Ng'ombe za Schwyz: Zapadera zosunga pakhomo

Kukhazika mtima pansi, kupirira ndi kukwanitsa zokolola ng'ombe za ku Switzerland zimakopa alimi ambiri.

Koma chofunika kwambiri cha ziwetozi ndi nyama zamkati komanso mkaka.

Momwe mungazindikire anthu osapatulidwa, zomwe ali nazo mu chisamaliro ndi kukonza, zomwe zokolola za mkaka zimadziwika - izi zidzakambidwanso m'nkhaniyi.

Zamkatimu:

• Chiyambi
• Zizindikiro za kunja
• Zisonyezero za Nyama ndi Zakaka
• Zabwino ndi zamwano
• Kusamalira ndi kusamalira
• Malo ochitira masewera achilimwe
• Kukonzekera kwa chophimba
• Zomwe amangidwa
• Kuyeretsa
• Zimene mungadye
• Chilimwe chikuyenda msipu
• Kudyetsa m'nyengo yozizira

Mbiri yamabambo ndi kufotokozera

Zomera za Schwyz zinapangidwa zaka mazana ambiri. Komanso, obereketsawo adayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti ziweto zizidyetsa ndi kudyetsa zinyama, ndipo pambuyo pake anadalitsidwa ndi makhalidwe ake abwino.

Chiyambi

Mizu ya ng'ombe zenizeni zimachokera ku ng'ombe zochepa, zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ulimi wa Europe ngati mphamvu yothandizira ulimi. Kenaka ntchito yobereketsa inkachitika mwachisankho.

Mukudziwa? Pamphuno, ng'ombe iliyonse imakhala ndi chitsanzo chapadera, ngati chithunzi chala cha umunthu. Ku United States of America, ziwetozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziziyang'ane ngati zitayika.

Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, abambo a ku Swiss akhazikitsa cholinga chobweretsa mbadwo watsopano wa ziweto, zomwe zingakhale zosiyana ndi kudzichepetsa, kukhala osasamala, kusinthasintha mwamsanga ku zinthu zatsopano ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, pamene panalibenso kusowa kwa kukopa ng'ombe kuti zilimitse nthaka, chiyanjano cha nyama ndi mkaka cha zokolola za mtunduwu chinali pakati pa ntchito yobereketsa. Posakhalitsa alimi oyandikana nawo Germany, Italy ndi France anayamba chidwi ndi zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, ng'ombe za Schwyz zinaphunzira ku America.

Ng'ombe ya Yakut ndi Krasnogorbatov imakhalanso ndi nyama ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe.

Zizindikiro za kunja

Anthu okonda zinyama zamakono ali ndi mwayi wosankha mtundu wa intrabreed wa ward yawo. Lero pali 3 mwa iwo:

• mkaka;
• mkaka ndi nyama;
• nyama ndi mkaka.

Mukudziwa? Kukoma kwa mkaka wa ng'ombe kumadalira molingana ndi chakudya chomwe chimadyetsa chinyama. Ngati mankhwalawa akuwawopsya, mwinamwake ng'ombeyo idadya chowawa kapena udzu wina wowawa.

Ndizochitika kuti oimira mitundu yonse ya mtundu wa Schwyz amasiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zapadera.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, ng'ombe zonse zosiyana zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• mphamvu yambuyo;
• thupi labwino;
• kutalika kwafota - 129-152 cm;
• chovala chachifupi;
• Mtundu wakuda (kuwala ndi mdima wonyezimira amavomereza);
• zolimba miyendo miyendo ya kutalika;
• nsomba zamphamvu, zolimba;
• chiwonetsero chachikulu;
• yochepa, khosi ndi minofu yotukuka bwino;
• lalikulu;
• chotsekeka;
• chovala chamdima chakuda chakuzungulira kuzungulira malo amkati;
• mphuno yamkuntho;
• nyanga zazikuru;
• mutu wamfupi;
• kulemera kwa amayi - 550-800 makilogalamu, amuna - 700-1000 makilogalamu, ana ang'onoting'ono - 39 makilogalamu;
• udder wamkulu, umene, malinga ndi mtundu wa nyama, umasiyana ndi chitukuko chake.

Ng'ombe nyama ndi mkaka amadziwika mosavuta ndi thupi laling'ono ndi udzu wofooka, koma oyeretsa mkaka ndi nyama ali ndi thupi lopangidwa bwino kwambiri ndi minofu yambiri.

Mukudziwa? Pa ng'ombe yamphongo, nsalu yofiira imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kukopa diso la wowona, chifukwa ng'ombe, ngati ng'ombe, sizikusiyanitsa mitundu. Iwo amakwiyitsidwa ndi kuuluka kwa chinthu chosamvetsetseka patsogolo pa mphuno zawo..

Nyama zili ndi thanzi labwino, mwamsanga zimasintha zinthu zatsopano, komabe, zikusowa chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku.

Zisonyezero za Nyama ndi Zakaka

Kuyambira nthawi yonseyi, mtundu wa Schwyz wakhala ukupitirizabe kusintha zinthu zakuthambo, komanso zokolola zake.

Komabe, poyerekeza ng'ombezi ndi mitundu ina, alimi a ku Austria ndi ku Germany amapeza mkaka ndi mkaka wochepa, koma obereketsa ku Italy ndi ku France akupitirizabe kuwonjezera kukula kwa zizindikiro za nyama ndi mkaka.

Masiku ano, mkaka umene umapezeka kuchokera ku bolenok kunja ukugwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani a tchizi.

Ng'ombe za ng'ombe zakutchire zikuphatikizapo kunoford, mapiri, ng'ombe za azungu ndi za limousine, ndipo mitundu ya mkaka ndi yakuda ndi yoyera, Ayrshire, Latvia.

Nazi zizindikiro zazikulu zowonjezera kuchokera kwa ng'ombe imodzi:

• mkaka wa chaka ndi chaka - matani 9-10;
• Zakudya za mkaka - 3.6-4.0%;
• kuchuluka kwake kwa mapuloteni ndi 3.2-3.6%;
• Phindu lolemera tsiku ndi tsiku - 800-1000 g;
• kupha nyama - 50-60%;
• Mtundu wa nyama ndi wapamwamba.

Zabwino ndi zamwano

Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi yayitali yaitali yobereketsa, ng'ombe zakutchire sizingwiro. Poyerekeza ndi achibale awo enieni a mitundu ina, makamaka amatha. Taonani zenizeni zenizeni.

Ndikofunikira! Kuonetsetsa kuti ziweto zimakhala bwino kwambiri ndizofunika kuti ziweto zizikula kwambiri. Pofika zaka makumi anayi amodzi a chaka chino, ayenera kulemera makilogalamu 250, ndipo ali ndi zaka 18 - kuchokera 350 mpaka 370 makilogalamu.

Kusamalira ndi kusamalira

Ng'ombe za Schwyck zikhoza kukulirakulira. Kusankha kumadalira pa mbeu ya tirigu komanso mwayi wokolola udzu. Chifukwa chake, mwiniwakeyo ayenera kusamalira makonzedwe abwino a nkhokwe ndi kuyang'anira malo omwe amapezeka m'nyengo ya chilimwe.

Malo ochitira masewera achilimwe

Ambiri oweta ziweto amagwiritsira ntchito njira yosungiramo ng'ombe, yomwe imakuthandizani kuchepetsa mtengo wa mkaka ndikuchepetsa ndalama za ntchito. Malingana ndi ziweto za m'nyanja, nthawi zonse nyama yomwe imakhala ndi mpweya wabwino pakati pa zitsamba zimapindulitsa thanzi lake.

Komabe, kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusankha njira yolondola yoyendamo. Alimi ogwira ntchito akulangizidwa kuti azipewa malo otsika komanso madambo, chifukwa nyengo yozizira ndi yamtendere imakhala yabwino kwambiri. Kumalo oterowo, chiopsezo cha matenda a ng'ombe ndi matenda a parasitic chimawonjezeka.

Ndikofunikira! Ngati kulibe njira zina zochepetsera kumadera otsetsereka, m'pofunika kukhetsa malowa pogwiritsa ntchito ngalande. Koma khalani okonzeka kuti ma ward anu amangowonongeka ku malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chotenga helminthiasis.

Kuyenda bwino kulikonzekera pa dzuŵa lamdima, lokwezeka pang'ono, ndi udzu wambiri, kutali ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. Konzani malo okwanira pamalo ochitira masewera a chilimwe.

Ganizirani kuti ng'ombe imamufuna ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira, chifukwa kuyenda nthawi zonse kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a kumapeto, komanso matenda opatsirana, kupatsirana kwa magazi ndi kudya.

Mosasamala nthawi ya chaka, phula liyenera kuyeretsedwa. M'nyengo yozizira kumeneko ndi zofunika kuyika mtolo wa udzu kuti nyamayo idzalandile chakudya chokwanira panthawi ya masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso onetsetsani kuti muli ndi malo oti khola likhoza kubisala dzuwa kapena mvula. Pambuyo pa manda, ng'ombe zimasowa nthawi kuti zizolowezi zatsopano, choncho eni ake amayamba kudya zakudya zatsopano, m'malo mwa udzu ndi udzu. Muyenera kuyamba ndi maola awiri.

Ogwira ntchito zamakono akulangiza kuti panthawiyi afunsane ndi katswiri kuti azifufuza kaye kaye ng'ombe ndi kuunika kwa thanzi lake. Kuonjezerapo, nkofunikira kuchita zotsekemera zowononga, kutsuka ziboda ndi katemera.

Kukonzekera kwa chophimba

Kukonzekera kwa khola kuyenera kukonzedweratu pasanafike nthawi yomwe ng'ombe zimasamutsidwa. Ndikofunika kumvetsera osati kokha ukhondo wa chipinda, komanso zizindikiro zake za chinyezi, kutentha, kuwala, mpweya wabwino.

Kuwotcha okhetsedwa, musati mutseka mwamphamvu mawindo onse, chifukwa mpweya wa ammonia umakhala wovulaza kwambiri kwa thanzi la nyama. Ndi bwino kusamalira mpweya wabwino kwa chaka chonse ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo muthetsedwe.

Ndikofunikira! Mu khola lovomerezedwa kuti liike transom pamwamba pa mutu wa chinyama.

Makoma a chiwopsezo ayenera makamaka kuti asatetezedwe mwachangu, ndipo pansi ayenera kumangidwa ndi masentimita 10 a tsaya, peat kapena utuchi. Malondawa akulimbikitsidwa kusinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchotsa ndowe. Musalole maadiresi odula kuti apondereze malonda awo. Apo ayi, iwo amaopsezedwa ndi matenda opatsirana omwe ali ndi ziboda komanso zozizira.

Ena obereketsa amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza ng'ombe pa zotchedwa zinyalala zakuya. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kukonza manyowa nthawi imodzi, yomwe imachitika m'chaka. Nthaŵi yonseyi, m'nyengo yozizira, amithenga amangowaza madzi atsopano pamwamba pake.

Choncho, palinso kachilombo koopsa. Malingana ndi akatswiri, njira iyi ndi yabwino chifukwa imafuna khama lochepa ndi nthawi. Komabe, kupweteka kwake ndikumagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ka zinyalala komanso kuipitsa mafuta kwa chipinda.

Kuwonjezera apo, ng'ombe zidzafunika kupereka chakudya chodyera. Zomwe zinachitikira oweta ziweto zimalimbikitsa kupereka chidwi kwa wodyetsa udzu ndi wobiriwira mbuzi, chifukwa ng'ombe zamphongo ndizo chakudya choyambirira, chomwe chiyenera nthawi zonse kukhala m'deralo.

Koma simungathe kudandaula za mphamvu yamatumba. Zidzakhalanso m'malo ndi zidebe (nthawi zambiri ng'ombe idzapereka chakudya chomwecho panthawi yomwe ikuyamwa).

Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kupanga ng'ombe zamatabwa, nkhuni zimachokera ku pine, chifukwa ndizolimba. Zosafunika kwambiri: plywood, fiberboard ndi particleboard.

Buku lachikale la odyetserako ziweto ndilo lopangidwa ndi trapezoid pamtunda waukulu, zomwe zingalole kuti nyamayo itenge masamba ochepa. M'litali mwake ndi m'lifupi mwake liyenera kukhala 80 masentimita kwa munthu mmodzi. Zomwezo zimapita kwa omwera. Nkofunika kuti nthawi zonse mumakhala madzi abwino mu nkhokwe. Taganizirani kuti tsiku lina ng'ombe zimasowa madzi okwanira 100 malita kuti zikule bwino. Choncho, oledzera ayenera kukhala osavuta kusunga ndi otetezeka.

M'magulu opanga mafamu amagwiritsa ntchito chidebe kapena beseni kuti amwe madzi. Ndipo pamapulazi akulu amagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera.

Chofunika kwambiri mu khola - khola. Ngati ng ombe imatsikira kuchipinda mwamsanga, zikutanthauza kuti zimakhala bwino. Miyeso ya chigawo ichi ikuwerengedwa molingana ndi kukula kwa ma ward. Omwe amadziwa zambiri amalangiza kumanga nyumba yosachepera 1.25 mamita ambiri ndipo pafupifupi mamita 3.5 m'litali.

Nkofunika kuti ng'ombe zizipuma maola 14 pa tsiku. Ananena kuti ora lililonse la ng'ombe yonama imabweretsa mkaka wambiri.

Mukudziwa? Asilavo a nthawi zakale ankapembedza ng'ombe monga chizindikiro cha chonde, ndipo ng'ombe zawo zinali chifaniziro cha kuchuluka ndi mphamvu.

Zomwe amangidwa

Kuchulukitsa mkaka wa ng'ombe zamphongo kumadalira kwambiri chilengedwe. Simuyenera kuyembekezera kubwerera bwino pamene ma ward akukhala mu nkhokwe yozizira ndi yozizira yomwe ili ndi mpweya wambiri. Chipinda chikhale chachikulu, chouma komanso chofunda. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, ndikofunika kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi:

• ulamuliro wa kutentha - + 5 ... +15 ° C;
• chinyezi - 60-70%;
• Kusinthana kwa mpweya - peresenti ya kulemera kwa moyo - 17 mita mamita. m / h;
• kufalikira kwa mpweya - 0,5 m / s;
• carbon dioxide ndondomeko - 0.25%, ammonia - 20 mg / sq. m

Zolakwitsa zilizonse zomwe zili zoyenera kutsatidwa zimadzaza ndi kuwonongeka kwa ziweto ndi kusokonezeka mu kagayidwe kabwino ka magazi. Misewu imakhalanso ndi zotsatirapo zowopsya kwa iwo, kotero akatswiri akulangiza kuika nkhokwe kutali ndi misewu ndi malo omwe zipangizo zimagwirira ntchito.

Pofuna kutonthoza ng'ombe, onetsetsani kuti nkhokweyo inali yowala. Alimi ena amapereka mawindo pazinthu izi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa iwo si njira yabwino yosinthira kutentha kwa chipinda, choncho ndi bwino kuyendetsa magetsi m'khola ndikuchoka pawindo lalikulu lalikulu loyendetsa mpweya.

Ndikofunikira! Chosavomerezeka cha microclimate chimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kukana ndi chisokonezo cha malo ogwira ntchito a zinyama. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kukweza kutentha kwa 25-30 ° C kuphatikizapo kusakwanira kwa kayendetsedwe ka mpweya kunayambitsa chisokonezo mu malo ogwira ntchito: kuthamanga kwawonjezeka kufika pa 70 mpaka 90, kutentha kwa 100-130 panthawi imodzi. Ndizosavomerezeka kwambiri ndi zinyama zazing'ono, nthawi yonseyi inachepetsedwa ndi 20-30%, chakudya choyenera - ndi 5-15%, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwa moyo kunachepera 30-40%. Njira ya matenda opuma m'minyamata yazing'ono inali yovuta kwambiri. Pakati pa kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mpweya, matenda a catarral a nyama amadziwika.

Ndi zofunika kuti kutsegula kumatsegulira.

Kuyeretsa

Zomwe zimakhala zofunika kuti zoweta zikhale bwino zimakhudzana ndi ukhondo wa chipinda komanso kutentha kwake. Dziwani kuti nyamayi imapanga pafupifupi 20 malita a mkodzo ndi makilogalamu 35 a manyowa patsiku. Sichivomerezeka kuti zinthu izi zatsala m'nkhokwe.

Pofuna kusamalira microclimate amafunika kuyeretsedwa nthawi zonse. Pa minda ikuluikulu, vutoli limathetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi zotumiza kapena zowonongeka. Ambiri amatha kusungirako manyowa omwe amachokera kumalo okhetsedwa ndi mapewa ndi mamita 3x2 m.

Pambuyo poyeretsa khola, nkofunika kubwezera zinyalalazo. Sungani chinyama kukhala choyera. Mbali zamdima ndi udders siziloledwa.

M'nyengo ya chilimwe, ng'ombe zikayenda nthawi yayitali, chipinda chiyenera kutetezedwa.

Ikuchitika molingana ndi ndondomeko yotsatirayi:

1. Choyamba, zinthu zonse zowonongeka zimachotsedwa ku nkhokwe komanso zonse zomwe zimapatsa kuwala, mafani, ndi zotentha zimamangidwa ndi polyethylene.
2. Pambuyo pake kuyeretsa kumachitika. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zonse zodzipangira.
3. Kenaka nkhokweyo imakhala ndi madzi amphamvu (mpaka 25 atmospheres), kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dothi. Chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa kwa malo ovuta kufika pofika. Perekani madzi patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kuti phulusa la dothi lisayime pansi.
4. Pakatha maola 3, yambani.
5. Disinfection imayamba mu nkhokwe yoyera ndi youma. Pambuyo pake, chipinda chili ndi mpweya wokwanira komanso wouma.

Malinga ndi odwala matendawa, mavitamini abwino kwambiri ndi awa:

• sodium hydroxide;
• sulfuric acid (komanso hydrochloric ndi lactic);
• hydrated laimu;
• formaldehyde;
• chloramine.

Kuwonjezera pa kuyeretsedwa kwapadziko lonse mu nkhokwe, ndikofunika kuchotsa zinyalala za chakudya kuchokera kwa feeders. Kumbukirani kuti ng ombe ili ndi gawo lopweteka kwambiri, ndipo chirichonse chomwe idyidwanso chidzawonetsedwa pa mkaka wabwino. Musakhale waulesi musanayambe kudyetsa ndi kuthirira mosamba bwino thanki.

Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe monga mwa chiwerengero chawo ndi chachiwiri mu ziweto pambuyo pa anthu. Padziko lapansi pali pafupifupi 1.5 biliyoni. M'mayiko ena a Latin America pali ng'ombe imodzi yokhalamo, ndipo ku Australia cholengedwa chamoyochi ndi 40% kuposa anthu.

Zimene mungadye

Ng'ombe za Schwyk zimafuna njira ya munthu payekha chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane za nyengo zomwe zimadyetsa ng'ombe.

Chilimwe chikuyenda msipu

Alimi ambiri m'nyengo yotentha akuyendetsa ng'ombe ku msipu. Koma kuti mawonekedwe opindulitsa a ntchitoyi azigwira ntchito, muyenera kusankha malo oyenda bwino. Zotsatira zotsambazi zimakhudza ubwino wa mkaka ndi thanzi labwino mwa njira yabwino kwambiri:

• Vika;
• alfalfa;
• clover;
• nandolo

Mitengoyi imakumba mosavuta ndipo imakhala ndi zinthu zina zothandiza, koma sizingathetseretu thupi la nyama ndi mavitamini ndi minerals ofunika kwambiri. Choncho, ma ward omwe ali m'mphepete mwa malowa amadyetsedwa ndi mapuloteni apamwamba ndi mapuloteni ochepa:

• chimanga cha chimanga;
• chigawo chimadyetsa;
• beet zamkati;
• yisiti;
• kupindulitsa wowuma wowonjezera;
• masamba ndi zamasamba;
• premixes;
• nthambi;
• zakudya zosakaniza.

Ndikofunikira! Kwa zakumwa zakumwa sangagwiritse ntchito madzi onyenga. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, imatentha kwambiri kutentha.

Odziŵa obereketsa amalangiza poyamba kupereka ng'ombe ikufotokoza, ndipo pambuyo pake - zokoma chakudya. Podyetsa nyama nthawi zonse ayenera kupeza madzi. Kuti mumve bwino, mungathe kumanga mowa wambiri. Ngati kulibe kotheka, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi yomwe madzi akugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kudyetsa m'nyengo yozizira

M'nyengo yozizira, maziko a kuyanjana kwa nyama zakutchire ndi:

• udzu (wokolola kuchokera ku udzu udzu, nthawi zonse uyenera kukhala mkati mwa ng'ombe);
• silo;
• udzu;
• mizu masamba;
• mankhusu;
• chosokoneza chakudya;
• chakudya chambewu;
• amatsindika;
• mavitamini ndi mchere wothira mankhwala (analimbikitsa nyama zinyama ndi zodwala);
• chakudya (chingakhale ndi zopangira zamasamba ndi zinyama).

Popeza ng'ombe zili ndi chimbudzi chochepa, udzu uyenera kukhala wathanzi. Ndikofunika kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizitha kugwira bwino ntchito.Pali milandu pamene kutsekula m'mimba, kutsekemera, kutsegula m'mimba kumayang'anitsitsa pakudya chakudya.

Madokotala amachenjeza kuti mankhwala owonjezera a lactic omwe amapangidwa mu rumen (kawirikawiri izi zimachitika mutadya chakudya) zimayambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapezeka m'mimba ya ng'ombe. Microflora iyi imathandiza kuyambitsa chimbudzi, kuphatikizapo kuthetsa lactic asidi. Chifukwa cha kuphwanya momwe chimbudzi chimayendera, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambitsa ndipo ng'ombe imadwala. Nyama ya lumpy itha, imatha kunjenjemera. Pachifukwa ichi, muyenera kuonana ndi katswiri, mukuyembekezera kuti mungamwetse ng'ombe ndi njira yothetsera soda (30 g pa lita imodzi).

Pofuna kupangitsa kuti asidi asamayende bwino, akulimbikitsidwa kutenga nthawi 4 patsiku. Kuthandizira ntchito ya chilonda kumathandiza mankhwala "Macrobacillin."

Ng'ombe za Schwyzkie zimakopa chidwi cha alimi ndi mawonekedwe awo, chiyanjano ndi zokolola zogwira mtima. Komabe, poyerekezera ndi mitundu ina, zovuta zambiri zingapezeke mwa iwo, makamaka zomwe zimapatsa kudya.

Tikuyembekeza kuti nkhani yathu ikuthandizani kukumbukira maonekedwe onse omwe akuyang'anira ndi abusa omwe akuyimira ng'ombe.