Choyambirira chomwe chimakumana nafe pa chipata cha dzikolo ndi njira yodutsa yomwe imatsogolera khonde. Kuchokera pamenepo mmbali zonse: ku bafa, m'munda, ndi garaja - njira ndi njira zofananira zimabalalika. Nthawi zonse zimakhala zosangalatsa kuyenda pamalo olimba, osamalika bwino, makamaka ngati udzu wanyowa chifukwa cha mvula kapena dothi. Tidzaiwala za opanga ndikuyesera kupanga njira zaminda ndi manja athu, ndipo pazinthu izi timangolakalaka zokhumba ndi zomanga, zotsika mtengo komanso zotsika mtengo.
Kodi njira zamunda ndi ziti?
Palibe gulu la mtundu uliwonse - zonse zofunikira kupanga, ndi malo, ndi kukula. Tigawanitsa magawo amitundu mitundu kutengera mtundu wa chipangizocho.
Mayendedwe ammunda
Uku ndikuwona kwachilengedwe, popeza njirazi zimawonekera pazokha, popanda kukonzekera mwapadera. Nthawi zambiri amaponderezedwa ndi mapazi a anthu kapena oponderezedwa ndi matayala a zida zamaluwa ndikuthandizira kulumikiza zofunikira kwambiri pamalowo - nyumba, bafa, dimba, dimba, chipata. Njira yadothi yokhazikika imakhala ndi zovuta (dothi mvula ikagwa, mafinya, udzu wokulirapo), choncho ndizotheka kakanthawi kochepa chabe. Mwa njira, titha kumayikiridwanso: ndikokwanira kuyika kakhalidwe kamiyala wamiyala kapena kupindika m'mphepete.
Maulendo amtunda - njira yabwino kwambiri yamasamba omwe amakhala m'malo ouma
Njira zam'mbuyo
Ndiosavuta kukonza: muyenera kukumba dzenje, lakuya pafupifupi 100 mm, kugona pansi ndikuyika m'mbali mwa geotextiles (kachulukidwe kotalika ndi 150 g / m²), limbitsani mmbali ndi tepi yoloza. Imakhalabe yokonzeka kudzaza miyala, miyala yosemedwa, tchipisi ta miyala ya mabo kapena zojambula. Ngati njirayi ikuwoneka yosavuta, mutha kuyikanso miyala kapena konkriti pansi - mwadongosolo kapena mosokoneza. Kuti kusuntha kosunthika, ma mbale azikonzedwanso kumbuyo kuti zikhale chimodzimodzi ndi pamwamba.
Popeza mwatenga miyala kapena miyala yosalala ya mtundu wosiyana, ndizotheka kukongoletsa njira kapena kuzigawa m'malo
Njira zosefera zolimba
Kuphimba komwe kumakhala kolimba ndi koyenera kunyamula katundu wolemera. Kusungidwa kwa njira zam'munda kumachitika pa konkriti ndi kuyikapo zina zokongoletsera: matailosi, miyala yopaka miyala, mwala wachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumapangitsa kukongoletsa kumawoneka bwino. Ndikwabwino ngati chinthu chatsirizika chikwera pamwamba pamtunda ndi 50-70 mm - izi zimapulumutsa kuchokera kumadzi ndi nthaka pathanthwe.
Ma slabs kapena miyala yamiyala yomwe idayikidwa pa konkriti ndi yodalirika komanso yolimba.
Gwiritsani ntchito pantchito yamatabwawona mabala ndi ma Whetstones
Njira yokhazikitsira bajeti ndi njira zomwe amakonda kulima wamaluwa ndi njira zam'minda zopangidwa ndi mitengo. Odziwika kwambiri ndi mitundu iwiri:
- kugwiritsa ntchito ziboliboli zamatabwa;
- kuchokera pamatanda adadula.
Ngati nyengo ili youma kuposa kunyowa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito matabwa kapena matabwa akuda, omwe ndi osavuta kugula m'masitolo ogulitsa aliwonse. Ndikwabwino kukhala pamtondo wolimba. Magawo omwewo amadulidwa (100 cm, 30 cm mulifupi ndi 15-20 cm wandiweyani) ndikuyika pamtanda wokonzedwa - miyala kapena mchenga.
Bar iliyonse imayenera kuthandizidwa ndi mafuta kapena mafuta apadera omwe amateteza ku chinyontho ndi kuwola. Pazifukwa zomwezo, phula lamadzimadzi limayikidwa pansi pa bar, ndipo nthawi zina limakonzedwa bwino. Ndikwabwino kuyala chophimba choterachi kumapeto, monga nthawi yachisanu nthaka ikakhazikika, chifukwa chomwe kusokonekera kwachilengedwe kumachitika.
Pama njira kuchokera pamatumba amatanda ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito miyala yabwino kapena mwala wosweka
Pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe za ma saizi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mutha kupanga njira zapadera zamakatani
Mitengo yakale yakugwa mdziko - kupeza kwenikweni kwa amisiri. Kuwona mitengo ikuluikulu m'magulu, kuchokera pazomwe mudapeza - kudula - mutha kupanga njira zamitengo yamitengo yowoneka bwino, kuwoloka udzu kapena kumatula pakati pa mabedi a maluwa. Osangogwiritsa ntchito mitengo ikuluikulu yokha, komanso nthambi zokulirapo, zokhala ndi mabowo zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuti mudzaze zolowa pakati pazinthu zazikulu.
Kuwononga kumalimbitsa zinthuzo, ndipo geotextile imateteza njira pakukula kwa udzu
Kuti zinthu zamatabwa zitheke kwa nthawi yayitali, amafunika kuthandizidwa kumbali zonse ndi mafuta oyanika, ndi bwino kubwereza njirayi kawiri. Chidutswa cha geotextile kapena polyethylene chimayikidwa pakati pa zodulidwazo ndi nthaka.
Gulu laling'onoting'ono pakapangidwe kakang'ono
Mothandizidwa ndi zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe, mutha kulingalira momwe mungapangire njira m'munda kuchokera pakupanga matayala - chinthu chabwino komanso cholimba.
Zovala zopindika zosawoneka bwino zachilengedwe kuposa mawonekedwe owongoka
Kuti mugwire ntchito, muyenera:
- mitengo yamatabwa;
- chotupa;
- pamtengo;
- tsitsa;
- mulingo womanga;
- chingwe;
- angatenge;
- tsache;
- kuthirira payipi;
- njira;
- kunyamula pamanja.
Zida: kupaka matayala (makulidwe 50 mm kapena 60 mm), ma curbs, mwala wosweka (tizigawo 20-50), kusakaniza kowuma kwa pulasitala kapena simenti M400 (M500), mchenga, geotextiles.
Tsopano lingalirani magawo onse a ntchitoyo. Gawo loyamba ndikukonzekera. Zimaphatikizapo kupanga chojambula, kusankha kwa makongoletsedwe ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu zopindika, kusankha kwa mitundu (kapena mitundu ingapo). Nthawi yomweyo amawerengetsa kuchuluka kwa matayilidwe (kuphatikizapo ena) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zotsalazo.
Pali njira zambiri zoyikira ma slabs zozikidwa pamtundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana
Kenako, bweretsani malire. Kuchita molondola ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoyenera kukhazikitsidwa koyenera. Muyezo wamatepi, zikhomo ndi chingwe zithandizira kudziwa malire a ntchitoyo. Nthawi zina muyenera kuyenda njira yomwe mukufuna kuti mumvetsetse momwe imakhalira yosavuta kuyika.
Kwa chipangizo cha njanji kuchokera pa ma slating wopaka, kulondola kwa chizindikirocho ndikutsatira kwa ntchito ndikofunikira
Pambuyo polemba chizindikiro, ndikofunikira kukonzekera maziko. Choyamba muyenera kudula wosanjikiza pamwamba - msuzi mpaka 20 cm. Ngati dothi ndi dongo, ngalande zithandizanso. Kenako muyenera kupanga mchenga kapena miyala ya miyala komanso simenti (simenti).
Pansi pamtunda wambiri pamailosi ndiyofunikira kuti njirayo ikhale yolimba, siyikhazikika ndipo siyitsukidwa ndi madzi
Pakati pa mchenga ndi miyala ya miyala ndizotheka kuyika geotextile, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwe ake akhale olimba. Chosanjikiza chapamwamba ndi chisakanizo chouma chogulidwa m'sitolo, kapena kapangidwe kanu kamchenga ndi simenti. Zosakaniza zosakaniza (masentimita 3-4) ziyenera kudalilidwa ndi chingwe ndi njira.
Kugawa mosavomerezeka kwa simenti yosakanikirana kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira yamunda.
Njira yokhazikitsira pansi ingasinthidwe ndi mtengo wamba wamatabwa
Tsopano tikuyika matailosi. Mayendedwe anu ali nokha, kuti musawononge maziko. Zogulitsa ziyenera kuyikidwa zolimba, koma ndi kusiyana kwa 1-2 mm. Tileti iliyonse iyenera kupindika ndi chipolopolo. Mapeto ake, amayenera kufufuzidwa ndi mulingo komanso kukonzedwa ndi chipolopolo. Choyamba, zinthu zonse zimayikidwa, ndipo kumapeto kwake zimadula mozungulira ndikuyika ndikuyika zidutsazo.
Zoyala zapamwamba zopangira zida zosavuta ndizofunikira - chipolopolo ndi chipolopolo
Pofuna kukhazikitsa mosavuta, zinthu zonse zimayikidwa kaye, ndikusiya ma voids kumapeto
Ma voids panjira yokhotakhota amadzazidwa ndi zidutswa za matayala ofunikira
M'mphepete, ikani malire, ikonzeni ndi M100 yankho ndikudzaza ndi mchenga. Kusoka pakati pa zinthuzo ndi zokutira ndi simenti simenti, pomwepo amathira ndi madzi kuchokera payipi. Onjezani zosakaniza m'malo omwe munamira, ndikubwereza kuthirira. Pambuyo pamasiku awiri ndi atatu, njirayo imakhala yokonzeka.
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Njira zopangidwa ndi mwala wachilengedwe: kulimba kwazaka zambiri
Njira zowoneka bwino za m'munda zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zotsalira pambuyo pomanga nyumba kapena zokongoletsera kumbuyo, monga phiri la mapiri. Njira zowoneka bwino zimapangidwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe osagwirizana ndi kukula kwa miyala.
Kuti apange njira yokongola, miyala yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ndiyabwino
Gawo loyamba ndi kuwerengetsa kwa chiwerengero cha miyala yayikulu. Kuti muchite izi, atha kuyikidwa mu njira yamtsogolo. Maziko okuyika ndi pilo yopangidwa ndi mchenga wothiridwa mu dzenje losaya, mwachindunji pansi.
Mwina, kuti agwetse miyala, adzafunika kukonzedwa. Chopukutira kapena chida chachikulu kwambiri chithandiza. Mutha kukonza zakumalirazo m'njira ziwiri: mwanjira ya mawonekedwe (mpumulo, makanema) kapena kosokoneza, kusinthana miyala yayikulu ndi yaying'ono. Ngati simukulemba msomali pakati pa miyala ndi simenti yosakanikirana, pakapita kanthawi adzafalikira ndi udzu. Izi ndizothekanso, zimawoneka zachilengedwe.
Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa kukula kwa chilichonse chosanjikiza chilichonse, chomwe chimayenera kutsatidwa pakukhazikitsa
Kuphatikizika kwa miyala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zomera ndi chitsanzo cha njira yoyenera malowa mu mtundu wa Mediterranean
Njira ndi miyala ndizoyenera popanga chithunzi cha mawonekedwe.
Kukhudza kwamakono - kugwiritsa ntchito ma module apulasitiki
Ngati palibe nthawi yomanga mwalawo kapena mwala wamatayala, koma pali kufunitsitsa kukhazikitsa njira zam'munda ndi manja anu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yakanthawi - njira zamapulasitiki zam'munda. Ma module opangidwa ndi okonzeka, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana kukula ndi mitundu, amagulitsidwa m'sitolo.
Mtundu wa ma module apulasitiki amasankhidwa kutengera ndi malo omwe adzaikemo. Nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zobiriwira kapena zakuda
Kuphatikiza pa mtengo wotsika, mayendedwe apulasitiki ali ndi zabwino zina:
- kusunga mawonekedwe awo ndi mawonekedwe kwa nthawi yayitali, kutopa pang'onopang'ono;
- khalani ndi malo otseguka kuti madzi asadziunjikire ndikulowa m'nthaka, ndiye kuti samapanga matumba ndipo samapanga fungo;
- pulasitiki kwenikweni sikuvunda;
- safuna chisamaliro ndi chisamaliro chokhazikika, amayeretsedwa bwino ndikusambitsidwa ndi madzi kuchokera payipi;
- kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala;
- wokwera msanga ndi kusonkhana molingana ndi mfundo za wopanga;
- chimodzimodzi anagona chilichonse maziko - mchenga, kamba, dongo.
Pakutha kwa nyengo yachilimwe, ma module apulasitikiwo amasungunuka, kutsukidwa, kuyeretsedwa ndikuyika mu chipinda chothandizira mpaka chaka chamawa.
Njira zapulasitiki - njira yabwino yopangira njira yocheperako pamtunda
Misewu yanyumba yachilimwe sakhazikitsidwa kuti izitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso zokongoletsera gawo
Kuphatikiza pazosankha zomwe zalembedwapo, palinso mitundu ina ya njira zamunda - njerwa, kuchokera ku parquet, midadada yamakonkriti, komanso mitundu yonse yosankha. Lamulo lofunikira posankha zinthuzo panjirayo: iyenera kuphatikizidwa pojambula ndi mtundu wa nyumba ndi nyumba zina.
