pamasamba a mpesa, wokutidwa ndi okutira yoyera. Mitundu yokhala ndi zipatso zamtambo wakuda, masambawo amakhala ndi utoto wofiira. Masamba pang'onopang'ono amauma ndi kutha. Zotsatira zake, mphukira sizipsa, zipatsozo zimakhala acidic chifukwa kuchepa kwa shuga. Ndikulimbana ndi nkhupakupa, mbewuyo imatha kufa kwathunthu.

Ndi kangaude, mawanga owoneka amawoneka pamasamba a mpesa, wokutidwa ndi utoto woyera

Felt mite (itch, phytoptus)

Tizilombo ta arachnid ndi kakang'ono kwambiri kuposa kangaude wake wa kangaude (wokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi la 0.2 mm). Amakhalanso kumunsi kwa tsamba ndipo amadyera madzi amadzimadzi, ndipo nthawi zina inflorescence.

Nyengo yozizira imabisala pansi pa khungwa la ma boles akale, kumapeto kwawo, pansi pamiyeso ya masamba a mphukira zam'munsi. Masamba ang'onoang'ono akamakula, amasinthira kwa iwo. Pambuyo pake, ma tubercles opepuka ofundidwa ndi fluff amawonekera kumtunda kwamasamba. M'tsogolomu, amada ndipo amakula kukhala wopitilira unyinji, wofanana ndi nsalu. Chifukwa chake dzina la Mafunso. Imachulukana kangapo panyengo.

Chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika ndi ma tickick, ma tubercles okutidwa ndi fluff amawonekera pamasamba

Masamba a mphesa

Chingwe chaching'ono kwambiri ndi 015 mm kutalika. Imawononga mbewu yamphesa nthawi yozizira. Mu kasupe, masamba ophukira amatha kupezeka kuti ali ndi masamba owonongeka, omwe amapanga mphukira zosakwanira ndi masamba opindika. Nthawi zina wamaluwa amatenga izi ngati nthenda ya ma virus.

Pofuna kuthana ndi nkhupakupa:

1. Tenthetsani masamba, udzu, komanso mbande zomwe zili ndi nkhupakupa.
2. Kumayambiriro kwamasamba, gwiritsani ntchito tchire ndi 5% laimu sulfure (malinga ndi malangizo).
3. Ngati nkhupakupa zikapezeka, manyani mbewu katatu (1 nthawi pasabata) ndi Acarillic, Neoron, Omayt, Sanmayt, Talstar (malinga ndi malangizo) ma acaricides.
4. Chitani masamba ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a BI-58, Fozalon (0,2% yankho), Karate nthawi yakula.

Kanema: Mankhwala a mphesa omwe amalumikizana ndi mafinya

Chotchinga

Thupi lonyezimira, lokhazikika komanso lolimba la wachikulire wamkulu limafanana ndi chishango chomwe chimachiteteza ku ngozi iliyonse. M'nyengo yozizira, tizilombo tambiri timakhala pansi pa khungwalo lotulutsa. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yophukira, tizirombo timafooketsa chitsamba cha mpesa, kudya chakudya cha mphukira.

Pomwe pakuyamba kupezeka ma scab, chitsamba chitha kuthandizidwa ndikuthira madzi amafuta a dizilo (1:20) ndikuphatikizira 100 g ya sopo yochapira. Nthawi yomweyo, tizilombo timachotsedwa ndi burashi yofewa.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono chachikazi timasiyanitsidwa ndi chonde chawo. Mphutsi zopitilira 150 zimatha kuwoneka kuchokera dzira limodzi, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapezeka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Ndikofunika kuzizindikira pakapita nthawi, mpaka nthumwi ikapangidwe pa iwo, ndikuzisamalira tchire ndi kulumikizana kapena mankhwala atizilombo pomwe mphutsi zili pachiwopsezo chawo. Ngati izi sizinachitike, tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tachikasu tofalikira pamalowo, tamatirira kumunsi kwa masamba. Zochizira pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala Fufanon, Confidor, Fastak.

Kufikira tizirombo tatsopano 150 titha kuoneka kuchokera dzira limodzi

Njira zopewera:

• Wopangira mphesa amalimbikitsa kuti azisamala kwambiri podulira mphesa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowonda ndikudulira nthambi zowuma. Moss kapena lichen ikawoneka pamiyala, iyenera kuwonongedwa pomwepo, chifukwa mbewuzi zimakhala malo othawirako tizilombo tambiri;
• mbande zamphesa ndi kudula zisanabzalidwe kapena zamankhwala zimayesedwa mosamala kuti pakhale alonda kuti asabweretse tizirombo m'munda wamphesa;
• pa prophylactic zolinga amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena wowerengeka motsutsana ndi tizilombo tambiri: infusions wa fern, peel ndimu, tsabola wowawa, celandine.

Phyloxera

Phula laling'ono la nthochi-lungu, lotchedwa mphesa phylloxera, limangomera izi zokha. Mphutsi za aphid zimavulala kwambiri. Khalidwe lodzaza mabatani pamasamba, kudula ndi zimayambira - uku ndiko kudzala kwa mphutsi. Ndi phenossis wawo woonda, amamwa madzi a chomera, akuwononga maselo am'mera wa mbewuyo. Kuphatikiza pa tsamba, pali mtundu wa kachilombo. Amakhala pansi mobisika yamtchire. Mphutsi zake zimadyera masana, bowa wapansi panthaka ndi mizu ya mpesa.

Dothi labwino lopanda chonde ndi malo abwino operekera nsabwe za m'masamba. Amakondanso kukhala pamiyala yamiyala, koma kulibe pafupifupi phylloxera pamatope olemera komanso osalala. Ndipo mumchenga anthu ake samamera.

Ndi kugonjetsedwa kofooka kwa mipesa ya aphid, mankhwala a Actellik, Karbofos amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zina matenda amphamvu amabwera pamphamvu kwambiri - kuwonongeka kwa tchire lonse komanso kuyika malo okhala mokhazikika. Masiku ano pali mitundu yambiri yolimbana ndi nsabwe za mphesa. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'matangadza.

Njira zodzitchinjiriza ndi phylloxera:

• kusankha mitundu yosagwirizana ndi tizirombo (Annivers of Moldova, Rkatsiteli, Amateur, Muscat of Bessarabia);
• kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pokonza mbande zodzala;
• kuyikidwa m'manda, kuchotsa mizu;
• kukonza kwakanthawi pamene tizirombo tapezeka.

Tchire la mpesa lomwe lili ndi vuto lalikulu la phylloxera liyenera kuwonongedwa

Njira Zothana ndi Matendawa ndi Matenda

Kulima mphesa kumafunikira chisamaliro pakusamalira mbewu, komanso kukhazikitsa njira zoyenera zachitetezo kuti ateteze tchire ku matenda ndi tizirombo, kuphatikizapo njira zingapo zamankhwala.

1. Njira yoyamba yodzitetezera polimbana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo ndi kupeza mbewu yabwino yobzala.
2. Chofunikanso kusankha malo oyenera kubzala mpesawo. Ziyenera kukhala zopepuka komanso zowongolera kuti mpweya wabwino usinthane ndikuletsa matenda ambiri ndikuwoneka tizirombo.
3. Kukhazikitsa malamulo oyang'anira chisamba cha mphesa nthawi imodzi kudzakuthandizani ngati njira zodzitetezera. Izi zikuphatikiza kuteteza mbewu ku chisanu cham'mbuyo chisanadze (kumanga malo osungirako malo osakhalitsa), kukhazikitsa trellis ndi kupindika nthawi yake kwa iwo, kudulira koyenelera chitsamba, kuchotsa udzu, kumasula dothi mozungulira tsinde, kulowetsa dothi, kukumba osaya nthawi yozizira pakati pa mizere, kuwonongedwa kwa matenda oyambitsidwa ndi matenda ndi tizirombo ta zobzala zina.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphesa

Pazifukwa zopewera, tchire la mphesa limathandizidwa ndi Topaz, Teovit Jet, Strobi osachepera kanayi:

• pa mphukira zazing'ono atapangidwa ndi tsamba lachisanu;
• pa maluwa;
• pambuyo maluwa;
• nthawi yopanga masango.

Sizoletsedwa kupanga mphesa nthawi yamaluwa: Maluwa ofooka chifukwa cha mankhwala amatha kutha! Tizilombo touluka tizivutika, ndipo zipatso zamtsogolo zidzafa.

Pambuyo pomauma mpesa, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuthira nthaka ndi 3% yankho la iron sulfate kapena Nitrafen. Mutha kuwasinthanitsa ndi chaka chimodzi. Popewa fungal spores kulowa yaying'ono mphukira, nthaka yake mwachangu.

Nitrafen ndiwofunikiranso kulimira kwa nthawi yophukira, chifukwa imathetsa mbewa ndi fungo lake.

Amayesa kuchitira mankhwala a mpesa kuchokera ku anthracnose, mildew, oidium ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi zovuta pamavalidwe apamwamba apamwamba. Mankhwala amawonjezeredwa ku yankho limodzi pamodzi ndi feteleza.

Kanema: nthawi ndi momwe mungagwiritsire mphesa ku matenda

Ndikotheka kupewa kutaya kwakukulu mu ntchito yokolola mphesa chifukwa cha matenda ndi tizirombo ngati muisamalira mosamala, samalani ndikuwathandiza panthawi yake.